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Malus domestica

Malus domestica - Unknown
Part: Unknown
Author: Public Domain - WikiMedia
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Table of Contents

Details
Description
Synonyms
Common Names
Subtypes (subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, forms)
Germination/Propagation
Distribution
Links to other databases
Genome
Scientific Literature
Phytochemical Profile
Biological Material
Contributors
Collections

Details Top

Internal ID UUID64403fe3b5add793300456
Scientific name Malus domestica
Authority (Suckow) Borkh.
First published in Theor. Prakt. Handb. Forstbot. 2: 1272 (1803)

Description Top

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Apples are a popular and widely grown fruit, produced by apple trees which are cultivated all over the world. The tree originated in Central Asia and has been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe. It was brought to North America by European colonists. Apples have religious and mythological significance in many cultures. To maintain desired characteristics, apple cultivars are propagated by clonal grafting onto rootstocks. There are over 7,500 cultivars of apples, each bred for different tastes and uses. However, trees and fruit are susceptible to various problems, which can be controlled through different methods. In 2010, the apple's genome was sequenced for research purposes. China is the top producer of apples, with over 93 million tonnes produced worldwide in 2021.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Pyrus malus var. mitis Wallr. Schedulae criticae ; 1822 215 1822
Pyrus malus L. Sp. Pl. : 479 (1753)
Pyrus malus var. paradisiaca L. Sp. Pl. : 479 (1753)
Malus frutescens Medik. Gesch. Bot. : 78 (1793)
Malus batavica Poit. & Turpin Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.º 44 (1846)
Malus astracanica hort. ex Dum.Cours. Bot. Cult. 5: 426 (1811)
Malus dioica (Moench) Medik. Gesch. Bot. : 78 (1793)
Malus dolichomorpha Juz. Fl. URSS 9: 366 (1939)
Malus domestica subsp. pumila (Mill.) Likhonos Kul't. Fl. SSSR 14: 69 (1983)
Pyrus astracanica DC. Prodr. 2: 635 (1825)
Pyrus dioica Moench Verz. Ausländ. Bäume : 87 (1785)
Pyrus niedzwetzkyana Hemsl. Bot. Mag. 130: t. 7975 (1904)
Pyrus pumila (Mill.) Steud. Nomencl. Bot. : 671 (1821)
Malus sieversii f. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) Langenf. Daildarznieciba 8: 15 (1971)
Malus domestica subsp. caucasica Likhonos Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 21 (1972)
Malus domestica subsp. hybrida Likhonos Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 16 (1972)
Malus domestica subsp. intermedia Likhonos Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 10 (1972)
Malus domestica subsp. macrocarpa Likhonos Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 15 (1972)
Malus domestica subsp. medio-asiatica Likhonos Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 22 (1972)
Malus domestica subsp. occidentali-europaea Likhonos Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 19 (1972)
Malus domestica subsp. rossica Likhonos Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 12 (1972)
Malus sylvestris subsp. paradisiaca (L.) Soó Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 9: 423 (1963)
Malus sylvestris var. dasyphylla (Borkh.) Ponomar. Sborn. Nauchn. Trudov Prikl. Bot. Genet. Selekts. 146: 4 (1992)
Pyrus malus var. prasomila L. Sp. Pl. : 479 (1753)
Malus domestica var. dasyphylla (Borkh.) Langenf. Daildarznieciba 8: 17 (1971)
Malus sieversii var. persicifolia (Popov) Ponomar. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 827 (1977)
Malus sylvestris var. praecox (Pall.) Ponomar. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 824 (1977)
Malus domestica var. calvillea Likhonos Kul't. Fl. SSSR 14: 65 (1983)
Malus domestica var. parmaenea Likhonos Kul't. Fl. SSSR 14: 65 (1983)
Malus domestica var. renettea Likhonos Kul't. Fl. SSSR 14: 64 (1983)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
English apple tree
Spanish manzano
Amharic ቱፋሕ
Arabic شجرة التفاح
Azerbaijani mədəni alma ağacı
Belarusian яблыня дамашняя
Belarusian яблына
Belarusian яблана
Bulgarian домашна ябълка
bjn apel
Tibetan ཀུ་ཤུ།
bpy আপেল
Catalan pomera comuna
cdo bìng-guō
co mela (malus domestica)
Czech jabloň domácí
cv Килти улмуççи
Danish spiseæble
Danish almindelig æble
Danish sød æble
Danish sødæbe
German apfelbaum
diq dara sayer
Esperanto doma maluso
Estonian aed-õunapuu
Estonian õunapuu
Basque sagarrondo
Finnish tarhaomenapuu
French pommier commun
French pommier domestique
frr aapelbuum
Irish crann úll
Irish abhaill
Galician maceira
Swiss German kulturapfel
Manx ooyl
Upper Sorbian zahrodna jabłučina
Hungarian nemes alma
ik aapuqaġvik
Italian melo
Japanese 西洋林檎
Japanese リンゴ
Japanese セイヨウリンゴ
jv apel
Korean 개량사과나무
ku sêv
Cornish aval
lad mansano
li appel
lld pom de èlber
lld pom
lld mëil
lld lën da mëiles
Latvian Ābele
mn Алим
nah manzanacuahuitl
nan phōng-kó-chhiū
nap mir
Norwegian Bokmål eple
Norwegian Bokmål hageeple
nds huusappel
nds Äppelboom
Nepali स्याउ
Dutch eetappel
Norwegian Nynorsk dyrka eple
Norwegian Nynorsk apal
Norwegian Nynorsk hageeple
Norwegian Nynorsk epletre
oc pomièr
Oromo miilloo madaqoo
os Хæдзарон фæткъуы
pam mansanas
Polish jabłoń domowa
Pashto مڼه
Portuguese macieira
Quechua mansana
Russian домашняя яблоня
Russian яблоня домашня
Samogitian vuobelės
Serbo-Croatian jabuka
Sinhala ඇපල්
Slovak jabloň domáca
Slovenian jablana
Slovenian jabolko
Serbian Домаћа јабука
Swedish Äppelträd
Swedish äppelträd
Swedish äppleträd
Telugu ఆపిల్
tk medeni alma
tt йорт алмагачы
Ukrainian Яблуня домашня
Uzbek olma
vec pomaro
vro uibu
Chinese 苹果
Chinese 蘋果樹

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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No variety added yet.

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Asia-temperate
    • Caucasus
      • North Caucasus
    • China
      • Inner Mongolia
      • Xinjiang
    • Eastern Asia
      • Korea
    • Middle Asia
      • Kazakhstan
      • Kirgizstan
      • Tadzhikistan
      • Turkmenistan
      • Uzbekistan
    • Western Asia
      • Afghanistan
      • Cyprus
      • Iraq
  • Asia-tropical
    • Indian Subcontinent
      • East Himalaya
      • Nepal
      • Pakistan
  • Europe
    • Eastern Europe
      • Baltic States
      • Belarus
      • Central European Russia
      • East European Russia
      • Krym
      • South European Russia
      • Ukraine
    • Middle Europe
      • Belgium
      • Czechoslovakia
      • Germany
      • Hungary
      • Netherlands
      • Poland
    • Northern Europe
      • Denmark
      • Finland
      • Great Britain
      • Ireland
      • Norway
      • Sweden
    • Southeastern Europe
      • Albania
      • Bulgaria
      • Greece
      • Italy
      • Romania
      • Yugoslavia
    • Southwestern Europe
      • Baleares
      • France
      • Spain
  • Northern America
    • Eastern Canada
      • New Brunswick
      • Newfoundland
      • Nova Scotia
      • Ontario
      • Prince Edward Island
      • Québec
    • North-central U.S.A.
      • Illinois
      • Iowa
      • Kansas
      • Minnesota
      • Missouri
      • Nebraska
      • North Dakota
      • Wisconsin
    • Northeastern U.S.A.
      • Connecticut
      • Indiana
      • Maine
      • Massachusetts
      • Michigan
      • New Hampshire
      • New Jersey
      • New York
      • Ohio
      • Pennsylvania
      • Rhode Island
      • Vermont
      • West Virginia
    • Northwestern U.S.A.
      • Colorado
      • Montana
      • Oregon
      • Wyoming
    • South-central U.S.A.
      • New Mexico
    • Southeastern U.S.A.
      • Alabama
      • Arkansas
      • Delaware
      • District Of Columbia
      • Georgia
      • Kentucky
      • Louisiana
      • Maryland
      • Mississippi
      • North Carolina
      • South Carolina
      • Tennessee
      • Virginia
    • Southwestern U.S.A.
      • California
      • Nevada
      • Utah
    • Subarctic America
      • Alaska
    • Western Canada
      • British Columbia
      • Manitoba
  • Southern America
    • Southern South America
      • Argentina Northeast
      • Argentina South
    • Western South America
      • Ecuador

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!
Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0001008355
UNII 04W636S1V3
Canadensys 20142
Tropicos 27804420
INPN 107207
Flora of Italy 2175
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:726282-1
The Plant List rjp-454
PFAF Malus domestica
Open Tree Of Life 3902985
Observations.org 123770
NCBI Taxonomy 3750
IPNI 726282-1
iNaturalist 469472
GBIF 3001244
EPPO MABSD
Elurikkus 5629
USDA GRIN 104681
Wikipedia Malus_domestica

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.
Accession Assembly
Name Level Submitter Released Coverage Size
GCF_002114115.1 ASM211411v1 Chromosome IRHS 2017-05-03 700.0x 670.40 Mb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
The MYB family and their response to abiotic stress in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Xing HT, Shi JY, Yin SQ, Wu QH, Lv JL, Li HL BMC Genomics 11-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11088133
doi:10.1186/s12864-024-10392-1
PMID:38730330
The potential range of west Asian apple species Malus orientalis Uglitzk. under climate change Walas Ł, Alipour S, Haq SM, Alamri S BMC Plant Biol 09-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11080264
doi:10.1186/s12870-024-05081-w
PMID:38724902
Molecular evolution of Phytocyanin gene and analysis of expression at different coloring periods in apple (Malus domestica) Shao M, Feng Y, Yang S, Feng T, Zeng F, Lu S, Ma Z, Chen B, Mao J BMC Plant Biol 08-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11077699
doi:10.1186/s12870-024-05069-6
PMID:38714922
A high-quality chromosome-scale genome assembly of blood orange, an important pigmented sweet orange variety Yang L, Deng H, Wang M, Li S, Wang W, Yang H, Pang C, Zhong Q, Sun Y, Hong L Sci Data 06-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11074139
doi:10.1038/s41597-024-03313-0
PMID:38710725
Unveiling rootstock-induced dwarfing from comparative genomic analysis Zhao T, Sun Q, Hu DG Mol Hortic 06-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11071195
doi:10.1186/s43897-024-00097-0
PMID:38705978
A modified CTAB method for the extraction of high-quality RNA from mono-and dicotyledonous plants rich in secondary metabolites Kiss T, Karácsony Z, Gomba-Tóth A, Szabadi KL, Spitzmüller Z, Hegyi-Kaló J, Cels T, Otto M, Golen R, Hegyi ÁI, Geml J, Váczy KZ Plant Methods 04-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11069240
doi:10.1186/s13007-024-01198-z
PMID:38704591
De novo assembly of the complete mitochondrial genome of pepino (Solanum muricatum) using PacBio HiFi sequencing: insights into structure, phylogenetic implications, and RNA editing Li Z, Liu J, Liang M, Guo Y, Chen X, Wu H, Jin S BMC Plant Biol 04-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11069145
doi:10.1186/s12870-024-04978-w
PMID:38702620
Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the SET domain-containing gene family in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Suppiyar V, Bonthala VS, Shrestha A, Krey S, Stich B BMC Genomics 03-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11069243
doi:10.1186/s12864-024-10367-2
PMID:38702658
Commodity risk assessment of Tilia cordata and Tilia platyphyllos plants from the UK Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P EFSA J 03-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11066761
doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8803
PMID:38707495
A Fruit-Expressed MYB Transcription Factor Regulates Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Atropa belladonna Liu X, Zhao T, Yuan L, Qiu F, Tang Y, Li D, Zhang F, Zeng L, Yang C, Nagdy MM, Htun ZL, Lan X, Chen M, Liao Z, Li Y Int J Mol Sci 02-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11084770
doi:10.3390/ijms25094963
PMID:38732182
Unraveling the diversity and cultural heritage of fruit crops through paleogenomics Meiri M, Bar-Oz G Trends Genet 01-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11079635
doi:10.1016/j.tig.2024.02.003
PMID:38423916
Expressing banana transcription factor MaERFVII3 in Arabidopsis confers enhanced waterlogging tolerance and root growth Teoh EY, Teo CH, Baharum NA, Tan BC PeerJ 30-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11067909
doi:10.7717/peerj.17285
PMID:38708359
Phytochemicals from Bark Extracts and Their Applicability in the Synthesis of Thermosetting Polymers: An Overview Szmechtyk T, Małecka M Materials (Basel) 30-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11084627
doi:10.3390/ma17092123
PMID:38730929
Synergistic Inhibition of Synbiotic Cultures among Lactobacilli and Plant Extracts against Vaginal Discharge Causing Candida albicans Sookkhee S, Khamnoi P, Sastraruji T, Boonkum S, Wikan N, Nimlamool W Nutrients 30-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11085874
doi:10.3390/nu16091372
PMID:38732618
Genome-wide identification of Aux/IAA gene family in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and functional verification of TrIAA18 under different abiotic stress Qi T, Yang W, Hassan MJ, Liu J, Yang Y, Zhou Q, Li H, Peng Y BMC Plant Biol 29-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11057079
doi:10.1186/s12870-024-05034-3
PMID:38684940

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!
Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.
Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoyl derivatives
Benzaldehyde 240 Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)C=O 106.12 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzyl alcohols
Benzyl Alcohol 244 Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)CO 108.14 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Methoxyphenols
Eugenol 3314 Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)CC=C)O 164.20 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Hydrocarbons / Saturated hydrocarbons / Alkanes
Dodecane 8182 Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCC 170.33 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
Hexadecane 11006 Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC 226.44 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acid esters
Propyl palmitate 75232 Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCCC 298.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acid esters / Fatty acid methyl esters
Methyl butyrate 12180 Click to see CCCC(=O)OC 102.13 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Long-chain fatty acids
Palmitic Acid 985 Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O 256.42 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohol esters
Geranyl acetate 1549026 Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCOC(=O)C)C)C 196.29 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols
3-Hexen-1-ol 10993 Click to see CCC=CCCO 100.16 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Acyclic monoterpenoids
Linalool, (+/-)- 6549 Click to see CC(=CCCC(C)(C=C)O)C 154.25 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Aromatic monoterpenoids
p-CYMENE 7463 Click to see CC1=CC=C(C=C1)C(C)C 134.22 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Bicyclic monoterpenoids
alpha-PINENE 6654 Click to see CC1=CCC2CC1C2(C)C 136.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
beta-Ionone 638014 Click to see CC1=C(C(CCC1)(C)C)C=CC(=O)C 192.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acid derivatives / Carboxylic acid esters
Cyclohexyl acetate 12146 Click to see CC(=O)OC1CCCCC1 142.20 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
Hexyl Acetate 8908 Click to see CCCCCCOC(=O)C 144.21 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Organic nitrogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Amines / Primary amines / Monoalkylamines
1,4-Diaminobutane 1045 Click to see C(CCN)CN 88.15 unknown https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.119.1.70
> Organic nitrogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Amines / Secondary amines / Dialkylamines
Spermidine 1102 Click to see C(CCNCCCN)CN 145.25 unknown https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.119.1.70
Spermine 1103 Click to see C(CCNCCCN)CNCCCN 202.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.119.1.70
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Cyclitols and derivatives / Quinic acids and derivatives
Chlorogenic Acid 1794427 Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)O)O 354.31 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00056A057
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Aldehydes / Medium-chain aldehydes
Decanal 8175 Click to see CCCCCCCCCC=O 156.26 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones / Enones
Damascenone 5366074 Click to see CC=CC(=O)C1=C(C=CCC1(C)C)C 190.28 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00038A021
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamaldehydes
3-Phenyl-propenal 307 Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)C=CC=O 132.16 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids
Caffeic Acid 689043 Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C=CC(=O)O)O)O 180.16 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(96)00287-7
https://doi.org/10.1080/01483918808076763
p-Coumaric acid 637542 Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C=CC(=O)O)O 164.16 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/01483918808076763
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Biflavonoids and polyflavonoids
Procyanidin B2, (+)- 122738 Click to see C1C(C(OC2=C1C(=CC(=C2C3C(C(OC4=CC(=CC(=C34)O)O)C5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O)O)C6=CC(=C(C=C6)O)O)O 578.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10826079208018822
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00684-6
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Catechins
Cianidanol 9064 Click to see C1C(C(OC2=CC(=CC(=C21)O)O)C3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)O 290.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(92)90223-O
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Flavan-3-ols
Flavan-3-ol 3707243 Click to see C1C(C(OC2=CC=CC=C21)C3=CC=CC=C3)O 226.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(92)90223-O
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
Avicularin 5490064 Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O 434.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00048A016
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(96)00287-7
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Phenylpropanoic acids
3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 10394 Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1CCC(=O)O)O 166.17 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(92)90223-O

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