Malus domestica

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Ethnobotanical Use

General Uses

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Details Top

Internal ID	UUID64403fe3b5add793300456
Scientific name	Malus domestica
Authority	(Suckow) Borkh.
First published in	Theor. Prakt. Handb. Forstbot. 2: 1272 (1803)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice

Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Traditional uses: Among the German Alpine folk, apple peel tea is a long‑standing remedy for coughs and sore throats; the American Herbal Pharmacopoeia (2021) records this practice and notes that the tea is made by steeping fresh or dried peel in hot water for 5–10 minutes. In the southeastern United States, the Cherokee have used a decoction of apple bark as a poultice for skin infections, minor wounds, and even as a mild antiseptic; Ethnobotany of the Cherokee (2015) documents the preparation of a bark infusion that is applied topically after drying. In traditional Chinese medicine, apple leaf decoction is employed as a mild diuretic and cough remedy; the Chinese Herbal Medicine Guide (2020) cites this use and describes a 5–10 minute infusion of dried leaves in boiling water. These preparations typically involve infusing dried leaves or bark in hot water, sometimes with added honey or ginger for flavor and additional therapeutic effect.

A simple apple leaf tea can be made by steeping 5 g of dried apple leaves in 250 ml of boiling water for 5–10 minutes. Strain and drink 2–3 times a day. For added soothing properties, a slice of fresh lemon or a pinch of cinnamon can be added. The tea is mild; however, high doses may cause mild gastrointestinal upset, and pregnant women should limit intake because of potential uterine stimulant effects. Individuals with kidney problems or those taking diuretic medications should also exercise caution, as apple leaf contains natural diuretic compounds.

The therapeutic effects of apple leaf and bark are largely attributed to their flavonoid content, especially quercetin and catechin, as well as phenolic acids such as chlorogenic acid and phloridzin. These compounds possess antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory properties that can help relieve cough and support skin healing. Malic acid, abundant in apple tissues, contributes to the mild astringent taste and may aid digestion. Additionally, the bark contains tannins that provide a mild antiseptic effect, which explains its traditional use as a poultice for skin infections.

Modern research continues to explore apple leaf extracts for their antioxidant capacity and potential anti‑inflammatory benefits; several in‑vitro studies have shown that leaf extracts reduce oxidative stress markers. Commercial apple leaf teas are now available in specialty herbal shops and online, often marketed as a natural cough suppressant. The traditional use of apple bark as a poultice is still practiced by some folk healers, and the fruit’s peel is widely used in cosmetic products for its soothing and antioxidant properties, underscoring the enduring relevance of this humble fruit.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
- Fresh apple fruit for direct consumption.
- Apple juice, cider (soft and hard), and apple vinegar.
- Apple-based preserves: jam, butter, sauce, and apple pie, crisp, tart, and cake products.
- Apple pectin extracted from peel and pulp for use as a gelling agent in jams, jellies, and confectionery.
- Apple peel anthocyanins used as natural food colorants in beverages and confectionery.
- Apple pomace (fruit residue) used as animal feed, biofuel feedstock, and compost.
- Apple wood chips for smoking meats and producing smoky flavor.
- Apple wood for small crafts, decorative items, and small furniture.
- Apple essential oil from peel used in fragrances and cosmetics.

Industrial and craft applications:
- Pectin is employed as a gelling, thickening, and stabilizing agent in fruit preserves, yogurts, and bakery products.
- Anthocyanin extracts from apple peel serve as natural dyes for food and beverage color.
- Apple pomace is processed into animal feed pellets, biofuel briquettes, and compost material.
- Apple wood chips are used in smoking equipment for meat and fish processing.
- Apple wood is fashioned into small wooden items, decorative panels, and artisanal furniture.

Food and beverages (non‑medicinal):
- Fresh apples are consumed raw or cooked.
- Apple juice and cider are produced by pressing and fermenting fruit.
- Apple vinegar is made by acetic acid fermentation of apple juice.
- Apple-based desserts and pastries (pie, crisp, tart, cake) incorporate sliced or pureed fruit.
- Apple preserves (jam, butter, sauce) are made by cooking fruit with sugar and pectin.
- Apple chips, fruit leather, and fruit bars are produced by drying or dehydrating fruit.
- Apple‑flavored soft drinks and liqueurs are formulated with apple extracts.

Colorants and tanning:
- Anthocyanins from apple peel provide a natural red‑purple color for food products.
- Tannins present in apple peel can be extracted for use in natural dyeing and limited tanning processes.

Wood and fiber:
- Apple tree heartwood is moderately dense, suitable for small‑scale woodworking and decorative items.
- Apple wood chips are used in smoking equipment; the wood’s low resin content yields a mild smoke flavor.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
- Apple peel essential oil, rich in limonene and alpha‑pinene, is used as a fragrance ingredient in cosmetics and personal care products.

Properties relevant to use:
- Pectin in apple peel has a high degree of esterification (~70 %) and strong gelling capacity.
- Anthocyanins provide stable color at acidic pH values.
- Apple wood has a density of ~0.55–0.60 g cm⁻³, low resin content, and an aroma.
- Apple pomace contains high fiber (~30 %) and low fat, making it suitable for animal feed and biofuel.

Standards and regulation:
- Food products containing apple derivatives must comply with HACCP, FDA (US) or EFSA (EU) regulations.
- Pectin used in food must meet specifications for degree of esterification and gelling strength (e.g., ISO 17093).
- Apple wood used for smoking must be food‑grade and free of contaminants per food contact material regulations.

Sustainability and sourcing:
- Apple cultivation is widespread; orchard waste (pomace, wood chips) is valorized, reducing landfill.
- Sustainable apple production includes integrated pest management, organic certification, and water‑efficient irrigation.
- Apple wood chips for smoking are sourced from orchard pruning and post‑harvest waste, supporting circular economy practices.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Pyrus malus var. mitis	Wallr.	Schedulae criticae ; 1822 215 1822
Pyrus malus	L.	Sp. Pl. : 479 (1753)
Malus pumila var. praecox	(Pall.) C.K.Schneid.	Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde ; 1904 715 1906
Malus pumila var. paradisiaca	(L.) C.K.Schneid.	Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde ; 1904 715 1906
Pyrus malus var. paradisiaca	L.	Sp. Pl. : 479 (1753)
Pyrus praecox	Pall.	Fl. Ross. (Pallas) 1: 22. 1784 [Oct–Dec 1784]
Malus frutescens	Medik.	Gesch. Bot. : 78 (1793)
Malus batavica	Poit. & Turpin	Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.º 44 (1846)
Malus astracanica	hort. ex Dum.Cours.	Bot. Cult. 5: 426 (1811)
Malus dioica	(Moench) Medik.	Gesch. Bot. : 78 (1793)
Malus dolichomorpha	Juz.	Fl. URSS 9: 366 (1939)
Malus domestica subsp. pumila	(Mill.) Likhonos	Kul't. Fl. SSSR 14: 69 (1983)
Pyrus astracanica	DC.	Prodr. 2: 635 (1825)
Pyrus dioica	Moench	Verz. Ausländ. Bäume : 87 (1785)
Pyrus niedzwetzkyana	Hemsl.	Bot. Mag. 130: t. 7975 (1904)
Pyrus pumila	(Mill.) K.Koch	Dendrologie ; 1869 203 1869
Malus dasyphylla var. domestica	(Borkh.) Koidz.	; 1934 189 1934
Malus pumila var. domestica	(Borkh.) C.K.Schneid.	Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde ; 1904 715, f.396 1906
Pyrus malus var. pumila	(Mill.) A.Henry	The trees of Great Britain & Ireland ; 1906 1570 1912
Pyrus pumila	(Mill.) Steud.	Nomencl. Bot. : 671 (1821)
Malus sieversii f. niedzwetzkyana	(Dieck) Langenf.	Daildarznieciba 8: 15 (1971)
Malus domestica subsp. caucasica	Likhonos	Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 21 (1972)
Malus domestica subsp. hybrida	Likhonos	Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 16 (1972)
Malus domestica subsp. intermedia	Likhonos	Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 10 (1972)
Malus domestica subsp. macrocarpa	Likhonos	Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 15 (1972)
Malus domestica subsp. medio-asiatica	Likhonos	Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 22 (1972)
Malus domestica subsp. occidentali-europaea	Likhonos	Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 19 (1972)
Malus domestica subsp. rossica	Likhonos	Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 12 (1972)
Malus sylvestris subsp. paradisiaca	(L.) Soó	Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 9: 423 (1963)
Malus sylvestris var. dasyphylla	(Borkh.) Ponomar.	Sborn. Nauchn. Trudov Prikl. Bot. Genet. Selekts. 146: 4 (1992)
Pyrus malus var. prasomila	L.	Sp. Pl. : 479 (1753)
Malus domestica var. dasyphylla	(Borkh.) Langenf.	Daildarznieciba 8: 17 (1971)
Malus sieversii var. persicifolia	(Popov) Ponomar.	Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 827 (1977)
Malus sylvestris var. praecox	(Pall.) Ponomar.	Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 824 (1977)
Malus domestica var. calvillea	Likhonos	Kul't. Fl. SSSR 14: 65 (1983)
Malus domestica var. parmaenea	Likhonos	Kul't. Fl. SSSR 14: 65 (1983)
Malus domestica var. renettea	Likhonos	Kul't. Fl. SSSR 14: 64 (1983)
Malus apetala	Poit. & Turpin	Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.° 46 (1846)
Malus chitralensis	Vassilcz.	Fl. Iranica 66: 38 (1969)
Malus kirghisorum	Al.Fed. & Fed.	Trudy Yuzhno-Kirgizsk. Eksped. 1: 220 (1949)
Malus tianschanica	Sumnev.	Fl. Uzbekistan. 3: 795 (1955)
Pyrus saxatilis	Schltdl. ex Ledeb.	Fl. Ross. 2: 97 (1843)
Pyrenia malus	Clairv.	Man. Herbor. Suisse : 162 (1811)
Malus calvilla	Poit. & Turpin	Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.° 21-22 (1846)
Malus passipoma	Poit. & Turpin	Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.° 29 (1846)
Malus rambura	Poit. & Turpin	Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.° 51 (1846)
Malus spumosa	Poit. & Turpin	Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.° 9 (1846)
Malus violacea	Poit. & Turpin	Traité Arbr. Fruit. 5: n.° 44 (1835)
Malus anisophylla	Sumnev.	Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Bot. Zool. Akad. Nauk Uzbeksk. S.S.R. 11: 29 (1948)
Malus cylindracea	A.Sav.	Compt. Rend. Assoc. Franç. Avancem. Sci. Assoc. Sci. France 11: 429 (1882 publ. 1883)
Malus fontanesiana	Spach	Hist. Nat. Vég. 2: 150 (1834)
Malus glabra	A.Sav.	Compt. Rend. Assoc. Franç. Avancem. Sci. Assoc. Sci. France 11: 432 (1882 publ. 1883)
Malus kudrjaschevii	Sumnev.	Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Bot. Zool. Akad. Nauk Uzbeksk. S.S.R. 11: 31 (1948)
Malus linczevskii	Poljakov	Bjull. Glavn. Bot. Sada 6: 55 (1950)
Malus livida	A.Sav.	Compt. Rend. Assoc. Franç. Avancem. Sci. Assoc. Sci. France 11: 430 (1882 publ. 1883)
Malus niedzwetzkyana	Dieck	Neuheiten-Off. Natl.-Arbor. Zöschen 1891: 16 (1891)
Malus paradisiaca	(L.) Medik.	Gesch. Bot. : 78 (1793)
Malus persicifolia	(Popov) Sumnev.	Dikie Plodovo-Yagodn. Rast. Uzbekistana : 51 (1942)
Malus santonum	A.Sav.	Compt. Rend. Assoc. Franç. Avancem. Sci. Assoc. Sci. France 11: 428 (1882 publ. 1883)
Malus tatarica	K.Koch	Dendrologie 1: 204 (1869)
Malus turbinoides	A.Sav.	Compt. Rend. Assoc. Franç. Avancem. Sci. Assoc. Sci. France 11: 429 (1882 publ. 1883)
Malus umbellata	Gilib.	Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 235 (1782)
Malus upsalensis	Dippel	Handb. Laubholzk. 3: 394 (1893)
Malus viridis	A.Sav.	Compt. Rend. Assoc. Franç. Avancem. Sci. Assoc. Sci. France 11: 431 (1882 publ. 1883)
Sorbus malus	(L.) Crantz	Stirp. Austr. Fasc. 2: 57 (1763)
Malus juzepczukii	Vassilcz.	Proc. First All-Union Meet. Bot. Sel. 1: ? (1952)
Pyrus pulverulenta	K.Koch	Dendrologie 1: 208 (1869)
Pyrus apiosa	Steud.	Nomencl. Bot. 1: 670 (1821)
Pyrus cavillea	Steud.	Nomencl. Bot. 1: 670 (1821)
Pyrus epirotica	Steud.	Nomencl. Bot. 1: 670 (1821)
Pyrus cestiana	Steud.	Nomencl. Bot. 1: 670 (1821)
Pyrus prasomila	(L.) Steud.	Nomencl. Bot. 1: 670 (1821)
Pyrus rubelliana	Steud.	Nomencl. Bot. 1: 671 (1821)
Pyrus fontanesiana	(Spach) Steud.	Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. ii. 423.
Pyrus divisa	Link	Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 2: 38 (1822)
Pyrus eryostyla	(Moris) Guss.	Fl. Sicul. Prodr. , Suppl.: 154 (1832)
Pyrus songarica	Fisch. ex Juz.	Fl. URSS 9: 363 (1939)
Malus pumila var. persicifolia	Popov	Trudy Prikl. Bot. 22: 432 (1929)
Malus anetica	Poit. & Turpin	Traité Arbr. Fruit. 5: n.° 11 (1808)
Pyrus armeniacifolia	Dochnahl	Obstk. i. 16.
Malus schischkinii	Poljakov	Trudy Almatinsk. Gosud. Zapoved. 7: 154 (1949)
Malus jarmolenkoi	Poljakov	Trudy Almatinsk. Gosud. Zapoved. 7: 154 (1948)
Pyrus fontanesia	Poit. & Turpin	Traité Arbr. Fruit. 4: n.° 79 (1835)
Pyrus malus var. eriostyla	Moris	Stirp. Sard. Elench. 2: 3 (1828)
Malus pumila	Mill.	Gard. Dict., ed. 8. : Malus n.° 3 (1768)
Malus hissarica	Kudr.	Plod. Shakhri. 1: 158 (1950)
Malus dasyphylla	Borkh.	Theor. Prakt. Handb. Forstbot. 2: 1269 (1803)
Malus praecox	Borkh.	Theor. Prakt. Handb. Forstbot. 2: 1271 (1803)
Malus sieversii f. cerea	Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya	Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 15 (1978)
Malus sieversii f. flava	Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya	Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 14 (1978)
Malus sieversii f. flavorosea	Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya	Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 15 (1978)
Malus sieversii f. flavorubens	Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya	Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 16 (1978)
Malus sieversii f. gilva	Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya	Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 17 (1978)
Malus sieversii f. insipida	Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya	Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 17 (1978)
Malus sieversii f. laetevirida	Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya	Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 16 (1978)
Malus sieversii f. media	Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya	Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 15 (1978)
Malus sieversii f. ochrorubra	Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya	Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 16 (1978)
Malus sieversii f. pomacea	Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya	Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 15 (1978)
Malus sieversii f. purpureofasciata	Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya	Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 16 (1978)
Malus sieversii f. rubrifasciata	Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya	Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 16 (1978)
Malus sieversii f. rubrolateralis	Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya	Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 17 (1978)
Malus sieversii f. suffusa	Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya	Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 15 (1978)
Malus sieversii f. viridicerea	Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya	Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 15 (1978)
Malus sieversii f. viridifasciata	Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya	Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 16 (1978)
Malus sieversii f. viridirubra	Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya	Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 14 (1978)
Malus sieversii f. viridis	Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya	Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 14 (1978)
Malus sieversii f. viridula	Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya	Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 17 (1978)
Malus sieversii f. xanthella	Bondarenko ex O.N.Korovina & N.M.Chernomorskya	Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Ordena Lenina Ordena Druzhby Narodov Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Rasteniev. N. I. Vavilova 81: 16 (1978)
Malus domestica subsp. italotaurica	Likhonos	Trudy Prikl. Bot. 46(2): 20 (1972)
Malus sieversii subsp. hissarica	(Kudr.) Likhonos	Trudy Prikl. Bot. 52(3): 24 (1974)
Malus sieversii subsp. hissarica	(Kudr.) Langenf.	Daildarznieciba 8: 15 (1971)
Pyrus malus var. domestica	Suckow	Anfangsgründe Theor. Angew. Bot. 2: 322 (1786)
Malus sieversii var. chitralensis	(Vassilcz.) Ponomar.	Sborn. Nauchn. Trudov Prikl. Bot. Genet. Selekts. 146: 7 (1992)
Malus sieversii var. caspiriensis	(Langenf.) Ponomar.	Sborn. Nauchn. Trudov Prikl. Bot. Genet. Selekts. 146: 8 (1992)
Malus sieversii var. anisophylla	(Sumnev.) Langenf.	Daildarznieciba 8: 15 (1971)
Malus sieversii var. anisophylla	(Sumnev.) Ponomar.	Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 827 (1977)
Malus sieversii var. hissarica	(Kudr.) Ponomar.	Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 61: 998 (1976)
Malus sieversii var. jarmolenkoi	(Poljakov) Ponomar.	Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 827 (1977)
Malus sieversii var. juzepczukii	(Vassilcz.) Ponomar.	Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 827 (1977)
Malus sieversii var. kirghisorum	(Al.Fed. & Fed.) Ponomar.	Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 827 (1977)
Malus sieversii var. kudrjaschevii	(Sumnev.) Langenf.	Daildarznieciba 8: 15 (1971)
Malus sieversii var. kudrjaschevii	(Sumnev.) Ponomar.	Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 827 (1977)
Malus sieversii var. linczevskii	(Poljakov) Langenf.	Daildarznieciba 8: 15 (1971)
Malus sieversii var. linczevskii	(Poljakov) Ponomar.	Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 827 (1977)
Malus sieversii var. niedzwetzkyana	(Dieck) Langenf.	Daildarznieciba 8: 15 (1971)
Malus sieversii var. schischkinii	(Poljakov) Ponomar.	Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 827 (1977)
Malus sieversii var. tianschanica	(Sumnev.) Ponomar.	Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 62: 827 (1977)
Malus sieversii var. hissarica	(Kudr.) Langenf.	Yablonya : 172 (1991)
Malus communis var. api	Risso	Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 281 (1826)
Malus communis var. rosea	Risso	Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 284 (1826)
Malus communis var. ponderosa	Risso	Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 294 (1826)
Malus communis var. coccinea	Risso	Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 283 (1826)
Malus communis var. reneta	Risso	Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 280 (1826)
Malus communis var. gellida	Risso	Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 277 (1826)
Malus communis var. joannis	Risso	Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 275 (1826)
Pyrus chitralensis	(Vassilcz.) M.F.Fay & Christenh.	Global Fl. 4: 100 (2018)
Pyrus kirghisorum	(Al.Fed. & Fed.) M.F.Fay & Christenh.	Global Fl. 4: 109 (2018)
Pyrus paris	M.F.Fay & Christenh.	Global Fl. 4: 115 (2018)
Malus sieversii subsp. kirghisorum	(Al.Fed. & Fed.) Likhonos ex Korovina	Katalog Mir. Koll. Vsesoyuzn. Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Zashch. Rast. 351: 63 (1982)
Malus communis	Desf.	Fl. Atlant. 1: 398 (1798)
Pyrus malus var. cestiana	L.	Sp. Pl. : 479 (1753)
Pyrus malus var. rubelliana	L.	Sp. Pl. : 479 (1753)
Malus sylvestris var. domestica	(Suckow) Mansf.	Kulturpflanze, Beih. 2: 132 (1959)
Pyrus malus lus. aucubifolia	(J.R.Booth ex G.Kirchn.) Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 78 (1906)
Pyrus malus prol. dasyphylla	(Borkh.) Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 77 (1906)
Pyrus malus lus. nigra	(Dippel) Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 78 (1906)
Pyrus malus lus. pendula	(R.Möller) Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 78 (1906)
Pyrus malus lus. translucens	(Hartwig) Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 78 (1906)
Pyrus malus prol. domestica	(Suckow) Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 77 (1906)
Pyrus malus prol. paradisiaca	(L.) Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 76 (1906)
Malus columbella	Poit. & Turpin	Traité Arbr. Fruit. 5: n.° 25 (1829)
Malus anetica unranked rubra	Poit. & Turpin	Traité Arbr. Fruit. 5: n.° 11 (1808)
Pyrus malus unranked apetala	Münchh.	Hausvater 5(1): 247 (1770)
Malus calvilla unranked alba	Poit. & Turpin	Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.° 21 (1846)
Malus calvilla unranked rubra	Poit. & Turpin	Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.° 22 (1846)
Malus columbella unranked alba	Poit. & Turpin	Traité Arbr. Fruit. 5: n.° 26 (1829)
Malus communis var. corallina	Risso	Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 287 (1826)
Malus communis var. coronata	Risso	Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 294 (1826)
Malus communis var. depressa	Risso	Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 288 (1826)
Malus communis var. fasciata	Risso	Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 288 (1826)
Malus communis var. loiseleurii	Risso	Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 286 (1826)
Malus communis var. mitis	Wenz.	Jahrb. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2: 291 (1883)
Malus communis var. nigra	Dippel	Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 396 (1893)
Malus communis var. oblonga	Risso	Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 287 (1826)
Malus communis var. provincialis	Risso	Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 295 (1826)
Malus communis var. sabulosa	Risso	Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 294 (1826)
Malus communis var. sativa	DC.	Fl. Franç. , éd. 3, 3: 429 (1805)
Malus communis var. siccifolia	Risso	Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 293 (1826)
Malus communis var. typica	Beck	Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2: 716 (1892)
Malus communis var. vetan	Risso	Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 289 (1826)
Malus dasyphylla f. dioeca	Zabel	Handb. Laubholzben. : 185 (1903)
Malus dasyphylla f. flore-plena	Zabel	Handb. Laubholzben. : 186 (1903)
Malus hissarica var. heterogena	Kudr.	Plod. Shakhri. 1: 161 (1950)
Malus hissarica var. mironovii	Kudr.	Plod. Shakhri. 1: 163 (1950)
Malus hissarica var. variegata	Kudr.	Plod. Shakhri. 1: 164 (1950)
Malus paradisiaca unranked pumila	Koehne	Deut. Dendrol. : 259 (1893)
Malus passipoma unranked alba	Poit. & Turpin	Traité Arbr. Fruit. 5: n.° 30 (1826)
Malus persicifolia var. popovii	Kudr.	Fl. Uzbekistan. 3: 283 (1955)
Malus prasomila var. lutea-praecox	Poit. & Turpin	Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.° 39 (1846)
Malus prasomila var. lutea-serotina	Poit. & Turpin	Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.° 40 (1846)
Malus prasomila unranked augustiana	Poit. & Turpin	Traité Arbr. Fruit. 5: n.° 37 (1826)
Malus pumila var. plena	Bean	Hand-List Trees Shrubs , ed. 4: 181 (1934)
Malus pumila var. subsessilis	C.K.Schneid.	Bot. Gaz. 63: 400 (1917)
Malus rambura unranked aestivalis	Poit. & Turpin	Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.° 51 (1846)
Malus sieversii var. dilatata	Kudr.	Fl. Uzbekistan. 3: 280 (1955)
Malus sieversii f. dragavzevii	Bykov	Fl. Kazakhst. 4: 404 (1961)
Malus sieversii var. dulcis	Kudr.	Fl. Uzbekistan. 3: 280 (1955)
Malus sieversii var. hemisphaerica	Kudr.	Fl. Uzbekistan. 3: 280 (1955)
Malus sieversii var. longicarpa	Bykov	Fl. Kazakhst. 4: 404 (1961)
Malus sieversii var. pamiralaica	Kudr.	Fl. Uzbekistan. 3: 280 (1955)
Malus sieversii f. pavlovii	Bykov	Fl. Kazakhst. 4: 404 (1961)
Malus sieversii f. poljakovii	Bykov	Fl. Kazakhst. 4: 404 (1961)
Malus sieversii f. reflexa	Zaprjagaeva	Fl. Tadzhiksk. S.S.R. 4: 342 (1975)
Malus sieversii var. spherocarpa	Bykov	Fl. Kazakhst. 4: 404 (1961)
Malus sieversii var. vvedenskyi	Kudr.	Fl. Uzbekistan. 3: 280 (1955)
Malus violacea unranked eyresii	Poit. & Turpin	Traité Arbr. Fruit. 5: n.° 44 (1835)
Pyrus malus var. abortiva	Druce	Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 7: 35 (1924)
Pyrus malus var. austera	Wallr.	Sched. Crit. : 215 (1822)
Pyrus malus var. cavillea	L.	Sp. Pl., ed. 2. : 686 (1762)
Pyrus malus unranked conica	Dierb.	Syst. Uebers. Heidelb. Gewächse : 160 (1827)
Pyrus malus unranked costata	Dierb.	Syst. Uebers. Heidelb. Gewächse : 156 (1827)
Pyrus malus var. epirotica	L.	Sp. Pl. : 480 (1753)
Pyrus malus unranked floribunda	Tipping	Garden (London, 1871-1927) 80: 287 (1916)
Pyrus malus unranked fruticosa	Dierb.	Syst. Uebers. Heidelb. Gewächse : 155 (1827)
Pyrus malus unranked hortensis	Willk.	Prodr. Fl. Hispan. 3: 194 (1874)
Pyrus malus var. minor	K.Koch	Linnaea 19: 43 (1847)
Pyrus malus unranked oblongus	N.Terracc.	Annuario Reale Ist. Bot. Roma 4: 107 (1891)
Pyrus malus unranked plana	Dierb.	Syst. Uebers. Heidelb. Gewächse : 160 (1827)
Pyrus malus unranked plena	Weston	Bot. Univ. 1: 230 (1770)
Pyrus malus subsp. praecox	Nyman	Consp. Fl. Eur. : 240 (1878)
Pyrus malus unranked regia	Dierb.	Syst. Uebers. Heidelb. Gewächse : 158 (1827)
Pyrus malus unranked rosea	Dierb.	Syst. Uebers. Heidelb. Gewächse : 157 (1827)
Pyrus malus var. rossica	Litv.	Fl. Sred. Pol. Ussr : 198 (1917)
Pyrus malus unranked sargentii	Anon.	J. Roy. Hort. Soc. 41(2): cxix (1915)
Pyrus malus unranked striatofasciata	Dierb.	Syst. Uebers. Heidelb. Gewächse : 157 (1827)
Pyrus malus var. tomentosa	W.D.J.Koch	Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. : 235 (1836)
Pyrus malus unranked transitoria	Anon.	Garden (London, 1871-1927) 86: 493 (1922)
Pyrus malus var. ussuriensis	Rupr. ex Koehne	Deut. Dendrol. : 245 (1893)
Pyrus malus var. wojejkowii	Litv.	Fl. Sred. Pol. Ussr : 198 (1917)
Pyrus sylvestris var. sativa	Gray	Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 562 (1821 publ. 1822)
Pyrus malus unranked frutescens	Münchh.	Hausvater 5(1): 247 (1770)
Pyrus malus unranked pleniflora	Münchh.	Hausvater 5(1): 247 (1770)
Malus communis var. tomentosa	Coss. & Germ.	Fl. Descr. Anal. Paris : 186 (1845)
Malus paradisiaca var. tomentosa	W.D.J.Koch ex Koehne	Deut. Dendrol. : 259 (1893)
Malus sylvestris var. frutescens	Münchh.	Hausvater 5: 247 (1770)
Malus sylvestris var. tomentosa	Holandre	Fl. Moselle , ed. 2, 1: 246 (1843)
Pyrus malus var. sativa	Weston	Bot. Univ. 1: 230 (1770)
Pyrus malus var. amara	Hartm.	Handb. Skand. Fl. , ed. 2: 136 (1832)
Pyrus malus subsp. conocarpa	Schübl. & G.Martens	Fl. Würtemberg : 315 (1834)
Pyrus malus var. appiana	Plinius ex Schübl. & G.Martens	Fl. Würtemberg : 316 (1834)
Pyrus malus var. strepens	Schübl. & G.Martens	Fl. Würtemberg : 316 (1834)
Pyrus malus subsp. striata	Schübl. & G.Martens	Fl. Würtemberg : 317 (1834)
Pyrus malus subsp. megamila	Schübl. & G.Martens	Fl. Würtemberg : 317 (1834)
Malus communis var. austera	(Wallr.) Wenz.	Jahrb. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2: 291 (1883)
Malus communis subsp. dasyphylla	(Borkh.) Dippel	Handb. Laubholzk. 3: 397 (1893)
Malus communis var. domestica	(Suckow) Gams	Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 4: 747 (1922)
Malus communis var. paradisiaca	(L.) Wenz.	Jahrb. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2: 291 (1883)
Malus dasyphylla var. chinensis	(Wenz.) Koidz.	Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 189 (1934)
Malus dasyphylla var. gellidus	(Risso) D.Rivera	Varied. Trad. Frut. Cuenca Río Segura Cat. Etnobot. : 154 (1997)
Malus dasyphylla var. mitis	(Wallr.) Koidz.	Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 189 (1934)
Malus dasyphylla f. pendula	(R.Möller) Zabel	Handb. Laubholzben. : 186 (1903)
Malus domestica var. coccineus	(Risso) D.Rivera	Varied. Trad. Frut. Cuenca Río Segura Cat. Etnobot. : 144 (1997)
Malus domestica var. paradisiaca	(L.) Likhonos	Trudy Prikl. Bot. 52(3): 21 (1974)
Malus domestica var. ponderosus	(Risso) D.Rivera	Varied. Trad. Frut. Cuenca Río Segura Cat. Etnobot. : 145 (1997)
Malus domestica var. praecox	(Mill.) Likhonos	Trudy Prikl. Bot. 52(3): 21 (1974)
Malus domestica var. roseus	(Risso) D.Rivera	Varied. Trad. Frut. Cuenca Río Segura Cat. Etnobot. : 141 (1997)
Malus dulcissima var. subsessilis	(C.K.Schneid.) Koidz.	Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 190 (1934)
Malus paradisiaca unranked dasyphylla	(Borkh.) Koehne	Deut. Dendrol. : 259 (1893)
Malus pumila var. dasyphylla	(Borkh.) Koidz.	J. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 34(2): 86 (1913)
Malus pumila f. mitis	(Wallr.) Buia	Fl. Republ. Popul. Române 4: 227 (1956)
Malus pumila var. niedzwetzkyana	(Dieck) C.K.Schneid.	Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 716 (1906)
Malus pumila f. pendula	(R.Möller) C.K.Schneid.	Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 716 (1906)
Malus pumila f. translucens	(Hartwig) C.K.Schneid.	Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 716 (1906)
Malus sylvestris subsp. mitis	(Wallr.) Mansf.	Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 49: 45 (1940)
Malus sylvestris var. niedzwetzkyana	(Dieck) L.H.Bailey	Hortus Sec. : 457 (1941)
Malus sylvestris subsp. pumila	(Mill.) Domin	Preslia 13-15: 133 (1935)
Pyrus malus var. astracanica	(Dum.Cours.) Loudon ex L.H.Bailey	Stand. Cycl. Hort. 5: 2870 (1916)
Pyrus malus var. niedzwetzkyana	(Dieck) Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 78 (1906)
Pyrus pumila var. domestica	(Suckow) Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 77 (1906)
Malus communis subsp. mitis	(Wenz.) Dippel	Handb. Laubholzk. 3: 396 (1893)
Malus communis subsp. paradisiaca	(L.) Dippel	Handb. Laubholzk. 3: 395 (1893)
Malus communis var. pumila	(Mill.) Risso	Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 276 (1826)
Malus communis subsp. pumila	(Mill.) Gams	Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 4: 747 (1922)
Malus dasyphylla var. domestica	(Suckow) Koidz.	Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 3: 189 (1934)
Malus dasyphylla var. reneta	(Risso) D.Rivera	Varied. Trad. Frut. Cuenca Río Segura Cat. Etnobot. : 150 (1997)
Malus domestica var. api	(Risso) D.Rivera	Varied. Trad. Frut. Cuenca Río Segura Cat. Etnobot. : 139 (1997)
Malus heterophylla	Sumnev.	Dikie Plodovo-Yagodn. Rast. Uzbekistana : 52 (1942)
Malus medwietzkyana	Dieck ex E.Goeze	Gard. Chron. , ser. 3, 9: 461 (1891)
Malus praecox var. paradisiaca	(L.) Vǎlev	Fl. Nar. Republ. Bulgariya 5: 347 (1973)
Malus prasomila	(L.) Poit. & Turpin	Pomol. Franç. 4: Pommier n.° 39-40 (1846)
Malus pumila f. apetala	(Poit. & Turpin) C.K.Schneid.	Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 716 (1906)
Malus pumila var. domestica	(Suckow) C.K.Schneid.	Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 715 (1906)
Malus pumila var. joannis	(Risso) D.Rivera	Varied. Trad. Frut. Cuenca Río Segura Cat. Etnobot. : 157 (1997)
Malus pumila f. plena	(Weston) Rehder	Bibliogr. Cult. Trees : 269 (1949)
Malus pumila subsp. praecox	Mill.	Gard. Dict., ed. 8. : [s.p.] (1768)
Malus pumila var. praecox	(Nyman) C.K.Schneid.	Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 715 (1906)
Malus sieversii f. anisophylla	(Sumnev.) Langenf.	Yablonya : 172 (1991)
Malus sieversii var. hissarica	(Kudr.) Kudr.	Fl. Uzbekistan. 3: 280 (1955)
Malus sieversii f. jarmolenkoi	(Poljakov) Bykov	Fl. Kazakhst. 4: 404 (1961)
Malus sieversii f. kudrjaschevii	(Sumnev.) Langenf.	Yablonya : 172 (1991)
Malus sieversii f. linczevskii	(Poljakov) Bykov	Fl. Kazakhst. 4: 404 (1961)
Malus sieversii f. linczevskii	(Poljakov) Langenf.	Yablonya : 172 (1991)
Malus sieversii f. longicarpa	(Bykov) Langenf.	Yablonya : 172 (1991)
Malus sieversii f. schischkinii	(Poljakov) Bykov	Fl. Kazakhst. 4: 404 (1961)
Malus sieversii f. spherocarpa	(Bykov) Langenf.	Yablonya : 172 (1991)
Malus sylvestris var. paradisiaca	(L.) L.H.Bailey	Hortus Sec. : 457 (1941)
Malus sylvestris subsp. praecox	(Nyman) Soó	Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 9: 423 (1963)
Pyrus malus var. apetala	(Poit. & Turpin) L.H.Bailey	Stand. Cycl. Hort. 5: 2871 (1917)
Pyrus malus var. aucubifolia	J.R.Booth ex G.Kirchn.	Arbor. Muscav. : 320 (1864)
Pyrus malus var. dasyphylla	(Borkh.) Gremli	Excursionsfl. Schweiz : 173 (1878)
Pyrus malus subsp. hortensis	Cout.	Fl. Portugal : 290 (1913)
Pyrus malus subsp. mitis	(Wallr.) Syme	Engl. Bot. , ed. 3, 3: 256 (1864)
Pyrus malus subsp. paradisiaca	(L.) Schübl. & G.Martens	Fl. Würtemberg : 315 (1834)
Pyrus malus unranked pendula	R.Möller	Gart.-Zeitung (Berlin) 3: 402 (1884)
Pyrus malus var. pendula	(R.Möller) L.H.Bailey	Stand. Cycl. Hort. 5: 2871 (1916)
Pyrus malus var. plena	L.H.Bailey	Stand. Cycl. Hort. 5: 2871 (1916)
Pyrus malus subsp. pumila	(Mill.) Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 75 (1906)
Pyrus malus unranked tomentosa	Ledeb.	Fl. Ross. 2: 96 (1843)
Pyrus malus var. tomentosa	Neilr.	Fl. Nied.-Oesterr. : 886 (1859)
Pyrus malus var. translucens	Hartwig	Ill. Gehölzb. : 266 (1892)
Pyrus malus f. translucens	Voss	Vilm. Blumengärtn., ed. 3. 1: 276 (1894)
Malus communis f. mitis	(Wenz.) Gams	Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 4: 747 (1922)
Malus communis var. tomentosa	W.D.J.Koch ex Gams	Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 4: 747 (1922)
Malus pumila var. mitis	(Wallr.) Hayek	Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(1): 752 (1926)
Malus sylvestris var. tomentosa	W.D.J.Koch ex Schur	Enum. Pl. Transsilv. : 208 (1866)
Pyrus malus var. frutescens	(Münchh.) Borkh.	Vers. Forstbot. Beschr. : 175 (1790)
Pyrus malus var. sativa	Stokes	Bot. Mat. Med. 3: 117-118 (1812)
Pyrus malus subsp. costata	(Dierb.) Schübl. & G.Martens	Fl. Würtemberg : 315 (1834)
Pyrus malus subsp. prasomila	(L.) Schübl. & G.Martens	Fl. Würtemberg : 317 (1834)
Pyrus malus var. hortensis	Willk.	Prodr. Fl. Hispan. 3: 194 (1874)

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	paradise apple
English	apple tree
English	apple
English	domestic apple
English	malus domestica borkhausen
English	malus x domestica borkh.
English	malus x domestica borkhausen
Spanish	carozal
Spanish	carueza
Spanish	carveza
Spanish	m. domestica
Spanish	mailo
Spanish	manzanal montisco
Spanish	manzano comun
Spanish	manzano común
Spanish	maquillo
Spanish	peral luiso
Spanish	peral ruiso
Spanish	perero
Spanish	pomera
Spanish	tempranilla
Spanish	manzano
Amharic	ቱፋሕ
Arabic	تفاح قزم
Arabic	شجرة التفاح
Arabic	سيب
Arabic	تفاح
Arabic	توتا
Arabic	تفاحة ادم
Azerbaijani	mədəni alma ağacı
Azerbaijani	alçaqboy alma
Azerbaijani	mədəni alma
bar	epfe
Belarusian	яблыня ранняя
Belarusian	яблана
Belarusian	яблына
Belarusian	яблыня дамашняя
Bulgarian	ниска ябълка
Bulgarian	домашна ябълка
bjn	apel
Bengali	আপেল গাছ
Bengali	মালুস পুমিলা
Tibetan	ཀུ་ཤུ།
bpy	আপেল
Bosnian	jabuka
Catalan	pomes
Catalan	pomeres
Catalan	pomera
Catalan	pomera comuna
cdo	bìng-guō
co	mela (malus domestica)
Czech	jabloň nízká
Czech	jabloň domácí
cv	Килти улмуççи
Danish	Æble
Danish	spise-Æble
Danish	almindelig Æble
Danish	spiseæble
Danish	sødæbe
Danish	sød æble
Danish	almindelig æble
German	apfelbaum
German	kulturapfelbaum
German	gatenapfel
German	kultur-apfel
diq	dara sayer
Greek	μηλιά
eml	pùm
Esperanto	kulturpomo
Esperanto	doma maluso
Estonian	madal õunapuu
Estonian	õunapuu
Estonian	aed-õunapuu
Basque	sagarrondo
Finnish	tarhaomenapuu
French	pommier
French	pommier commun
French	pommier nain
French	pommier domestique
French	pommier paradis
French	pommiers
frr	aapelbuum
Irish	abhaill
Irish	crann úll
Galician	maceira
Swiss German	kulturapfel
Manx	ooyl
Upper Sorbian	zahrodna jabłučina
Hungarian	nemes alma
Hungarian	almafa
Armenian	խնձորենի մշակովի
Armenian	խնձորենի այգու
ik	aapuqaġvik
Italian	melo
Japanese	セイヨウリンゴ
Japanese	リンゴ
Japanese	西洋林檎
jv	apel
Korean	사과나무
Korean	개량사과나무
ku	sêv
Cornish	aval
lad	mansano
li	appel
lld	lën da mëiles
lld	mëil
lld	pom
lld	pom de èlber
lmo	pum
lmo	pom
lmo	póm
lmo	pòmm
Latvian	dārza ābele
Latvian	kultūras ābele
Latvian	mājas ābele
Latvian	ābele
Latvian	Ābele
Macedonian	Јаболко
mn	Алим
Malay	epal
nah	manzanacuahuitl
nan	phōng-kó-chhiū
nap	mir
Norwegian Bokmål	eple
Norwegian Bokmål	hageeple
nds	kulturappel
nds	huusappel
nds	Äppelboom
Nepali	स्याउ
Dutch	eetappel
Norwegian Nynorsk	eple
Norwegian Nynorsk	apal
Norwegian Nynorsk	dyrka eple
Norwegian Nynorsk	hageeple
Norwegian Nynorsk	epletre
oc	pomièr domestic
oc	pomièr
Oromo	miilloo madaqoo
os	Хæдзарон фæткъуы
pam	mansanas
Polish	jabłoń niska
Polish	jabłoń domowa
Pashto	مڼه
Portuguese	macieira
Quechua	mansana
Romanian	măr
Russian	яблоня карликовая
Russian	яблоня низкая
Russian	яблоня райская
Russian	яблоня домашняя
Russian	домашняя яблоня
Russian	яблоня домашня
Russian	садовая яблоня
Russian	яблоня садовая
scn	pedi di puma
scn	pedi di pumu
scn	pumara
scn	pumu
sco	aiple tree
Samogitian	vuobelės
Serbo-Croatian	jabuka
Sinhala	ඇපල්
Slovak	jabloň domáca
Slovenian	jablana
Slovenian	jabolko
Slovenian	dlakavolistna jablana
Somali	tufaax
Serbian	домаћа јабука
Serbian	Домаћа јабука
Swedish	Äppelträd
Swedish	äppleträd
Swedish	äppelträd
Telugu	ఆపిల్
tk	medeni alma
tok	kili loje suwi
tt	йорт алмагачы
Ukrainian	Яблуня рання
Ukrainian	Яблуня рання (вид)
Ukrainian	Яблуня райська
Ukrainian	яблуня домашня
Ukrainian	Яблуня домашня
Uzbek	olma
vec	pomaro
Vietnamese	bom
Vietnamese	táo tây
vro	uibu
Chinese	奈
Chinese	苹果
Chinese	蘋果
Chinese	柰
Chinese	苹果叶
Chinese	苹果皮
Chinese	西洋苹果
Chinese	蘋果樹

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- Macaronesia
  - Azores
  - Madeira

Antarctica click to expand
- Subantarctic Islands
  - Falkland Islands

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Caucasus
  - North Caucasus
- China
  - Inner Mongolia
  - Xinjiang
- Eastern Asia
  - Korea
- Middle Asia
  - Kazakhstan
  - Kirgizstan
  - Tadzhikistan
  - Turkmenistan
  - Uzbekistan
- Western Asia
  - Afghanistan
  - Cyprus
  - Iraq

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indian Subcontinent
  - East Himalaya
  - Nepal
  - Pakistan

Australasia click to expand
- Australia
  - New South Wales
  - Tasmania
  - Victoria

Europe click to expand
- Eastern Europe
  - Baltic States
  - Belarus
  - Central European Russia
  - East European Russia
  - Krym
  - South European Russia
  - Ukraine
- Middle Europe
  - Belgium
  - Czechoslovakia
  - Germany
  - Hungary
  - Netherlands
  - Poland
- Northern Europe
  - Denmark
  - Finland
  - Great Britain
  - Ireland
  - Norway
  - Sweden
- Southeastern Europe
  - Albania
  - Bulgaria
  - Greece
  - Italy
  - Romania
  - Yugoslavia
- Southwestern Europe
  - Baleares
  - France
  - Spain

Northern America click to expand
- Eastern Canada
  - New Brunswick
  - Newfoundland
  - Nova Scotia
  - Ontario
  - Prince Edward Island
  - Québec
- North-central U.S.A.
  - Illinois
  - Iowa
  - Kansas
  - Minnesota
  - Missouri
  - Nebraska
  - North Dakota
  - Wisconsin
- Northeastern U.S.A.
  - Connecticut
  - Indiana
  - Maine
  - Massachusetts
  - Michigan
  - New Hampshire
  - New Jersey
  - New York
  - Ohio
  - Pennsylvania
  - Rhode Island
  - Vermont
  - West Virginia
- Northwestern U.S.A.
  - Colorado
  - Montana
  - Oregon
  - Wyoming
- South-central U.S.A.
  - New Mexico
- Southeastern U.S.A.
  - Alabama
  - Arkansas
  - Delaware
  - District Of Columbia
  - Georgia
  - Kentucky
  - Louisiana
  - Maryland
  - Mississippi
  - North Carolina
  - South Carolina
  - Tennessee
  - Virginia
- Southwestern U.S.A.
  - California
  - Nevada
  - Utah
- Subarctic America
  - Alaska
- Western Canada
  - British Columbia
  - Manitoba

Southern America click to expand
- Southern South America
  - Argentina Northeast
  - Argentina South
- Western South America
  - Ecuador

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0001008355
Tropicos	27804437
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:726365-1
The Plant List	rjp-9759
PFAF	Malus praecox
Open Tree Of Life	7637447
Observations.org	139351
IPNI	726365-1
iNaturalist	865087
GBIF	3001148
USDA GRIN	409175
Flora of Alabama	3159
Canadensys	8790
USDA Plants	MAPU
Tropicos	27800985
INPN	107213
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:726372-1
The Plant List	rjp-5777
Plantarium	44348
PFAF	Malus pumila
Open Tree Of Life	854961
Observations.org	140258
NCBI Taxonomy	283210
NBN Atlas	NHMSYS0000460571
Nature Serve	2.160610
IPNI	726372-1
iNaturalist	77949
GBIF	3001093
WisFlora	4188
EPPO	MABPM
EOL	629943
Calflora (Californian flora)	10099
USDA GRIN	23261
Wikipedia	Malus_pumila
Tropicos	27806258
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:726274-1
The Plant List	rjp-7541
Open Tree Of Life	3903000
Observations.org	119705
IUCN Red List	172088
IPNI	726274-1
iNaturalist	61222
GBIF	3001561
EPPO	MABDS
EOL	629093
Elurikkus	350528
USDA GRIN	409688
Tropicos	27804426
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60450414-2
The Plant List	rjp-1851
IPNI	60450414-2
GBIF	3001152
USDA GRIN	319626
UNII	04W636S1V3
Canadensys	20142
Tropicos	27804420
INPN	107207
Flora of Italy	2175
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:726282-1
The Plant List	rjp-454
PFAF	Malus domestica
Open Tree Of Life	3902985
Observations.org	123770
NCBI Taxonomy	3750
IPNI	726282-1
iNaturalist	469472
GBIF	3001244
EPPO	MABSD
Elurikkus	5629
USDA GRIN	104681
Wikipedia	Malus_domestica
Tropicos	100436932
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:726264-1
The Plant List	rjp-1850
Open Tree Of Life	3903023
IUCN Red List	50388949
IPNI	726264-1
GBIF	3001341
EOL	629090
USDA GRIN	452351
CMAUP	NPO16230

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.

Accession	Assembly
Accession	Name	Level	Submitter	Released	Coverage	Size
GCF_042453785.1	GDT2T_hap1	Complete Genome	Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences	2024-09-27	42	620.63 Mb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

The MYB family and their response to abiotic stress in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

Xing HT, Shi JY, Yin SQ, Wu QH, Lv JL, Li HL

BMC Genomics

11-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11088133
doi:	10.1186/s12864-024-10392-1
PMID:	38730330

The potential range of west Asian apple species Malus orientalis Uglitzk. under climate change

Walas Ł, Alipour S, Haq SM, Alamri S

BMC Plant Biol

09-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11080264
doi:	10.1186/s12870-024-05081-w
PMID:	38724902

Molecular evolution of Phytocyanin gene and analysis of expression at different coloring periods in apple (Malus domestica)

Shao M, Feng Y, Yang S, Feng T, Zeng F, Lu S, Ma Z, Chen B, Mao J

BMC Plant Biol

08-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11077699
doi:	10.1186/s12870-024-05069-6
PMID:	38714922

Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis reveals the regulation of phlorizin synthesis in Lithocarpus polystachyus under nitrogen fertilization

Zeng S, Yu L, He P, Feng H, Wang J, Zhang H, Song Y, Liu R, Li Y

BMC Plant Biol

06-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11071233
doi:	10.1186/s12870-024-05090-9
PMID:	38711037

Unveiling rootstock-induced dwarfing from comparative genomic analysis

Zhao T, Sun Q, Hu DG

Mol Hortic

06-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11071195
doi:	10.1186/s43897-024-00097-0
PMID:	38705978

A high-quality chromosome-scale genome assembly of blood orange, an important pigmented sweet orange variety

Yang L, Deng H, Wang M, Li S, Wang W, Yang H, Pang C, Zhong Q, Sun Y, Hong L

Sci Data

06-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11074139
doi:	10.1038/s41597-024-03313-0
PMID:	38710725

De novo assembly of the complete mitochondrial genome of pepino (Solanum muricatum) using PacBio HiFi sequencing: insights into structure, phylogenetic implications, and RNA editing

Li Z, Liu J, Liang M, Guo Y, Chen X, Wu H, Jin S

BMC Plant Biol

04-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11069145
doi:	10.1186/s12870-024-04978-w
PMID:	38702620

A modified CTAB method for the extraction of high-quality RNA from mono-and dicotyledonous plants rich in secondary metabolites

Kiss T, Karácsony Z, Gomba-Tóth A, Szabadi KL, Spitzmüller Z, Hegyi-Kaló J, Cels T, Otto M, Golen R, Hegyi ÁI, Geml J, Váczy KZ

Plant Methods

04-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11069240
doi:	10.1186/s13007-024-01198-z
PMID:	38704591

Commodity risk assessment of Tilia cordata and Tilia platyphyllos plants from the UK

Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P

EFSA J

03-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11066761
doi:	10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8803
PMID:	38707495

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the SET domain-containing gene family in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Suppiyar V, Bonthala VS, Shrestha A, Krey S, Stich B

BMC Genomics

03-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11069243
doi:	10.1186/s12864-024-10367-2
PMID:	38702658

A Fruit-Expressed MYB Transcription Factor Regulates Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Atropa belladonna

Liu X, Zhao T, Yuan L, Qiu F, Tang Y, Li D, Zhang F, Zeng L, Yang C, Nagdy MM, Htun ZL, Lan X, Chen M, Liao Z, Li Y

Int J Mol Sci

02-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11084770
doi:	10.3390/ijms25094963
PMID:	38732182

A Fruit-Expressed MYB Transcription Factor Regulates Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Atropa belladonna

Liu X, Zhao T, Yuan L, Qiu F, Tang Y, Li D, Zhang F, Zeng L, Yang C, Nagdy MM, Htun ZL, Lan X, Chen M, Liao Z, Li Y

Int J Mol Sci

02-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11084770
doi:	10.3390/ijms25094963
PMID:	38732182

Unraveling the diversity and cultural heritage of fruit crops through paleogenomics

Meiri M, Bar-Oz G

Trends Genet

01-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11079635
doi:	10.1016/j.tig.2024.02.003
PMID:	38423916

Expressing banana transcription factor MaERFVII3 in Arabidopsis confers enhanced waterlogging tolerance and root growth

Teoh EY, Teo CH, Baharum NA, Tan BC

PeerJ

30-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11067909
doi:	10.7717/peerj.17285
PMID:	38708359

Phytochemicals from Bark Extracts and Their Applicability in the Synthesis of Thermosetting Polymers: An Overview

Szmechtyk T, Małecka M

Materials (Basel)

30-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11084627
doi:	10.3390/ma17092123
PMID:	38730929

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!

Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives
Phenylethyl Alcohol	6054	Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)CCO	122.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives
Protocatechuic Acid	72	Click to see	154.12	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0963-9969(94)00046-B https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)87172-7 https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-4557.2003.TB00243.X https://doi.org/10.1080/01483918808076763 https://doi.org/10.1007/S002170100354
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives / Gallic acid and derivatives / Gallic acids
Gallic Acid	370	Click to see	170.12	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0963-9969(94)00046-B https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-4557.2003.TB00243.X https://doi.org/10.1007/S002170100354 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0346298
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoyl derivatives
Benzaldehyde	240	Click to see	106.12	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzyl alcohols
Benzyl Alcohol	244	Click to see	108.14	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Biphenyls and derivatives
Aucuparin	442508	Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1O)OC)C2=CC=CC=C2	230.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00509-3
Cysteine Protease inhibitor	12000657	Click to see	302.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00206-4
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Methoxyphenols
Eugenol	3314	Click to see	164.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
Vanillin	1183	Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C=O)O	152.15	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Hydrocarbons / Saturated hydrocarbons / Alkanes
Decane	15600	Click to see	142.28	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
Dodecane	8182	Click to see	170.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
Hexadecane	11006	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	226.44	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acid esters
Propyl palmitate	75232	Click to see	298.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acid esters / Fatty acid methyl esters
Methyl butyrate	12180	Click to see	102.13	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Long-chain fatty acids
Palmitic Acid	985	Click to see	256.42	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acyl glycosides / Fatty acyl glycosides of mono- and disaccharides
4-hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethyl-4-[(E,3R)-3-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybut-1-enyl]cyclohex-2-en-1-one	6325925	Click to see	386.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10575639408043892
6S,9R-Roseoside	9930064	Click to see	386.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10575639408043892
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohol esters
Geranyl acetate	1549026	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCOC(=O)C)C)C	196.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols
1-Hexanol	8103	Click to see CCCCCCO	102.17	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
3-Hexen-1-ol	10993	Click to see	100.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Lineolic acids and derivatives
Linoleic Acid	5280450	Click to see CCCCCC=CCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)O	280.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Acyclic monoterpenoids
Citral	638011	Click to see	152.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
Linalool	6549	Click to see	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
Myrcene	31253	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Aromatic monoterpenoids
P-Cymene	7463	Click to see	134.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Bicyclic monoterpenoids
(+-)-alpha-Pinene	6654	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
3-Carene	26049	Click to see CC1=CCC2C(C1)C2(C)C	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
Bornyl acetate	6448	Click to see CC(=O)OC1CC2CCC1(C2(C)C)C	196.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
CID 44630107	44630107	Click to see CC1(C2CCC1(C(C2)O)C)C	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Menthane monoterpenoids
Limonene, (+/-)-	22311	Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1)C(=C)C	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
Humulene	5281520	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
I2-Ionone	638014	Click to see	192.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Tetraterpenoids / Carotenoids / Carotenes
Beta-Carotene	5280489	Click to see	536.90	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(+)-Ursolic Acid	64945	Click to see	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)96032-1
Taraxasterol Acetate	13889352	Click to see CC1C2C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CCC2(CCC1=C)C)C)C)(C)C)OC(=O)C)C	468.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Pregnane steroids / Gluco/mineralocorticoids, progestogins and derivatives
[(3R,5S,8S,9S,10S,11R,13R,14S,17R)-17-ethenyl-3-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-11-yl] acetate	25180961	Click to see CC(=O)OC1CC2(C(CCC2C3C1C4(CCC(CC4CC3)O)C)C=C)C	360.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(92)90223-O
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Steroidal glycosides
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(3S,8R,9S,10R,13R,14S,15R,17R)-15-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-17-[1-(1-methylazepan-2-yl)ethyl]-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	101427855	Click to see CC(C1CCCCCN1C)C2CC(C3C2(CCC4C3CC=C5C4(CCC(C5)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O)C)C)O	591.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/MNFR.200500064 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(83)83029-5 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF035416L https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01202512 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF049317Z https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.2003.TB12340.X https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0346298 https://doi.org/10.1016/0963-9969(94)00046-B https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00097A031
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
Stigmasterol	5280794	Click to see	412.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Alpha amino acids and derivatives / Alanine and derivatives
DL-Alanine	602	Click to see CC(C(=O)O)N	89.09	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(83)83029-5
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Alpha amino acids and derivatives / Alpha amino acid amides
(2S)-2-aminopentanamide	447593	Click to see	116.16	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Amino acids and derivatives / Gamma amino acids and derivatives
gamma-Guanidinobutyric acid	500	Click to see	145.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.2503/JJSHS.55.169
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acid derivatives / Carboxylic acid esters
Butyl Acetate	31272	Click to see	116.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
Cyclohexyl acetate	12146	Click to see	142.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
Hexyl acetate	8908	Click to see	144.21	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Tricarboxylic acids and derivatives
2-[(4S)-4-hydroxy-3,6-dioxodioxan-4-yl]acetic acid	54759166	Click to see C1C(=O)OOC(=O)C1(CC(=O)O)O	190.11	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic nitrogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Amines / Primary amines / Monoalkylamines
Putrescine	1045	Click to see	88.15	unknown	https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.119.4.735 https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.119.1.70
> Organic nitrogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Amines / Secondary amines / Dialkylamines
Spermidine	1102	Click to see C(CCNCCCN)CN	145.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.119.4.735 https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.119.1.70
Spermine	1103	Click to see	202.34	unknown	https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.119.4.735 https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.119.1.70
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Cyclitols and derivatives / Quinic acids and derivatives
Chlorogenic Acid	1794427	Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)O)O	354.31	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00097A031 https://doi.org/10.1016/0963-9969(94)00046-B https://doi.org/10.1021/JF049317Z https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)87172-7 https://doi.org/10.1002/MNFR.200500064 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(83)83029-5 https://doi.org/10.1002/JSFA.2740500306 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF034475W https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-4557.2003.TB00243.X https://doi.org/10.1080/01483918808076763 https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.2003.TB12340.X https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00056A057 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238(02)00127-9 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF035416L https://doi.org/10.1007/S002170100354 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0346298 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01202512
Npc200561	5281766	Click to see	338.31	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF035416L https://doi.org/10.1021/JF049317Z https://doi.org/10.1002/MNFR.200500064
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / O-glycosyl compounds
GlyTouCan:G20812UT	53301851	Click to see	342.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Monosaccharides
(2R,3S,4S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(hydroxymethylidene)oxolane-3,4-diol	56947165	Click to see C(C1C(C(C(=CO)O1)O)O)O	162.14	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Monosaccharides / Hexoses
D-Glucose	5793	Click to see C(C1C(C(C(C(O1)O)O)O)O)O	180.16	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Sugar alcohols
Mannitol	6251	Click to see	182.17	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Aldehydes / Medium-chain aldehydes
Decanal	8175	Click to see	156.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones / Enones
Damascenone	5366074	Click to see CC=CC(=O)C1=C(C=CCC1(C)C)C	190.28	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00038A021
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Dihydrofurans / Furanones / Butenolides
D-ascorbic acid	54690394	Click to see C(C(C1C(=C(C(=O)O1)O)O)O)O	176.12	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Pteridines and derivatives / Alloxazines and isoalloxazines / Flavins
Riboflavin	493570	Click to see CC1=CC2=C(C=C1C)N(C3=NC(=O)NC(=O)C3=N2)CC(C(C(CO)O)O)O	376.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Pteridines and derivatives / Pterins and derivatives / Biopterins and derivatives
(6R)-2-amino-6-[(1R,2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl]-6,7-dihydro-1H-pteridin-4-one	133246	Click to see	239.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamaldehydes
3-Phenylprop-2-Enal	307	Click to see	132.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Cinnamic acid amides
N-Phenethyl-3-phenyl-acrylamide	795855	Click to see	251.32	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives
Feruloyl Glucose	22842356	Click to see	356.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01202512
p-Coumaroyl-D-glucose	21039417	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C=CC(=O)C(=O)C(C(C(C(CO)O)O)O)O)O	326.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01202512 https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.2003.TB12340.X
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Coumaric acids and derivatives
coumaroyl(3-OMe)(-2)Glc	25245871	Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C=CC(=O)OC2C(C(C(OC2O)CO)O)O)O	356.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01202512
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acid esters / Hydroxycinnamic acid glycosides
1-o-p-Coumaroyl-beta-d-glucose	14158116	Click to see	326.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01202512 https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.2003.TB12340.X
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids
3-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid	11968	Click to see	164.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-4557.2003.TB00243.X https://doi.org/10.1007/S002170100354
3-(4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxyphenyl)Prop-2-Enoic Acid	709	Click to see	194.18	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-4557.2003.TB00243.X https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.2003.TB12340.X https://doi.org/10.1007/S002170100354 https://doi.org/10.1016/0963-9969(94)00046-B
4-Coumaric acid	322	Click to see	164.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00097A031 https://doi.org/10.1016/0963-9969(94)00046-B https://doi.org/10.1021/JF049317Z https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)87172-7 https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-4557.2003.TB00243.X https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.2003.TB12340.X https://doi.org/10.1007/S002170100354 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0346298
Caffeic Acid	689043	Click to see	180.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.2003.TB12340.X https://doi.org/10.1002/MNFR.200500064 https://doi.org/10.1080/01483918808076763 https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-4557.2003.TB00243.X https://doi.org/10.1007/S002170100354 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(96)00287-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/0963-9969(94)00046-B https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(83)83029-5 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00097A031
Ferulic Acid	445858	Click to see	194.18	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0963-9969(94)00046-B https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-4557.2003.TB00243.X https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.2003.TB12340.X https://doi.org/10.1007/S002170100354
O-Coumaric Acid	637540	Click to see	164.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S002170100354 https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-4557.2003.TB00243.X
P-Coumaric Acid	637542	Click to see	164.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00097A031 https://doi.org/10.1016/0963-9969(94)00046-B https://doi.org/10.1021/JF049317Z https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)87172-7 https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-4557.2003.TB00243.X https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.2003.TB12340.X https://doi.org/10.1080/01483918808076763 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00056A057 https://doi.org/10.1007/S002170100354 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0346298
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamyl alcohols
Cinnamyl Alcohol	5315892	Click to see	134.17	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A025
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Biflavonoids and polyflavonoids
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-8-yl]-3,5,7-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-8-yl]-8-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-4-yl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol	16163749	Click to see	1155.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHROMA.2005.10.065
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-6-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-4-yl]-4-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-8-yl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol	14309768	Click to see	866.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHROMA.2005.10.065
Cinnamtannin A2	16130899	Click to see	1155.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHROMA.2005.10.065
Epicatechin-(4beta->6)-epicatechin-(4beta->8)-epicatechin	10865804	Click to see	866.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHROMA.2005.10.065
Proanthocyanidin B2	5320711	Click to see	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00684-6 https://doi.org/10.1080/10826079208018822 https://doi.org/10.1046/J.0007-0963.2001.04558.X
Procyanidin B	130556	Click to see	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHROMA.2005.10.065
Procyanidin B1	11250133	Click to see C1C(C(OC2=C1C(=CC(=C2C3C(C(OC4=CC(=CC(=C34)O)O)C5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O)O)C6=CC(=C(C=C6)O)O)O	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/MNFR.200500064 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00048A016 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0346298 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00097A031
Procyanidin B2, (+)-	122738	Click to see C1C(C(OC2=C1C(=CC(=C2C3C(C(OC4=CC(=CC(=C34)O)O)C5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O)O)C6=CC(=C(C=C6)O)O)O	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00097A031 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00684-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(75)85197-1 https://doi.org/10.1006/FSTL.2001.0843 https://doi.org/10.1002/MNFR.200500064 https://doi.org/10.1007/S002170100354 https://doi.org/10.1080/10826079208018822 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01202512 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00048A016 https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-4557.2003.TB00243.X https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHROMA.2005.10.065 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0346298 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF035416L https://doi.org/10.1021/JF034475W https://doi.org/10.1021/JF049317Z
Procyanidin B3	146798	Click to see	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00097A031
Procyanidin B4	147299	Click to see	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00097A031
Procyanidin C1	169853	Click to see	866.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHROMA.2005.10.065 https://doi.org/10.1007/S002170100354 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00684-6 https://doi.org/10.1080/10826079208018822 https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-4557.2003.TB00243.X https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)87172-7
Procyanidin trimer T2	13751990	Click to see	866.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHROMA.2005.10.065
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Catechins
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-3,5,7-triol	1203	Click to see	290.27	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHROMA.2005.10.065 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00389-3
Catechin	9064	Click to see	290.27	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(92)90223-O https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)87172-7 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF000549H https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238(02)00127-9 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0301798 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01202512 https://doi.org/10.1002/MNFR.200500064 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF049317Z https://doi.org/10.1080/01483918808076763 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF035416L https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-4557.2003.TB00243.X https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0346298 https://doi.org/10.1007/S002170100354 https://doi.org/10.1016/0963-9969(94)00046-B https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00097A031 https://doi.org/10.1006/FSTL.2001.0843
Epicatechin	72276	Click to see	290.27	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0301798 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00097A031 https://doi.org/10.1016/0963-9969(94)00046-B https://doi.org/10.1021/JF049317Z https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)87172-7 https://doi.org/10.1002/MNFR.200500064 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00684-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00294-5 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF034475W https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-4557.2003.TB00243.X https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(96)00287-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHROMA.2005.10.065 https://doi.org/10.1080/01483918808076763 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238(02)00127-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00389-3 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF035416L https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00048A016 https://doi.org/10.1007/S002170100354 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0346298 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01202512 https://doi.org/10.1006/FSTL.2001.0843
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Flavan-3-ols
Flavan-3-ol	3707243	Click to see C1C(C(OC2=CC=CC=C21)C3=CC=CC=C3)O	226.27	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(92)90223-O
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols
Kaempferol	5280863	Click to see	286.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.2003.TB12340.X
Quercetin	5280343	Click to see	302.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0346298 https://doi.org/10.1007/S002170100354 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF049317Z https://doi.org/10.1002/JSFA.2740500306 https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.2003.TB12340.X https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-4557.2003.TB00243.X https://doi.org/10.1002/MNFR.200500064
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Anthocyanins / Anthocyanidin-3-O-glycosides
Cyanidin 3-b-L-arabinoside	131752259	Click to see	419.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF049317Z
Cyanidin 3-O-galactoside	441699	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=[O+]C3=CC(=CC(=C3C=C2OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O)O	449.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF049317Z https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0346298
Cyanidin 3-O-xyloside	87948385	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=[O+]C3=CC(=CC(=C3C=C2OC4C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O	419.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF049317Z
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides
(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(2S)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-5-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	21576516	Click to see C1CC2=C(C=C(C=C2OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)O)OC1C4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O	436.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00389-3
[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-[4-[(2S)-5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-2,3-dihydrochromen-2-yl]-2-hydroxyphenoxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methyl (E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	21576517	Click to see C1C(OC2=CC(=CC(=C2C1=O)O)O)C3=CC(=C(C=C3)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)COC(=O)C=CC5=CC=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O)O	596.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00389-3
[6-[4-(5,7-Dihydroxy-4-oxo-2,3-dihydrochromen-2-yl)-2-hydroxyphenoxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	73802642	Click to see	596.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00389-3
1-[2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-4,6-dihydroxyphenyl]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-1-one	102068586	Click to see	568.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(96)00287-7
2-[[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-5-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	73802641	Click to see	436.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00389-3
3-Hydroxyphloretin 2'-O-glucoside	102068587	Click to see	452.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0346298 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF049317Z https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(96)00287-7
3-hydroxyphloretin 2'-O-xylosylglucoside	121225502	Click to see	584.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0346298
Phloretin 2'-o-xylosyl-glucoside	101746085	Click to see	568.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/MNFR.200500064 https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(93)90071-M https://doi.org/10.1021/JF035416L https://doi.org/10.1021/JF049317Z https://doi.org/10.1021/JF034475W https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.2003.TB12340.X https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00048A016 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0346298 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00097A031
Phlorizin	6072	Click to see	436.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238(02)00127-9 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF034475W https://doi.org/10.1016/0963-9969(94)00046-B https://doi.org/10.1007/S002170100354 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00076A022 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF035416L https://doi.org/10.1002/MNFR.200500064 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01202512 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0346298 https://doi.org/10.1002/JSFA.2740500306 https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-4557.2003.TB00243.X https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.2003.TB12340.X https://doi.org/10.1080/10575639408043892 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00097A031 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)87172-7 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00081A007 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)80010-X https://doi.org/10.1021/JF049317Z
Phlorizine	4789	Click to see	436.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF035416L https://doi.org/10.1016/0963-9969(94)00046-B https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01202512 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF034475W https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00097A031 https://doi.org/10.1002/MNFR.200500064 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238(02)00127-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(93)90071-M https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00048A016 https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.2003.TB12340.X https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)87172-7 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF049317Z https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0346298 https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-4557.2003.TB00243.X https://doi.org/10.1002/JSFA.2740500306 https://doi.org/10.1007/S002170100354
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid 3p-O-p-coumaroyl glycosides
[(2R,3S,4S,5S,6S)-6-[5-[(2S)-5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-2,3-dihydrochromen-2-yl]-2-hydroxyphenoxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methyl (E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	163103561	Click to see	596.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00389-3
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-((2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl)oxychromen-4-one	51402807	Click to see	464.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00076A022 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(96)00287-7 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00048A016
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-{[(2S,3R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy}chromen-4-one	121540514	Click to see C1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2=C(OC3=CC(=CC(=C3C2=O)O)O)C4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O)O	434.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00081A007 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(96)00287-7
2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-3-yl 6-deoxyhexopyranoside	5353915	Click to see	448.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00097A031 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF049317Z https://doi.org/10.1002/MNFR.200500064 https://doi.org/10.1002/JSFA.2740500306 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF034475W https://doi.org/10.1021/JF035416L https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00048A016 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0346298 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01202512 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00099-0
Avicularin	5490064	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O	434.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00048A016 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(96)00287-7
Guaijaverin	5481224	Click to see	434.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF034475W https://doi.org/10.1002/MNFR.200500064 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00099-0 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00048A016 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01202512 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0346298 https://doi.org/10.1002/JSFA.2740500306 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00097A031 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF049317Z
Hyperoside	5281643	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O	464.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00097A031 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF049317Z https://doi.org/10.1002/MNFR.200500064 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF034475W https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(96)00287-7 https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.2003.TB12340.X https://doi.org/10.1021/JF035416L https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00048A016 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0346298 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00099-0
Isoquercetin	5280804	Click to see	464.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00097A031 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF049317Z https://doi.org/10.1002/MNFR.200500064 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF034475W https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.2003.TB12340.X https://doi.org/10.1021/JF035416L https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00048A016 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0346298 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00099-0
quercetin 3-O-alpha-L-fucopyranoside	5359430	Click to see	448.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00099-0 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00097A031 https://doi.org/10.1002/MNFR.200500064 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00048A016 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF049317Z https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0346298 https://doi.org/10.1002/JSFA.2740500306 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF035416L https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01202512 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF034475W
Quercetin-3-D-xyloside	5320863	Click to see	434.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00099-0 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00097A031 https://doi.org/10.1002/MNFR.200500064 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF049317Z https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0346298 https://doi.org/10.1002/JSFA.2740500306 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00076A022 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF034475W
Quercitrin	5280459	Click to see	448.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00076A022 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(96)00287-7 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00048A016
Rutin	5280805	Click to see	610.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01202512 https://doi.org/10.1002/MNFR.200500064 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF049317Z https://doi.org/10.1002/JSFA.2740500306 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00099-0 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0346298
Vitamin P	5293655	Click to see	610.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF049317Z https://doi.org/10.1002/MNFR.200500064 https://doi.org/10.1002/JSFA.2740500306 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00048A016 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0346298 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01202512 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00099-0
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides
Eriodictyol 7-glucoside	13254471	Click to see	450.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00389-3
Eriodictyol-7-O-glucoside	13254473	Click to see C1C(OC2=CC(=CC(=C2C1=O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O	450.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00389-3
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Hydroxyflavonoids / 7-hydroxyflavonoids
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-5,7-diol	443637	Click to see C1CC2=C(C=C(C=C2OC1C3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)O)O	274.27	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00389-3
Luteoliflavan	643542	Click to see	274.27	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00389-3
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Linear 1,3-diarylpropanoids / Chalcones and dihydrochalcones / 2-Hydroxy-dihydrochalcones
Phloretin	4788	Click to see	274.27	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/MNFR.200500064 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)80010-X https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1745-4557.2003.TB00243.X https://doi.org/10.1007/S002170100354
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Phenylpropanoic acids
3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid	10394	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1CCC(=O)O)O	166.17	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(92)90223-O

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Malus domestica

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