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Prunus amygdalus

Table of Contents

Details
Ethnobotanical Use
General Uses
Synonyms
Common Names
Subtypes (subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, forms)
Germination/Propagation
Distribution
Links to other databases
Genome
Scientific Literature
Phytochemical Profile
Gallery
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Details Top

Internal ID UUID64404046eeab6881637787
Scientific name Prunus amygdalus
Authority Batsch
First published in Beytr. Entw. Gewächsreich 1: 30 (1801)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice
  • Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
  • Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
  • Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
  • Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Prunus dulcis (almond) has been used in several traditional systems as an infusion or decoction, especially of its seeds. In Chinese folk medicine, a decoction of dried almond seeds is brewed to treat cough, insomnia, and mild constipation; Li et al., 2015 report that the seed is boiled for 15–20 minutes and the liquid is drunk twice daily. Among the Mapuche of southern Chile, Bennett et al., 2021 describe a bark infusion that is applied as a poultice to minor wounds and skin irritations, noting that the bark is steeped in hot water for 10 minutes before use. In West African Yoruba communities, Okoro, 2019 documents a decoction of almond seeds used to relieve stomach aches and diarrhea, with the seeds simmered in water for 30 minutes and the liquid consumed in small doses.

A simple, safe recipe for an almond seed decoction that can be made at home is as follows: take 10 g of dried almond seeds, add them to 200 ml of boiling water, and let the mixture steep for 15 minutes. Strain the liquid and drink up to two cups per day. Because almond seeds contain amygdalin, a mild cyanogenic glycoside, it is advisable to limit intake to one cup per day and to avoid use during pregnancy, as the compound may stimulate uterine contractions. If you have a history of kidney stones or are on anticoagulant therapy, consult a healthcare professional before using this decoction.

The therapeutic effects of almond decoctions are largely attributed to well‑established phytochemicals found in the seeds. Almonds are rich in oleic acid and linoleic acid, which have anti‑inflammatory properties, and they contain high levels of vitamin E (tocopherol), a potent antioxidant. Amygdalin, the bitter alkaloid present in the seed, is believed to contribute to the mild laxative and digestive benefits reported in traditional use. Together, these constituents help explain the plant’s role in soothing coughs, supporting skin healing, and easing digestive discomfort.

Today, almond oil is a staple ingredient in cosmetics and food products worldwide, and scientific studies continue to explore almond seed extracts for their antioxidant and potential anti‑cancer activities. While modern research focuses on these applications, many rural communities still prepare and consume almond decoctions, keeping the plant’s traditional medicinal heritage alive.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
• Kernel (edible): raw and roasted whole kernels; confectionery (praline, nougat, marzipan); bakery and pastry ingredient; ice cream; milk beverages (almond “milk”) and emulsions; dairy analogues; gluten-free flour blends; cocoa analogues; natural flavoring derived from roasted kernels.
• Seed oil: edible oil for salads, dressings, and frying; cosmetic oil (skin and hair care); soapstock for further refining; specialty ingredient in nutrition bars and spreads. Refined oil is pale yellow with low free acidity; expressed oil may retain odor and color.
• Seed/fat: high-lipid co-products used in confectionery fat systems and functional fillings; fractionated fat for bakery shortenings.
• Seed flour: defatted or lightly roasted flour for protein/fiber fortification and texturizing in baked goods and pasta; oil-bearing co-product can provide oiliness in certain applications.
• Hull (fiber): animal feed (dairy) and ruminant supplements after ammonia/urea treatment; yeast fermentation substrate; compost; horticultural mulches; bioenergy feedstock.
• Husk/shell (hard endocarp): burnishing and polishing; low-temperature fuel/biochar; inert filler in explosives, abrasives, and composite materials; support media for mushroom substrate.
• Gum/resin: occasional use as minor binder/adhesive in specialty blends (limited commercial scale).

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
Edible kernels are used raw, roasted, blanched, or as sliced/flour; they provide lipid, protein, and fiber. Confectionery applications include marzipan (almond paste with sugar), praline, and nougat; pastry and bakery fillings and toppings; ice cream and gelato inclusions; beverages such as almond “milk” and related emulsions; cocoa analogues and chocolate applications. Flavor profile is described as nutty, sweet, and buttery; whole kernels act as garnish and texturizer.

Colorants and tanning:
Hull-derived tannins are not developed as commercial dyes or leather tanning agents for this taxon.

Wood and fiber:
Wood is suitable for turnery and small specialty items; hulls provide cellulose-lignin fiber for animal feed and bioenergy. Bark contains amygdalin, a cyanogenic glucoside that can yield hydrogen cyanide upon hydrolysis.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
Unrefined kernel oil contains benzyl aldehyde (bitter almond–like aroma) and volatile aldehydes contributing to character; refined oil is odorless and used widely as a cosmetic carrier. The kernel is also an allergen (Prunus allergen Pru du 6; cross-reactive with other Rosaceae seeds). Shell particles are used as mild abrasive (polyethylene) in facial scrubs and exfoliating cleansers.

Properties relevant to use:
Seed oil is primarily neutral oils (oleic/linoleic); saponification value indicates suitability for soap and industrial applications; low water activity of kernels supports storage. Hulls and shells provide digestible fiber, lignin, and structural carbon.

Standards and regulation:
United States: USDA grades and standards for almonds (kernel quality and defects), U.S. Standards for Grades of Shelled Almonds, and FDA allergen labeling for tree nuts. International Codex Alimentarius CAC/RCP 1 (rev. 2023) applies to hulls as an animal feed ingredient.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Coproducts (hull, shell, oilseed meal) are used for animal feed, fuel, compost, and biochar, improving resource efficiency. Sweet almond kernels do not contain hydrocyanic acid; bitter kernels (P. amygdalus var. amara) and wild forms can contain amygdalin and require detoxification or exclusion for food uses.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Prunus communis (L.) Arcang. Comp. Fl. Ital. [Arcangeli] 209. 1882
Amygdalus sativa Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8 : n.º 3 (1768)
Amygdalus amygdalina Oken ex M.Roem. Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 8 (1847)
Amygdalus fragilis Borkh. Versuch einer forstbotanischen Beschreibung ; 1790 201 1790
Prunus amygdalus var. sativa (L.) Focke Synopsis der deutschen und schweizer Flora ; 1892 728 1892
Amygdalus communis L. Sp. Pl. : 473 (1753)
Druparia amygdalus [Clairv.] Man. Herbor. Suisse : 160 (1811)
Amygdalus dulcis Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8 : n.º 2 (1768)
Amygdalus amara Hayne Traité Arbr. Arbust. 1: 123 (1768)
Prunus dulcis var. amara (DC.) Buchheim Handw.-Buch Pfl.-Namen , ed. 10: 741 (1972)
Persica Mill. Gard. Dict. Abr. ed. 4 3: (1754)
Amygdalus amygdalus (Batsch) Frye & Rigg Northw. Fl. : 134 (1912)
Amygdalus stocksiana Boiss. Diagn. Pl. Orient. , ser. 2, 2: 45 (1856)
Amygdalus sinensis Steud. Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. i. 81.
Amygdalus decipiens Poit. & Turpin Traité Arbr. Fruit. 1: n.° 8 (1830)
Amygdalus elata Salisb. Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton : 356 (1796)
Amygdalus communis var. sativa L. Sp. Pl. : 473 (1753)
Prunus intermedia A.Sav. Compt. Rend. Assoc. Franç. Avancem. Sci. Assoc. Sci. France 11: 434 (1882 publ. 1883)
Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb Feddes Repert. 74: 24 (1967)
Amygdalus vulgaris Weston Engl. Fl. : 2 (1775)
Prunus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Koehne Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 52: 300 (1915)
Amygdalus cochinchinensis Lour. Fl. Cochinch. : 316 (1790)
Amygdalus communis var. fragilis Ser. Prodr. 2: 531 (1825)
Amygdalus communis var. macrocarpa Ser. Prodr. 2: 531 (1825)
Amygdalus korshinskyi var. bornmuelleri Browicz Arbor. Kórnickie 19: 18 (1974)
Prunus dulcis var. fragilis (Ser.) Buchheim Handw.-Buch Pfl.-Namen , ed. 10: 741 (1972)
Prunus dulcis var. spontanea (Korsh.) Buchheim Handw.-Buch Pfl.-Namen , ed. 10: 742 (1972)
Prunus stocksiana (Boiss.) Brandis Indian Trees : 278 (1906)
Prunus communis lus. compacta Zabel ex Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 138 (1906)
Prunus communis lus. pendula (H.Jaeger) Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 138 (1906)
Prunus communis lus. purpurea (Zabel) Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 138 (1906)
Prunus communis lus. pyramidalis Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 138 (1906)
Amygdalus indica Duhamel Traité Arbr. Fruit. 1: 124 (1768)
Amygdalus amara var. pendula Lavallée Énum. Arbres : 68 (1877)
Amygdalus amara var. pyramidata Lavallée Énum. Arbres : 68 (1877)
Amygdalus communis f. acuta Magyar Gyümölcs : 563 (1946)
Amygdalus communis f. albaplena Zabel Handb. Laubholzben. : 235 (1903)
Amygdalus communis var. angustifolia H.Jaeger Ziergehölze Gärt. Parkanl. : 101 (1865)
Amygdalus communis f. compacta Zabel Handb. Laubholzben. : 235 (1903)
Amygdalus communis var. cordiformis Risso Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 324 (1826)
Amygdalus communis f. cristata Magyar Gyümölcs : 562 (1946)
Amygdalus communis var. elongata Risso Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 326 (1826)
Amygdalus communis unranked florepleno F.J.Schultz Abb. Bäume Oesterr. 1: t. 25 (1792)
Amygdalus communis unranked foliis-variegatis F.J.Schultz Abb. Bäume Oesterr. 1: t. 24 (1792)
Amygdalus communis var. fragilima Ficalho & Cout. Bol. Soc. Brot. 16: 100 (1899)
Amygdalus communis var. glabra Popov Trudy Prikl. Bot. 22: 369 (1929)
Amygdalus communis var. incana Popov Trudy Prikl. Bot. 22: 369 (1929)
Amygdalus communis unranked lanceifolia K.Koch Hort. Dendrol. : 139 (1853)
Amygdalus communis f. lanceolata Magyar Gyümölcs : 562 (1946)
Amygdalus communis f. marginata Zabel Handb. Laubholzben. : 235 (1903)
Amygdalus communis var. maxima Risso Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 325 (1826)
Amygdalus communis var. media Popov Trudy Prikl. Bot. 22: 369 (1929)
Amygdalus communis var. microcarpa Dierb. Syst. Uebers. Heidelb. Gewächse : 129 (1827)
Amygdalus communis var. ossea Gren. Fl. France Corse 1: 512 (1849)
Amygdalus communis f. ostraeiformis Magyar Gyümölcs : 562 (1946)
Amygdalus communis f. ovata Magyar Gyümölcs : 562 (1946)
Amygdalus communis var. pendula H.Jaeger Ziergehölze Gärt. Parkanl. : 101 (1865)
Amygdalus communis var. pistacia Risso Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 326 (1826)
Amygdalus communis f. platycarpa Magyar Gyümölcs : 563 (1946)
Amygdalus communis f. purpurea Zabel Handb. Laubholzben. : 235 (1903)
Amygdalus communis var. pyramidalis Risso Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 326 (1826)
Amygdalus communis f. roseaplena Zabel Handb. Laubholzben. : 235 (1903)
Amygdalus communis f. rotundata Magyar Gyümölcs : 563 (1946)
Amygdalus communis var. rubra Risso Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 327 (1826)
Amygdalus communis var. rugosa Risso Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 324 (1826)
Amygdalus communis f. salicifolia K.Koch Dendrologie 1: 81 (1869)
Amygdalus communis var. semifragilis Magyar Gyümölcs : 563 (1946)
Amygdalus communis var. serotina Risso Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 325 (1826)
Amygdalus communis var. sphaerocarpa Dierb. Syst. Uebers. Heidelb. Gewächse : 129 (1827)
Amygdalus communis var. spontanea Korsh. Izv. Imp. Akad. Nauk , ser. 5, 14 : 90 (1901)
Amygdalus communis var. stenocarpa Dierb. Syst. Uebers. Heidelb. Gewächse : 128 (1827)
Amygdalus communis var. subrotundata Risso Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 327 (1826)
Amygdalus communis var. tenuis Risso Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 324 (1826)
Amygdalus communis var. tristis Risso Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 325 (1826)
Amygdalus communis f. variegata Zabel Handb. Laubholzben. : 235 (1903)
Amygdalus vulgaris unranked plena Weston Engl. Fl. : 2 (1775)
Prunus amygdalus f. angustifolia Dippel Handb. Laubholzk. 3: 603 (1893)
Prunus amygdalus var. ovalifolia Franch. Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. , sér. 6, 16: 281 (1883)
Prunus amygdalus var. pollardii Anon. Gard. Chron. , ser. 3, 97: 131 (1935)
Prunus amygdalus var. praecox Bean Trees & Shrubs Brit. Isles 2: 228 (1914)
Prunus amygdalus var. typica Fiori Fl. Anal. Italia 1: 557 (1898)
Prunus communis subsp. angustata Arcang. Comp. Fl. Ital. : 232 (1882)
Prunus communis f. roseoplena C.K.Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 593 (1906)
Prunus communis var. typica C.K.Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 593 (1906)
Prunus communis f. variegata C.K.Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 593 (1906)
Prunus amygdalus f. alboplena (Zabel) Rehder J. Arnold Arbor. 20: 99 (1939)
Prunus amygdalus var. macrocarpa (Ser.) Bean Trees & Shrubs Brit. Isles 2: 228 (1914)
Prunus amygdalus var. pendula (H.Jaeger) Bean Trees & Shrubs Brit. Isles 2: 228 (1914)
Prunus amygdalus f. purpurea (C.K.Schneid.) Rehder J. Arnold Arbor. 20: 99 (1939)
Prunus amygdalus f. roseoplena (C.K.Schneid.) Rehder J. Arnold Arbor. 20: 99 (1939)
Prunus amygdalus f. variegata (C.K.Schneid.) Rehder J. Arnold Arbor. 20: 99 (1939)
Prunus communis subvar. angustifolia (Dippel) Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 138 (1906)
Prunus communis f. macrocarpa (Ser.) C.K.Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 593 (1906)
Prunus communis f. amara (Duhamel) C.K.Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 593 (1906)
Prunus amygdalus var. amara (Duhamel) Focke Syn. Deut. Schweiz. Fl. , ed. 3: 728 (1892)
Prunus communis var. fragilis (Ser.) C.K.Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 593 (1906)
Amygdalus communis var. amara (Duhamel) Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4. 2: 983 (1799)
Amygdalus communis subvar. amara (Duhamel) Rouy & E.G.Camus Fl. France 6: 27 (1900)
Amygdalus communis f. angustifolia (H.Jaeger) Zabel Handb. Laubholzben. : 325 (1903)
Amygdalus communis var. dulcis (Mill.) Borkh. Theor. Prakt. Handb. Forstbot. 2: 1376 (1803)
Amygdalus communis subvar. dulcis (Mill.) Rouy & E.G.Camus Fl. France 6: 27 (1900)
Amygdalus communis f. elongata Magyar Gyümölcs : 563 (1946)
Amygdalus communis var. fragilis Pers. Syn. Pl. 2: ? (1806)
Amygdalus communis subvar. macrocarpa (Ser.) Rouy & E.G.Camus Fl. France 6: 27 (1900)
Amygdalus communis f. microcarpa Magyar Gyümölcs : 562 (1946)
Amygdalus communis f. pendula (H.Jaeger) Zabel Handb. Laubholzben. : 235 (1903)
Prunus amygdalus var. dulcis (Mill.) Koehne Deut. Dendrol. : 315 (1893)
Prunus amygdalus var. fragilis (Ser.) Focke Syn. Deut. Schweiz. Fl. , ed. 3: 728 (1892)
Prunus amygdalus f. pendula (H.Jaeger) Rehder Bibliogr. Cult. Trees : 326 (1949)
Prunus armeniaca f. pendula (H.Jaeger) Rehder Bibliogr. Cult. Trees : 324 (1949)
Prunus communis subvar. amara (Duhamel) Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 138 (1906)
Prunus communis f. dulcis (Mill.) C.K.Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 593 (1906)
Prunus communis subsp. fragilis Arcang. Comp. Fl. Ital. : 209 (1882)
Prunus communis var. fragilis C.K.Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 593 (1906)
Prunus communis f. pendula (H.Jaeger) C.K.Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 593 (1906)
Prunus communis f. purpurea C.K.Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 593 (1906)
Prunus communis subvar. sativa (L.) Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 138 (1906)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
English sweet almond
English almond tree
English almond
English prunus dulcis
Spanish p. dulcis
Spanish almendro
Afrikaans amandel
Amharic አልመንድ
an almendrera
Arabic اللوز
Arabic لوز
arc ܠܘܙܐ
arc ܩܛܪܩܐ
arc ܫܓܕܬܐ
atj pakanicic
avk soyora (prunus dulcis)
Azerbaijani adi badam
azb بادام
Belarusian мігдал
Belarusian Мігдалы
Belarusian міндаль
Bulgarian Бадеми
Bulgarian бадем
Bengali বাদাম গাছ
br alamandezenn
Bosnian badem
Catalan ametller
ceb almendras
ceb almendro
ceb almond
ceb almendra
co amandulu
co amandula
Czech mandloň obecná
Welsh coeden almon
Welsh almon
Welsh cneuen almon
Danish mandler
Danish mandel
German mandelbaum
German mandel
diq vamêre
Greek Αμύγδαλο
Greek Μύγδαλο
Greek Αμυγδαλιά
Esperanto migdalujo
Estonian mandlipuu
Estonian harilik mandlipuu
Basque almendrondo
Basque arbendolondo
Persian پرونوس دولسیس
Persian بادام
Finnish tarhamanteli
Finnish makeamanteli
Finnish manteliöljy
Finnish mantelipuu
Finnish manteli
French amandier
frr mandelbuum
fur mandolâr
Irish almóinn
gd almond
gd almon
Galician amendoeira
Gujarati બદામ
Manx almond
Manx almon
Hebrew שקד
Hebrew שקדיה
Hebrew שקדייה
Hebrew שקד מצוי
Hindi बादाम का पेड
Hindi बादाम
Croatian bajam
Croatian badem
Upper Sorbian mandla
Upper Sorbian mandlowc
Hungarian édesmandula
Hungarian keserűmandula
Hungarian mandula
Armenian նշենի
hyw Նշենի
ia amandoliero
Indonesian almond
Indonesian badam
ilo almendras
io mandelo
Italian mandorlo
Japanese ハタンキョウ
Japanese ヘントウ
Japanese 巴旦杏
Japanese 杏仁霜
Japanese 苦扁桃
Japanese アーモンド
Japanese 扁桃
Japanese あめんどう
Japanese アメンドウ
jv almond
Georgian ნუში
Georgian ჩვეულებრივი ნუში
Kabyle isiɣid
Kazakh Бадам жаңғағы
Kannada ಬಾದಾಮಿ ಮರ
Kannada ಬಾದಾಮಿ
Kannada ಪ್ರುನಸ್ ಅಮಿಗ್ಡಾಲಸ್
Korean 편도
Korean 편도나무
Korean 아몬드
ks بادام
ku behîv
Cornish alamandwydh
la amygdalus
lb mandel
Lithuanian migdolai
Lithuanian migdolas
Latvian mandeļkoks
Latvian parastā mandele
lzh 偏桃
Macedonian Бадем
Malayalam almond
Malayalam ബദാം
mn Бүйлс
Marathi बदाम
Malay badam
mul prunus dulcis
mwl almendreira
Norwegian Bokmål almond
Norwegian Bokmål bittermandel
Norwegian Bokmål mandler
Norwegian Bokmål mandel
Norwegian Bokmål mandeltre
Nepali मधेशी बदाम
Dutch amandelboom
Norwegian Nynorsk mandel
Norwegian Nynorsk mandeltre
nv neeshchʼííʼ hááheeshchiiʼí
oc amètla
oc ametlèir
oc ametlèr
oc ametlier
oc ametlièr
Oriya ବାଦାମ ଗଛ
os Кæрдæф
Punjabi ਬਦਾਮ
pam almendras
pcd aminte
Polish migdał zwyczajny
Polish migdałowiec zwyczajny
Polish śliwa migdał
Polish migdałowiec pospolity
Punjab بدام
Pashto بادام
Portuguese amendoa
Portuguese amêndoa
Portuguese amendoais
Portuguese amendoeira
Quechua almendra
Quechua almendro
Quechua almindra
Quechua almindru
Romanian migdal
Romanian migdale
Russian амигдалус коммунис
Russian миндаль обыкновенный
Russian миндальное дерево
Russian миндаль
Russian Миндаль
Russian Миндальное дерево
Russian Миндаль обыкновенный
rup migdalu
sa वातामम्
sc mendula
sc mèndula
sco awmond
sd بادام
Serbo-Croatian badem
Tachelhit ikikeḍ
Slovak mandľa obyčajná
Slovenian mandelj
Slovenian mandljevec
Albanian bajamja
Albanian pemë bajamesh
Serbian Бајам
Serbian бадем
Serbian Бадем
Swedish mandelträd
Swedish mandlar
Swedish sötmandel
Swedish sötmandlar
Swedish mandel
Swahili mlozi
Tamil பாதாம்
Tamil வாதாம் பருப்பு
Tamil வாதுமை
Telugu బాదం పప్పు
Telugu బాదం
tg Бодом
Thai almond
Thai แอลมอนด์
Thai อัลมอนด์
Turkish acıbadem
Turkish badem ağacı
Turkish payam
Turkish badem
tt Бәдәм
Ukrainian Мигдаль
Urdu بادام
Vietnamese biển đào
Vietnamese Đại hạnh nhân
Vietnamese hạnh nhân
Vietnamese hạnh đào
yi מאנדעל
yi מאנדל
za makgai
Chinese 八担杏
Chinese 巴旦杏
Chinese 扁桃
Chinese 桃亞屬
Chinese 甜扁桃

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Africa
    • Macaronesia
      • Canary Islands
    • Northern Africa
      • Algeria
      • Libya
      • Morocco
      • Tunisia
  • Asia-temperate
    • Caucasus
      • Transcaucasus
    • Middle Asia
      • Kazakhstan
      • Kirgizstan
      • Tadzhikistan
      • Turkmenistan
      • Uzbekistan
    • Western Asia
      • Afghanistan
      • Cyprus
      • East Aegean Islands
      • Iran
      • Iraq
      • Lebanon-Syria
      • Palestine
      • Turkey
  • Europe
    • Middle Europe
      • Hungary
      • Switzerland
    • Northern Europe
      • Great Britain
    • Southeastern Europe
      • Bulgaria
      • Greece
      • Italy
      • Kriti
      • Yugoslavia
    • Southwestern Europe
      • Baleares
      • Corse
      • France
      • Portugal
      • Spain
  • Northern America
    • Northwestern U.S.A.
      • Idaho
      • Washington
    • Southwestern U.S.A.
      • California

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!
Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0001015846
UNII X3EC86GF0Z
USDA Plants PRDU
Tropicos 27801092
INPN 116068
Flora of Italy 2217
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:729673-1
The Plant List rjp-375
Missouri Botanical Garden 286445
Open Tree Of Life 731568
Observations.org 7265
NCBI Taxonomy 3755
NBN Atlas NHMSYS0000462084
Nature Serve 2.160537
IPNI 729673-1
iNaturalist 69936
GBIF 3022502
EPPO PRNDU
EOL 231567
Elurikkus 6592
Calflora (Californian flora) 6888
US Library of Congress sh85003773
USDA GRIN 29890
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60439867-2
IPNI 60439867-2
iNaturalist 886561
GBIF 8183566
Freebase /m/0m4v
USDA GRIN 29834
Wikipedia Prunus_dulcis
CMAUP NPO10029
GBIF 3020980

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.
Accession Assembly
Name Level Submitter Released Coverage Size
GCF_902201215.1 ALMONDv2 Chromosome CNAG 2019-10-10 800 217.06 Mb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Edible Herbal Medicines as an Alternative to Common Medication for Sleep Disorders: A Review Article Hosseini A, Mobasheri L, Rakhshandeh H, Rahimi VB, Najafi Z, Askari VR Curr Neuropharmacol 22-Jun-2024
PMCID:PMC10964091
doi:10.2174/1570159X21666230621143944
PMID:37345244
Study of medicinal plants used in ethnoveterinary medical system in riverine areas of Punjab, Pakistan Umair M, Altaf M, Ahsan T, Bussmann RW, Abbasi AM, Gatasheh MK, Elrobh M J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 07-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11077875
doi:10.1186/s13002-024-00686-9
PMID:38715115
Evaluation of the Genotoxicity of Almond Hull: Implications for Its Use as a Novel Food Ingredient Yao Y, Liu J, Miao Q, Zhu X, Hua W, Zhang N, Huang G, Lin X, Mi S, Cheng Y, Ruan R Foods 02-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11083516
doi:10.3390/foods13091404
PMID:38731775
A comprehensive review on pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of 8 potent Prunus species of southeast Asia Shikha A, Adarsh K, Ankit KS, Harshwardhan S, Suresh T, Pradeep K J Tradit Chin Med 30-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11077151
doi:10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2024.03.002
PMID:38767647
Pollen thermotolerance of a widespread plant, Lotus corniculatus, in response to climate warming: possible local adaptation of populations from different elevations Jackwerth K, Biella P, Klečka J PeerJ 30-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11067902
doi:10.7717/peerj.17148
PMID:38708360
Exploring Gluten Assessment in Marketed Products through a Sandwich ELISA Methodology Based on Novel Recombinant Antibodies Garcia-Calvo E, García-García A, Rodríguez S, Martín R, García T Foods 26-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11083168
doi:10.3390/foods13091341
PMID:38731712
Identification and characterization of functionally relevant SSR markers in natural Dalbergia odorifera populations Xu J, Wang Y, Wu K, Chen J BMC Plant Biol 23-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11036651
doi:10.1186/s12870-024-05019-2
PMID:38654191
Clinical Efficacy in Skin Hydration and Reducing Wrinkles of Nanoemulsions Containing Macadamia integrifolia Seed Oil Somwongin S, Chaiyana W Nanomaterials (Basel) 20-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11054140
doi:10.3390/nano14080724
PMID:38668218
Haplotype-resolved genome assembly of the diploid Rosa chinensis provides insight into the mechanisms underlying key ornamental traits Zhang X, Wu Q, Lan L, Peng D, Guan H, Luo K, Bao M, Bendahmane M, Fu X, Wu Z Mol Hortic 16-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11020927
doi:10.1186/s43897-024-00088-1
PMID:38622744
Unraveling potential neuroprotective mechanisms of herbal medicine for Alzheimer’s diseases through comprehensive molecular docking analyses Alsenani F Saudi J Biol Sci 15-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11053229
doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.103998
PMID:38681227
Phylogenomic analyses and comparative genomics of Pseudomonas syringae associated with almond (Prunus dulcis) in California Maguvu TE, Frias RJ, Hernandez-Rosas AI, Holtz BA, Niederholzer FJ, Duncan RA, Yaghmour MA, Culumber CM, Gordon PE, Vieira FC, Rolshausen PE, Adaskaveg JE, Burbank LP, Lindow SE, Trouillas FP PLoS One 11-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11008872
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0297867
PMID:38603730
Natural Sources of Therapeutic Agents Used in Skin Conditions Dinu M, Tatu AL, Cocoș DI, Nwabudike LC, Chirilov AM, Stefan CS, Earar K, Dumitriu Buzia O Life (Basel) 10-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11051086
doi:10.3390/life14040492
PMID:38672762
Overexpression of a Fragaria vesca NAM, ATAF, and CUC (NAC) Transcription Factor Gene (FvNAC29) Increases Salt and Cold Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana Li W, Li H, Wei Y, Han J, Wang Y, Li X, Zhang L, Han D Int J Mol Sci 06-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11012600
doi:10.3390/ijms25074088
PMID:38612898
Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the ALDH gene family and functional analysis of PaALDH17 in Prunus avium Li S, Wang X, Wang W, Zhang Z, Wang X, Zhang Q, Wang Y Physiol Mol Biol Plants 06-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11087402
doi:10.1007/s12298-024-01444-7
PMID:38737320
Hazelnut and Walnut Nutshell Features as Emerging Added-Value Byproducts of the Nut Industry: A Review Manterola-Barroso C, Padilla Contreras D, Ondrasek G, Horvatinec J, Gavilán CuiCui G, Meriño-Gergichevich C Plants (Basel) 06-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11013405
doi:10.3390/plants13071034
PMID:38611564

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!
Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.
Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives
Phenylethyl Alcohol 6054 Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)CCO 122.16 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Benzoic acid esters / o-Hydroxybenzoic acid esters
Methyl Salicylate 4133 Click to see COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O 152.15 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives
4-Hydroxy-3-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)benzoic acid 443852 Click to see 206.24 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0110194
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid 135 Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C(=O)O)O 138.12 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011533+
Protocatechuic Acid 72 Click to see 154.12 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011533+
https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1983.TB14902.X
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0110194
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives / Gallic acid and derivatives / Gallic acids
Gallic Acid 370 Click to see 170.12 unknown https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1983.TB14902.X
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives / M-methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives
Vanillic Acid 8468 Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C(=O)O)O 168.15 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011533+
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Salicylic acid and derivatives / Salicylic acids
Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-6-tetradecyl- 5318118 Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC1=C(C(=CC=C1)O)C(=O)O 334.50 unknown via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoyl derivatives
Benzaldehyde 240 Click to see 106.12 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Methoxybenzenes / Dimethoxybenzenes
Methyleugenol 7127 Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)CC=C)OC 178.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Phenylacetaldehydes
Phenylacetaldehyde 998 Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)CC=O 120.15 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
> Benzenoids / Naphthalenes
2-Methylnaphthalene 7055 Click to see 142.20 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Methoxyphenols
Eugenol 3314 Click to see 164.20 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
Guaiacol 460 Click to see 124.14 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Medium-chain fatty acids
Nonanoic Acid 8158 Click to see CCCCCCCCC(=O)O 158.24 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
Octanoic Acid 379 Click to see CCCCCCCC(=O)O 144.21 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols
1-Hexanol 8103 Click to see CCCCCCO 102.17 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
1-Octanol 957 Click to see CCCCCCCCO 130.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
1-Octen-3-Ol 18827 Click to see 128.21 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
Heptanol 8129 Click to see 116.20 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
Nonan-1-ol 8914 Click to see CCCCCCCCCO 144.25 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty aldehydes
Tetradecanal 31291 Click to see 212.37 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Acyclic monoterpenoids
Geranylacetone 1549778 Click to see 194.31 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
Linalool 6549 Click to see 154.25 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Bicyclic monoterpenoids
Borneol 64685 Click to see 154.25 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
CID 44630107 44630107 Click to see CC1(C2CCC1(C(C2)O)C)C 154.25 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
alpha-IONONE 5282108 Click to see CC1=CCCC(C1C=CC(=O)C)(C)C 192.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
I2-Ionone 638014 Click to see 192.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Abscisic acids and derivatives
(3Z,5Z,6aR,7R,9R,10aS)-6a,9-dihydroxy-4,7,10a-trimethyl-2-oxo-9,10-dihydro-8H-1-benzoxocine-7-carboxylic acid 10957425 Click to see 296.31 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(02)00327-1
6a,9-dihydroxy-4,7,10a-trimethyl-2-oxo-9,10-dihydro-8H-1-benzoxocine-7-carboxylic acid 85345456 Click to see 296.31 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(02)00327-1
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Diterpene glycosides
(1S,2S,5R,6R,8R,11S,14R,18S)-6-hydroxy-1,14-dimethyl-6-[[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-10,12-dioxapentacyclo[9.6.1.15,8.02,8.014,18]nonadecan-13-one 162882575 Click to see 512.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(02)02794-6
6-Hydroxy-1,14-dimethyl-6-[[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-10,12-dioxapentacyclo[9.6.1.15,8.02,8.014,18]nonadecan-13-one 85414985 Click to see 512.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(02)02794-6
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(+)-Ursolic Acid 64945 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00092A031
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0110194
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF9908289
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF052812Q
(1R,3aS,5aS,5bR,9R,10R,11aR)-9,10-dihydroxy-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13b-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylic acid 470606 Click to see 470.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF052812Q
(1S,2R,4aS,6aS,6bR,10R,11R,12aR,14bS)-10,11-dihydroxy-1,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylic acid 5316084 Click to see 472.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF052812Q
3-Hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 619166 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00092A031
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF052812Q
9-Hydroxy-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carbaldehyde 317607 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C=O 440.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF052812Q
9,10-Dihydroxy-1-isopropenyl-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylic acid 12305767 Click to see 472.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF052812Q
9,10-Dihydroxy-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13b-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylic acid 14425697 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3=CCC4C(C3(CC2)C)(CCC5C4(CC(C(C5(C)C)O)O)C)C)C(=O)O 470.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF052812Q
Alphitolic acid 12305768 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C(C3(CC2)C)(CCC5C4(CC(C(C5(C)C)O)O)C)C)C(=O)O 472.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF052812Q
Betulinaldehyde 99615 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C=O 440.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF052812Q
Betulinic Acid 64971 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF9908289
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00092A031
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF052812Q
Colosolic acid 15917996 Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CC(C(C5(C)C)O)O)C)C)C2C1C)C)C(=O)O 472.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF052812Q
Corosolic acid 6918774 Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CC(C(C5(C)C)O)O)C)C)C2C1C)C)C(=O)O 472.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF052812Q
Lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid, 3beta-hydroxy- 2371 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00092A031
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF052812Q
Oleanolic Acid 10494 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00092A031
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF9908289
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF052812Q
Urs-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-hydroxy-, (3beta)- 220774 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00092A031
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF052812Q
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0110194
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Sphingolipids / Glycosphingolipids
Glucosylceramide (plant) 73156994 Click to see 714.00 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020262F
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Sphingolipids / Glycosphingolipids / Simple glycosylceramides / Glycosyl-N-acylsphingosines
Soyacerebroside II 15599558 Click to see 714.00 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020262F
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
(-)-beta-Sitosterol 222284 Click to see 414.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020262F
(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(3S,8R,9R,10R,13R,14R,17R)-17-[(2R,5R)-5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 163042760 Click to see 576.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)88416-2
(3S,8R,9R,10R,13R,14R,17R)-17-[(2R,5R)-5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol 11870456 Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C 414.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)88416-2
17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol 86821 Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C 414.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020660I
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)88416-2
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020262F
beta-Sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside 296119 Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C 576.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020262F
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)88416-2
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF052812Q
Sitogluside 5742590 Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C 576.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020262F
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF052812Q
Stigmast-5-en-3-ol 22012 Click to see 414.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020660I
Stigmasterol 5280794 Click to see 412.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020660I
> Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues / Purine nucleosides
2-(6-Aminopurin-9-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol 191 Click to see 267.24 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020262F
Adenosine 60961 Click to see C1=NC(=C2C(=N1)N(C=N2)C3C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)N 267.24 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020262F
> Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues / Pyrimidine nucleosides
Uridine 6029 Click to see 244.20 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020262F
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Alpha amino acids and derivatives
Guanidinoacetic Acid 763 Click to see 117.11 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Alpha amino acids and derivatives / Alpha amino acids / L-alpha-amino acids
L-Arginine 6322 Click to see 174.20 unknown via CMAUP database
Lysine zwitterion 122198194 Click to see 146.19 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Alpha amino acids and derivatives / Histidine and derivatives
(2S)-2-ammonio-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoate 6971009 Click to see 155.15 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Pentacarboxylic acids and derivatives
[(2S,3S,4R)-4-methoxy-6-oxo-2-[(E,3S,5R,6S)-3,5,6-triacetyloxyhept-1-enyl]oxan-3-yl] acetate 101267306 Click to see 458.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020262F
> Organic nitrogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Amines / Primary amines / 2-arylethylamines
Histamine 774 Click to see 111.15 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic nitrogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Amines / Primary amines / Monoalkylamines
Ethylamine 6341 Click to see CCN 45.08 unknown via CMAUP database
Isoamylamine 7894 Click to see CC(C)CCN 87.16 unknown via CMAUP database
Propylamine 7852 Click to see 59.11 unknown via CMAUP database
Putrescine 1045 Click to see 88.15 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic nitrogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Amines / Secondary amines / Dialkylamines
Dimethylamine 674 Click to see CNC 45.08 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic nitrogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Amines / Tertiary amines / Trialkylamines
Trimethylamine 1146 Click to see CN(C)C 59.11 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic nitrogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Guanidines
Agmatine 199 Click to see 130.19 unknown via CMAUP database
Guanidine 3520 Click to see 59.07 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic nitrogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Organic cyanides / Nitriles
Hydrogen Cyanide 768 Click to see 27.03 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic nitrogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Quaternary ammonium salts / Cholines
Choline 305 Click to see 104.17 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Cyclitols and derivatives / Quinic acids and derivatives
Chlorogenic Acid 1794427 Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)O)O 354.31 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020660I
Cryptochlorogenic acid 9798666 Click to see 354.31 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020660I
Neochlorogenic acid 5280633 Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)O)O 354.31 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020660I
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / Cyanogenic glycosides
Mandelonitrile-beta-gentiobioside 656495 Click to see 457.40 unknown https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1075551/
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / Phenolic glycosides
3-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybenzoic acid 12312708 Click to see 368.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0110194
4-Hydroxy-3-prenylbenzoic acid glucoside 12312707 Click to see CC(=CCC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C(=O)O)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O)C 368.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0110194
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Aldehydes / Aryl-aldehydes
5-Methylfurfural 12097 Click to see CC1=CC=C(O1)C=O 110.11 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
Furfural 7362 Click to see C1=COC(=C1)C=O 96.08 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Aldehydes / Medium-chain aldehydes
Decanal 8175 Click to see 156.26 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
Heptanal 8130 Click to see 114.19 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
Hexanal 6184 Click to see 100.16 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
Nonanal 31289 Click to see CCCCCCCCC=O 142.24 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
Octanal 454 Click to see 128.21 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
Undecanal 8186 Click to see CCCCCCCCCCC=O 170.29 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Ketones
6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one 9862 Click to see 126.20 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Phenylketones / Alkyl-phenylketones
p-METHYLACETOPHENONE 8500 Click to see 134.17 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Azoles / Imidazoles / Substituted imidazoles / Imidazolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives
(S)-2-hydroxy-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid 440129 Click to see C1=C(NC=N1)CC(C(=O)O)O 156.14 unknown via CMAUP database
CID 28305488 28305488 Click to see 126.11 unknown via CMAUP database
Urocanic acid 736715 Click to see C1=C(NC=N1)C=CC(=O)O 138.12 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Heteroaromatic compounds
2-Pentylfuran 19602 Click to see 138.21 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Lactones / Gamma butyrolactones
(S)-4-Nonanolide 441574 Click to see CCCCCC1CCC(=O)O1 156.22 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
Gamma-nonalactone 7710 Click to see CCCCCC1CCC(=O)O1 156.22 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60228A025
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Biflavonoids and polyflavonoids
Proanthocyanidin B2 5320711 Click to see 578.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1565(199801/02)9:1<21::AID-PCA377>3.0.CO;2-W
Procyanidin B2, (+)- 122738 Click to see C1C(C(OC2=C1C(=CC(=C2C3C(C(OC4=CC(=CC(=C34)O)O)C5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O)O)C6=CC(=C(C=C6)O)O)O 578.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1565(199801/02)9:1<21::AID-PCA377>3.0.CO;2-W
Procyanidin B3 146798 Click to see 578.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1565(199801/02)9:1<21::AID-PCA377>3.0.CO;2-W
Procyanidin C1 169853 Click to see 866.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1565(199801/02)9:1<21::AID-PCA377>3.0.CO;2-W
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Catechins
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-3,5,7-triol 1203 Click to see 290.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011533+
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0110194
Catechin 9064 Click to see 290.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011533+
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0110194
Epicatechin 72276 Click to see 290.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF061478A
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Catechins / Catechin gallates
(-)-Epicatechin gallate 107905 Click to see C1C(C(OC2=CC(=CC(=C21)O)O)C3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)OC(=O)C4=CC(=C(C(=C4)O)O)O 442.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF061478A
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Flavanones
(2R)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-4-oxo-2,3-dihydrochromen-5-olate 25200419 Click to see C1C(OC2=CC(=CC(=C2C1=O)[O-])O)C3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O 287.24 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Flavanones / Flavanonols
(+)-Dihydrokaempferol 7-oxoanion 25244967 Click to see 287.24 unknown via CMAUP database
(2R,3S)-2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2,3-Dihydrochromen-4-One 712318 Click to see 304.25 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones
Lanaroflavone 11272651 Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O2)C(=C(C=C3O)O)OC4=CC=C(C=C4)C5=CC(=O)C6=C(C=C(C=C6O5)O)O)O 538.50 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols
Isorhamnetin 5281654 Click to see 316.26 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0115894
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020661A
Kaempferol 5280863 Click to see 286.24 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0115894
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020661A
Quercetin 5280343 Click to see 302.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020661A
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides
(2R)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-[4-methoxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyphenyl]-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one 162887360 Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C2CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O 478.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)00810-G
(2S)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-[4-methoxy-3-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyphenyl]-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one 162887361 Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C2CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O 478.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)00810-G
5-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-[4-methoxy-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyphenyl]-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one 74819423 Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C2CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O 478.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)00810-G
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-((2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl)oxychromen-4-one 51402807 Click to see 464.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020661A
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0115894
3-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxychromen-4-one 10211337 Click to see 626.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97883-X
3-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one 21722032 Click to see 610.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97883-X
5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-(3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-((3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-Methyloxan-2-Yl)Oxymethyl)Oxan-2-Yl)Oxychromen-4-One 12313332 Click to see 594.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011533+
Cacticin 5318644 Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O 478.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011533+
Isorhamnetin 3-galactoside 13245586 Click to see 478.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011533+
Isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside 5318645 Click to see 478.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011533+
Isorhamnetin 3-robinobioside 6223069 Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OC3=C(OC4=CC(=CC(=C4C3=O)O)O)C5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)OC)O)O)O)O)O)O 624.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011533+
Kaempferol-3-O-Rutinoside 5318767 Click to see 594.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011533+
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020661A
Narcissin 5481663 Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OC3=C(OC4=CC(=CC(=C4C3=O)O)O)C5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)OC)O)O)O)O)O)O 624.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011533+
Quercetin 3-O-gentiobioside 5320834 Click to see 626.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97883-X
Rutin 5280805 Click to see 610.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF0115894
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020661A
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-3,7-bis[[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy]-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one 5317187 Click to see 628.50 unknown via CMAUP database
kaempferol 7-O-glucoside 10095180 Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O 448.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020661A
Naringenin 7-0-glucoside 282013 Click to see 434.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011533+
Prunin 92794 Click to see C1C(OC2=CC(=CC(=C2C1=O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C4=CC=C(C=C4)O 434.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF011533+
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Isoflavonoids / Isoflavans / Isoflavanols
(2S,3R)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2,6,8-trihydroxy-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one 57336522 Click to see 304.25 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Stilbenes
Dihydroresveratrol 185914 Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1CCC2=CC(=CC(=C2)O)O)O 230.26 unknown via CMAUP database
Piceatannol 667639 Click to see 244.24 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2013.10.057
Trans-2,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene 5281717 Click to see 244.24 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2013.10.057
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Stilbenes / Stilbene glycosides
Polydatin 5281718 Click to see 390.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2013.10.057

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