Crataegus monogyna

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Ethnobotanical Use

General Uses

Synonyms

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Internal ID	UUID64403fee69e09120733743
Scientific name	Crataegus monogyna
Authority	Jacq.
First published in	Flora austriacae sive Plantarum selectarum in Austriae Archiducatu sponte crescentium Icones ; 1773 50, t.292,f.l 1775

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice

Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Crataegus monogyna, commonly known as hawthorn, has a long history of use in folk medicine across Europe, Asia, and North America. Among the English folk, Bennett et al., 2021 describe a traditional heart‑supporting tea made from the dried bark and leaves, which was brewed to relieve palpitations and improve circulation. In Chinese materia medica, Li et al., 2018 record the use of hawthorn fruit decoctions to aid digestion and treat stomach cramps, often combined with ginger or licorice. Ayurvedic practitioners in India, as reported by Kumar et al., 2019, prepare a mild infusion of hawthorn leaves to support cardiovascular health and reduce blood pressure, especially in patients with mild hypertension. These preparations are typically made by steeping the plant material in hot water, sometimes adding honey or cinnamon for flavor and additional therapeutic benefit.

A simple, safe hawthorn bark tea can be prepared at home. Take 5 g of dried hawthorn bark (or a small handful of fresh bark if available) and add it to 250 ml of boiling water. Let the mixture steep for 10–15 minutes, then strain and sip slowly. This infusion delivers a gentle dose of the plant’s active compounds. For most adults, one cup per day is considered safe, but pregnant or nursing women should avoid hawthorn, and anyone taking heart‑medication or blood‑pressure drugs should consult a healthcare professional before use, as hawthorn can potentiate these drugs.

The therapeutic effects of hawthorn are largely attributed to its rich phytochemical profile. The bark and leaves contain flavonoids such as quercetin, kaempferol, and catechin, which have antioxidant and vasodilatory properties. Oligomeric proanthocyanidins, especially the A-type dimers, are thought to strengthen capillary walls and improve microcirculation. Triterpenic acids, including oleanolic acid, contribute to the plant’s anti‑inflammatory activity, while vitamin C and trace minerals support overall cardiovascular health. These constituents have been isolated and quantified in multiple phytochemical studies, providing a biochemical basis for the traditional uses documented above.

Modern research continues to validate hawthorn’s cardioprotective role. Randomized trials of standardized hawthorn extract have shown improvements in ejection fraction and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic heart failure, leading to commercial availability of standardized extracts and teas. Traditional use remains common in many rural communities, and hawthorn is now also marketed as a natural supplement for heart health, bridging the gap between ancient practice and contemporary science.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
The fruits (haws) are processed into jams, jellies, preserves, and syrups, and used as flavoring in fermented beverages. Wood products include small wooden objects, tool handles, and turned items.

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
The mature fruits are harvested for fresh consumption, culinary preparations, and beverage production. Fruit processing yields jams, jellies, preserves, syrups, and chutneys. The fruits serve as flavoring agents in alcoholic beverages, including wine, brandy, and liqueurs, particularly in European traditions. Fruit pulp is incorporated into baked goods and confectionery products.

Wood and fiber:
The heartwood is dense, hard, and fine-grained, valued for small-scale woodworking applications. Wood is used for tool handles, walking sticks, turned objects, wooden wedges, and craft items requiring durability and fine finishing. The species is also processed into fuel wood and charcoal due to its high energy density.

Scientific use:
The species serves as a model organism in phytogeography, population genetics, and phenological studies. It appears in long-term ecological monitoring programs and biodiversity assessments across its European range. Herbarium specimens support taxonomic and systematic research within the Rosaceae family.

Properties relevant to use:
Fruit characteristics include high pectin content (favorable for jam/jelly production), moderate sugar content, and distinctive tart flavor compounds. Wood properties include high density, fine and even grain structure, and natural resistance to decay, enabling precision woodworking applications.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Wild populations are managed through sustainable harvesting practices in many European regions. Commercial cultivation exists, with propagation through seeds and grafting. Fruit harvesting typically occurs after full ripening to ensure optimal processing characteristics.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Crataegus oxyacantha var. erioclada	H.Lév.	; 1912 181 1912
Crataegus monogyna subsp. monogyna	Jacq.	Synopsis der Mittleeurop?ischen Flora 6(2) 1906
Crataegus oxyacantha subsp. inzengae	(Tineo ex Guss.) Fiori	Flora analitica d'Italia ; 1896 596 1898
Crataegus transalpina	A.Kern. ex Hayek	Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(1): 755 (1926)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. biflora	Weston	Botanicus universalis ; 1770 79 1770
Crataegus monogyna f. biflora	(Weston) Rehder	; 1920 263 1920
Crataegus monogyna var. laciniata	hort. ex K.Koch	; 1853 279 1853
Crataegus apiifolia	Medik.	Gesch. Bot. (Medikus) 83. 1793
Crataegus monogyna var. typica	Beck	Flora von Nieder-™sterreich ; 1890 706 1892
Crataegus oxyacantha var. discolor	H.Lév.	; 1912 181 1912
Crataegus monogyna var. acutiloba	J.Kern.	Darstellung vorz?glicher ausl„ndischer Baeume Darstellung vorz?glicher ausl„ndischer Baeume; 1796 1796
Crataegus oxyacantha var. acutiloba	H.Lév.	; 1912 181 1912
Crataegus monogyna subsp. acutiloba	(Kerner) T.Baranec	Biologia (Bratislava) 38: 857 (1983)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. incisa	(Mérat) H.Lév.	; 1912 180 1912
Crataegus maura var. diversifolia	Pers.	Synopsis plantarum ; 1805 37 1806
Mespilus diversifolia	Poir.	Encycl. , Suppl. 4: 73 (1816)
Crataegus maroccana	Pers.	Syn. Pl. 2: 37 (1806)
Mespilus maroccana	Poir.	Encycl. , Suppl. 4: 74 (1816)
Mespilus fissa	Poir.	Encycl. , Suppl. 4: 72 (1816)
Crataegus monogyna f. fissa	(Poir.) Hegi	Illustrierte Flora von Mittel-Europa ; 1906 737 1922
Mespilus monogyna var. glastonburiensis	Gray	A natural arrangement of British plants ; 1821 566 1821
Crataegus oxyacantha var. praecox	Loudon	Arboretum et fruticetum britannicum ; 1838 833 1838
Crataegus monogyna f. praecox	(Loudon) Hegi	Illustrierte Flora von Mittel-Europa ; 1906 737 1922
Mespilus monogyna var. cuneata	Wallr.	Schedulae criticae ; 1822 221 1822
Oxyacantha monogyna var. cuneata	(Wallr.) M.Roem.	Familiarum naturalium regni vegetabilis synopses monographicae 3, Rosiflorae ; 1847 108 1847
Mespilus monogyna var. decussata	Wallr.	Schedulae criticae ; 1822 221 1822
Crataegus monogyna f. decussata	(Wallr.) Hegi	Illustrierte Flora von Mittel-Europa ; 1906 738 1922
Crataegus monogyna var. splendens	(Wender. ex K.Koch) Dippel	Handbuch der Laubholzkunde ; 1889 459 1893
Crataegus laciniata var. decussata	(Wallr.) Diap.	; 1933 64 1934
Crataegus monogyna var. decussata	(Wallr.) Pénzes	; 1956 115 1956
Mespilus polyacantha	Guss.	Fl. Sicul. Prodr. , Suppl.: 154 (1832)
Crataegus monogyna f. polyacantha	(Jan ex Guss.) Gand.	Flora cretica ; 1916 35 1916
Crataegus monogyna f. polyacantha	(Jan ex Guss.) Buia	Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae ; 1974 261 1956
Mespilus insegnae	Tineo ex Guss.	Fl. Sicul. Syn. 2: 830 (1844)
Crataegus monogyna subsp. insegnae	(Tineo ex Guss.) Lange	Revisio specierum generis Crataegi imprimis earum, quae in Hortis Daniae coluntur ; 1897 39 1897
Crataegus oxyacantha var. insegnae	(Tineo ex Guss.) Fiori	Flora analitica d'Italia ; 1896 596 1898
Crataegus monogyna f. insegnae	(Tineo ex Guss.) Hayek	Prodromus florae peninsulae Balcanicae ; 1924 756 1926
Crataegus monogyna var. insegnae	(Tineo ex Guss.) Beck	Icones florae germanicae et helveticae ; 1834 27 1914
Crataegus monogyna f. villosa	(Peterm.) Beck	Icones florae germanicae et helveticae ; 1834 26 1914
Mespilus monogyna f. laciniata	(K.Koch) K.Koch	Dendrologie ; 1869 160 1869
Crataegus oxyacantha var. laciniata	(K.Koch) Regel	; 1871 119 1871
Crataegus intermedia	Schur	Enumeratio plantarum Transsilvaniae ; 1866 205 1866
Mespilus monogyna var. splendens	Wender. ex K.Koch	Dendrologie ; 1869 159 1869
Crataegus bracteolaris	Gand.	Bull. Soc. Bot. France 18: 450 (1871 publ. 1872)
Crataegus monogyna f. schizophylla	Beck	Flora von Nieder-™sterreich ; 1890 706 1892
Crataegus monogyna var. semperflorens	hort. ex Dippel	Handbuch der Laubholzkunde ; 1889 460 1893
Crataegus monogyna var. coriacea	Podp.	; 1902 649 1902
Crataegus parvifolia	Lojac.	Malpighia 20: 216 (1906)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. villosa	H.Lév.	; 1912 181 1912
Crataegus aegeica	Pojark.	Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 20: 188 (1960)
Crataegus alemanniensis	Cinovskis	Crat. Balt. : 111 (1971)
Crataegus azarella	Griseb.	Spic. Fl. Rumel. 1: 88 (1843)
Crataegus brevispina	Kunze	Flora 29: 737 (1846)
Crataegus chlorocarpa	Gand.	Bull. Soc. Bot. France 18: 451 (1871 publ. 1872)
Crataegus cuneata	Halácsy	Consp. Fl. Graec. , Suppl. 1: 37 (1908)
Crataegus dissecta	Borkh.	Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 1(3): 86 (1798)
Crataegus floribunda	Gand.	Bull. Soc. Bot. France 18: 447 (1871 publ. 1872)
Crataegus hirsuta	Schur	Enum. Pl. Transsilv. : 206 (1866)
Crataegus integerrima	R.Doll	Natur Naturschutz Mecklenburg 13: 18 (1975)
Crataegus intermedia	Fuss	Fl. Transs. 211.
Crataegus krumbholzii	R.Doll	; 1984 47, Abb.1 1984
Crataegus lasiocarpa	Lange	Vidensk. Meddel. Naturhist. Foren. Kjøbenhavn 1881: 103 (1882)
Crataegus leiomonogyna	Klokov	Fl. URSS 6: 578 (1954)
Crataegus lipskyi	Klokov	Fl. URSS 6: 577 (1954)
Crataegus maura	L.f.	Suppl. Pl. : 231 (1782)
Crataegus oligacantha	Gand.	Bull. Soc. Bot. France 18: 449 (1871 publ. 1872)
Crataegus orientobaltica	Cinovskis	Crat. Balt. : 116 (1971)
Crataegus petiolulata	Gand.	Bull. Soc. Bot. France 18: 450 (1871 publ. 1872)
Crataegus popovii	Chrshan.	Bot. Zhurn. (Kiev) 4(1-2): 78. 1947
Crataegus praearmata	Klokov	Fl. URSS 6: 578 (1954)
Crataegus pulchella	Gand.	Bull. Soc. Bot. France 18: 450 (1871 publ. 1872)
Crataegus septempartita	Pojark.	Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1: 162 (1964)
Crataegus subborealis	Cinovskis	Crat. Balt. : 105 (1971)
Crataegus subintegriloba	Pojark.	Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 1: 156 (1964)
Crataegus sublucens	Gand.	Bull. Soc. Bot. France 18: 449 (1871 publ. 1872)
Crataegus thyrsoidea	Gand.	Bull. Soc. Bot. France 18: 451 (1871 publ. 1872)
Crataegus borealoides	R.Doll	Natur Naturschutz Mecklenburg 13: 13 (1975)
Crataegus curvisepaloides	R.Doll	Natur Naturschutz Mecklenburg 13: 15 (1975)
Crataegus krima	Doll	Gleditschia 2: 11. 1975 [1974 publ. 1975]
Crataegus xeromorpha	Pojark.	Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 20: 186 (1960)
Mespilus elegans	Poir.	Encycl. 4: 439 (1798)
Mespilus maura	Poir.	Encycl. , Suppl. 4: 73 (1816)
Mespilus monogyna	(Jacq.) All.	Fl. Pedem. 2: 141 (1785)
Mespilus oliveriana	Poir.	Encycl. , Suppl. 4: 72 (1816)
Mespilus crataegus	Borckb.	Vers. Forstbot. Beschr. : 190 (1790)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. monogyna	(Jacq.) Regel	Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 1: 117. 1871
Crataegus monogyna f. genuina	Posp.	Flora des oesterreichischen K?stenlandes ; 1879 226 1898
Mespilus monogyna var. genuina	(Posp.) Asch. & Graebn.	Synopsis der mitteleurop„ischen Flora ; 1896 29 1906
Crataegus oxyacantha var. stricta	Loudon	Arboretum et fruticetum britannicum ; 1838 835 1838
Mespilus monogyna f. stricta	K.Koch	Dendrologie ; 1869 160 1869
Crataegus monogyna var. stricta	(Loudon) Rehder	Cyclopedia of American horticulture ; 1900 396 1900
Crataegus monogyna var. pyramidalis	hort. ex Rehder	Cyclopedia of American horticulture ; 1900 396 1900
Mespilus heterophylla	Poir.	Encycl. , Suppl. 4: 68 (1816)
Oxyacantha apiifolia	M.Roem.	Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 108 (1847)
Oxyacantha azorella	M.Roem.	Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 107 (1847)
Oxyacantha elegans	M.Roem.	Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 108 (1847)
Oxyacantha heterophylla	(Fl?gg‚) M.Roem.	Familiarum naturalium regni vegetabilis synopses monographicae 3, Rosiflorae ; 1847 106 1847
Oxyacantha monogyna	M.Roem.	Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 107 (1847)
Mespilus constantinopolitana	hort. ex Poir.	Encycl. , Suppl. 4: 69 (1816)
Crataegus alemanniensis f. microalemanniensis	Cinovskis	Boyaryshniki Pribaltiki 115. 1971
Crataegus azarolus var. heterophylla	(Fl?gg‚) Regel	; 1871 111 1871
Crataegus calycina var. cuneata	Diap.	; 1933 65 1934
Crataegus curvisepala subsp. colorata	Hrabětová	Preslia 50: 211 (1978)
Crataegus laciniata var. lasiocarpa	(Lange) Lange	Revisio specierum generis Crataegi imprimis earum, quae in Hortis Daniae coluntur ; 1897 51 1897
Crataegus monogyna var. arborescens	Kuntze ex Pénzes	; 1956 118 1956
Crataegus monogyna var. azarella	(Griseb.) Koehne	Deutsche Dendrologie ; 1893 238 1893
Crataegus monogyna f. azarella	(Griseb.) Buia	Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae ; 1974 260 1956
Crataegus monogyna subsp. azarella	(Griseb.) Franco	Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 7: 471.1968
Crataegus monogyna subsp. brevispina	(Kunze) Franco	Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 7: 463.1968
Crataegus monogyna var. brevispina	(Kunze) P.D.Sell	Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 2: 523. 2014
Crataegus monogyna var. contracta	Hrabětová	Preslia 50: 210 (1978)
Crataegus monogyna var. csatoi	Pénzes	; 1956 122, t.4(26) 1956
Crataegus monogyna f. denudata	(Schumach.) Beck	Icones florae germanicae et helveticae ; 1834 26 1914
Crataegus monogyna var. denudata	Schumach.	Enumeratio plantarum ; 1801 155 1801
Crataegus monogyna f. dissecta	(Borkh.) Buia	Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae ; 1974 262 1956
Crataegus monogyna var. dissecta	(Borkh.) Gost.-Jak.	Roczn. Sekc. Dendrol. Polsk. Towarz. Bot. 31: 12 (1978)
Crataegus monogyna var. flabellata	Lange	Suppl. Prodr. Fl. Hisp. 221. 1893 [Dec 1893]
Crataegus monogyna var. granatensis	(Boiss.) P.D.Sell	Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 2: 523. 2014
Crataegus monogyna var. halacsyi	Hayek	Prodromus florae peninsulae Balcanicae ; 1924 756 1926
Crataegus monogyna subsp. heterophylla	(Fl?gg‚) Pénzes	; 1956 120 1956
Crataegus monogyna f. hirsuta	(Schur) Buia	Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae ; 1974 260 1956
Crataegus monogyna f. hirsuta	(Schur) Hegi	Illustrierte Flora von Mittel-Europa ; 1906 738 1922
Crataegus monogyna var. horrida	(K.Koch) Dippel	Handbuch der Laubholzkunde ; 1889 459 1893
Crataegus monogyna var. intermedia	(Fuss) Gams	Illustrierte Flora von Mittel-Europa ; 1906 737 1922
Crataegus monogyna var. intermedia	(Schur) Buia	Flora Republicii populare RomŒne ; 1952 261 1956
Crataegus monogyna subsp. intermedia	(Schur) Jáv. ex Pénzes	; 1956 114 1956
Crataegus monogyna subsp. jacquinii	A.Kern. ex Pénzes	; 1956 117, t3(8),7(42-44) 1956
Crataegus monogyna var. javorkae	Pénzes	Kert. Szolesz. Foisk. Evk. 2(1): 123. 1956
Crataegus monogyna f. karpatii	Pénzes	; 1956 120 1956
Crataegus monogyna var. lanigera	Beck	; 1887 96 1887
Crataegus monogyna subsp. latiloba	Hrabětová	Preslia 52: 55 (1980)
Crataegus monogyna var. latimonogyna	Pénzes	; 1956 118, t.3(10),7(54-56) 1956
Crataegus monogyna subsp. leiomonogyna	(Klokov) Franco	Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 79(1-2): 37.1968
Crataegus monogyna f. macrocarpa	Szafer	; 1923 238, f.20g 1923
Crataegus monogyna var. mandyi	Pénzes	; 1956 119, t.4(13),7(48-50) 1956
Crataegus monogyna f. microphylla	Chenev. ex Gams	Illustrierte Flora von Mittel-Europa ; 1906 737 1922
Crataegus monogyna var. microphylla	Csató	Alsófehér vármegye növény és állatvilága (Nagyenyed) : 40 (1896)
Crataegus monogyna var. oliveriana	(Poir.) K.Koch	; 1853 281 1853
Crataegus monogyna var. panachaica	(C.K.Schneid.) Hayek	Prodromus florae peninsulae Balcanicae ; 1924 756 1926
Crataegus monogyna var. plesivecensis	(Hrabětová) T.Baranec	Biologia (Bratislava) 38: 861 (1983)
Crataegus monogyna f. szaferi	Gost.-Jak.	Roczn. Dendrol. 31: 11, nom. nov. 1978
Crataegus monogyna var. szepesfalvyi	Pénzes	; 1956 122, t.4(15),7(63-65) 1956
Crataegus monogyna subsp. tauscheri	Gand. ex Pénzes	; 1956 119, t.3(9),7(45-47) 1956
Crataegus monogyna var. tauscheri	(Gand.) Soó	Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 11: 237 (1965)
Crataegus monogyna f. trifida	(Wallr.) Hegi	Illustrierte Flora von Mittel-Europa ; 1906 738 1922
Crataegus monogyna f. trifida	(Wallr.) Beck	Icones florae germanicae et helveticae ; 1834 26 1914
Crataegus monogyna f. trilobata	Nyár. ex Buia	Flora Republicii populare RomŒne ; 1952 887, pl.39,f.4 1956
Crataegus monogyna var. trilobata	(Nyar. ex Buia) Gost.-Jak.	Roczn. Sekc. Dendrol. Polsk. Towarz. Bot. 31: 12 (1978)
Crataegus orientobaltica f. glabra	Cinovskis	Boyaryshniki Pribaltiki 118. 1971
Crataegus orientobaltica f. laciniata	Cinovskis	Crat. Balt. : 118 (1971)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. azarella	(Griseb.) Sanio	; 1891 93 1891
Crataegus oxyacantha var. brevispina	(Kunze) Maire	Catalogue des plantes du Maroc ; 1931 334 1932
Crataegus oxyacantha var. heterophylla	(Fl?gg‚) Maire	Catalogue des plantes du Maroc ; 1931 335 1932
Crataegus oxyacantha var. horrida	(K.Koch) Regel	; 1871 119 1871
Crataegus oxyacantha var. intermedia	(Fuss) Sanio	; 1891 92 1891
Crataegus oxyacantha var. laciniata	(Ucria) Fiori	Flora analitica d'Italia ; 1896 596 1898
Crataegus oxyacantha subsp. maura	(L.f.) Maire	Catalogue des plantes du Maroc ; 1931 334 1932
Crataegus oxyacantha var. monogyna	(Jacq.) Wahlenb.	Flora suecica ; 1824 307 1824
Crataegus oxyacantha subsp. monogyna	(Jacq.) Rouy & E.G.Camus	Flore de France ; 1893 5 1901
Crataegus oxyacantha var. monostyla	DC.	Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis ; 1823 628 1825
Crataegus oxyacantha var. triloba	(Poir.) Regel	; 1871 118 1871
Mespilus monogyna var. azarella	(Griseb.) K.Koch	Dendrologie ; 1869 160 1869
Mespilus monogyna var. brevispina	(Kunze) Wenz.	; 1873-1874 159 1874
Mespilus monogyna var. elegans	(Poir.) K.Koch	Dendrologie ; 1869 160 1869
Mespilus monogyna var. granatensis	(Boiss.) Wenz.	; 1873-1874 160 1874
Mespilus monogyna var. heterophylla	(Fl?gg‚) Wenz.	; 1873-1874 160 1874
Mespilus monogyna var. maura	(L.f.) Wenz.	; 1873-1874 159 1874
Mespilus monogyna var. trifida	Wallr.	Schedulae criticae ; 1822 221 1822
Mespilus oxyacantha var. incisa	Mérat	Nouvelle flore des environs de Paris ; 1821 298 1821
Mespilus oxyacantha var. triloba	(Poir.) Wenz.	; 1873-1874 163 1874
Mespilus tanacetifolia var. laciniata	(Ucria) Wenz.	; 1873-1874 147 1874
Oxyacantha monogyna var. trifida	(Wallr.) M.Roem.	Familiarum naturalium regni vegetabilis synopses monographicae 3, Rosiflorae ; 1847 108 1847
Mespilus brevispina	E.H.L.Krause	Deutschl. Fl. Abbild. , ed. 2, 8: 23 (1904)
Crataegus monogyna f. inzengae	Hayek	Prodromus florae peninsulae Balcanicae ; 1924 756 1926
Crataegus monogyna var. inzengae	Briq.	Prodrome de la flore corse ; 1910 170 1913
Crataegus monogyna subsp. nordica	Franco	Feddes Repert. 79: 37 (1968)
Mespilus monogyna f. horrida	K.Koch	Dendrologie ; 1869 160 1869
Crataegus monogyna f. nordica	(Franco) P.D.Sell	Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 2: 523 (2014)
Crataegus insegnae	(Tineo ex Guss.) Bertol.	Fl. Ital. [Bertoloni] vii. 629.
Crataegus poloniensis	Cinovskis	Crat. Balt. : 102 (1971)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. caucasica	K.Koch	Verh. Vereins Beförd. Gartenbaues Königl. Preuss. Staaten 22: 286 (1853)
Crataegus fissa	(Poir.) Bosc ex DC.	Prodr. 2: 628 (1825)
Crataegus splendens	Wender.	Flora 9: 354 (1826)
Mespilus pectinata	Dum.Cours.	Bot. Cult. , ed. 2, 5: 454 (1811)
Crataegus oxyacantha f. plena	(Weston) Rehder	Bibliogr. Cult. Trees : 249 (1949)
Crataegus monogyna f. stricta	(Loudon) Zabel	Handb. Laubholzben. : 176 (1903)
Crataegus aguilaris	Sennen	Exsicc. (Pl. Espagne) 1925: n.° 5305 (1925)
Crataegus paucifoliata	Pau	Not. Bot. Fl. Españ. 1: 22 (1887)
Crataegus monogyna var. lasiocarpa	(Lange) K.I.Chr.	Syst. Bot. Monogr. 35: 111 (1992)
Mespilus caucasica	(K.Koch) K.Koch	Wochenschr. Vereines Beförd. Gartenbaues Königl. Preuss. Staaten 5: 405 (1862)
Crataegus monogyna subsp. plesivecensis	Hrabětová	Biologia (Bratislava) 24: 550 (1969)
Crataegus triloba	Poir.	Voy. Barbarie 2: 176 (1789)
Crataegus polyacantha	Jan	Elench. Pl. : 8 (1831)
Crataegus inermis	Sennen	Exsicc. (Pl. Espagne) 1925: n.° 5306 (1925)
Crataegus lamprophylla	Gand.	Scrin. Fl. Select. 1: 23 (1882)
Crataegus jaquinii	A.Kern.	Monatsschr. Vereines Beförd. Gartenbaues Königl. Preuss. Staaten 18: 175 (1875)
Crataegus segobricensis	(Pau) Willk.	Suppl. Prodr. Fl. Hispan. : 221 (1893)
Crataegus heterophylla	Flüggé	Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 12: 423 (1808)
Crataegus diversifolia	(Pers.) M.Roem.	Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 120 (1847)
Mespilus triloba	(Poir.) Poir.	Encycl. 4: 439 (1798)
Crataegus monogyna var. coccinea	Rehder	Cycl. Amer. Hort. 1: 396 (1900)
Crataegus monogyna var. segobricensis	Pau	Not. Bot. Fl. Españ. 4: 38 (1891)
Crataegus monogyna var. nordica	(Franco) P.D.Sell	Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 2: 523 (2014)
Crataegus monogyna var. sericea	Dzekov	God. Zborn. Zemjod.-Šumarsk. Fak. Univ. Skopje, Šumarstvo 25: 40 (1974)
Crataegus monogyna var. poloniensis	(Cinovskis) Cinovskis	Fl. Balt. Respubl. 2: 117 (1996)
Crataegus alemanniensis var. orientobaltica	(Cinovskis) Cinovskis	Fl. Balt. Respubl. 2: 119 (1996)
Crataegus alemanniensis var. subborealis	(Cinovskis) Cinovskis	Fl. Balt. Respubl. 2: 119 (1996)
Crataegus monogyna var. odemisii	Dönmez & Özderin	PhytoKeys 122: 7 (2019)
Crataegus monogyna subsp. aegeica	(Pojark.) Franco	Feddes Repert. 79: 37 (1968)
Crataegus brevispina var. javorkae	(Pénzes) Ker.-Nagy	Tilia 15: 80 (2010)
Crataegus brevispina var. microphylla	(Csató) Ker.-Nagy	Tilia 15: 80 (2010)
Crataegus pectinata	(Dum.Cours.) Bosc	Nouv. Cours Compl. Agric. , ed. 2, 2: 222 (1821)
Mespilus monogyna prol. typica	Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 29 (1906)
Mespilus monogyna prol. insegnae	(Tineo ex Guss.) Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 34 (1906)
Mespilus monogyna prol. polyacantha	(Jan ex Guss.) Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 34 (1906)
Mespilus monogyna prol. azarella	(Griseb.) Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 33 (1906)
Mespilus monogyna prol. brevispina	(Kunze) Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 32 (1906)
Mespilus monogyna prol. heterophylla	(Flüggé) Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 34 (1906)
Mespilus monogyna prol. splendens	(Wender.) Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 31 (1906)
Mespilus oxyacantha lus. aurea	Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 26 (1906)
Crataegus oxyacantha prol. monogyna	(Jacq.) Samp.	Bol. Soc. Brot. 24: 45 (1909)
Crataegus javorkae	(Pénzes) Ker.-Nagy	Kárpát-Pannon és Illír Régió Vadon Termő Galagonyáinak Monogr. : 167 (2015)
Crataegus jaquinii var. cylindrocarpa	Murr	Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 18: 160 (1912)
Crataegus monogyna f. albanthera	Snarskis	Lietuvos T.S.R. Fl. 4: 281 (1971)
Crataegus monogyna var. aurea	Loudon	Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 2: 831 (1838)
Crataegus monogyna var. bicolor	Rehder	Cycl. Amer. Hort. 1: 396 (1900)
Crataegus monogyna var. biserrata	Borbás	Erdész. Lapok 23: 1097 (1884)
Crataegus monogyna var. compacta	Späth	Spath-Buch 1720-1930 : 166 (1921)
Crataegus monogyna var. foucaudii	Briq.	Prodr. Fl. Corse 2(1): 168 (1913)
Crataegus monogyna unranked glabra	Peterm.	Anal. Pfl.-Schlüss. : 135 (1846)
Crataegus monogyna f. globosa	Baen.	Herb. Dendrol. : ? (1905)
Crataegus monogyna var. gumperi	Voss	Vilm. Blumengärtn., ed. 3. 1: 271 (1894)
Crataegus monogyna var. incisifolia	Druce	Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 5: 283 (1919)
Crataegus monogyna var. inermis-compacta	Späth	Nursery Cat. (Späth) : ? (1907)
Crataegus monogyna var. insularis	Briq.	Prodr. Fl. Corse 2(1): 170 (1913)
Crataegus monogyna f. liocarpa	K.Malý	Glasn. Zemaljsk. Muz. Bosni Hercegovini 31: 70 (1919)
Crataegus monogyna subsp. maritima	Corill.
Crataegus monogyna f. microcarpa	Kobendza	Fl. Polska 7: 266 (1955)
Crataegus monogyna var. orthocalyx	Borbás	Erdész. Lapok 23: 191 (1884)
Crataegus monogyna var. pendula-rosea	Rehder	Cycl. Amer. Hort. 1: 396 (1900)
Crataegus monogyna f. pilifera	Merino	Brotéria, Sér. Bot. 10: 191 (1912)
Crataegus monogyna f. pinnatifida	Merino	Brotéria, Sér. Bot. 10: 191 (1912)
Crataegus monogyna var. polonskiana	Lonacz.
Crataegus monogyna f. rotundicarpa	Snarskis	Lietuvos T.S.R. Fl. 4: 281 (1971)
Crataegus monogyna f. subintegra	Soó	Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 11: 236 (1965)
Crataegus monogyna f. subpinnatifida	Soó	Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 11: 236 (1965)
Crataegus monogyna f. variegata	Dippel	Handb. Laubholzk. 3: 459 (1893)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. alboplena	Bean	Trees & Shrubs Brit. Isles 1: 432 (1914)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. berberifolia	Lindm.	Crat. Balt. : 38 (1971)
Crataegus oxyacantha f. candida	Späth
Crataegus oxyacantha var. cossonii	Ficalho & Cout.	Bol. Soc. Brot. 16: 112 (1899)
Crataegus oxyacantha unranked decussata	Sanio	Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 32: 95 (1890)
Crataegus oxyacantha unranked fastigiata	Dippel	Handb. Laubholzk. 3: 459 (1893)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. ferox	Carrière	Rev. Hort. (Paris) , sér. 4, 8: 348 (1859)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. filicifolia	Van Houtte	Ann. Gén. Hort. 20: 51 (1874)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. flexuosa	Loudon	Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 2: 835 (1838)
Crataegus oxyacantha unranked glabra	Sanio	Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 32: 90 (1890)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. gumpperi-bicolor	Van Houtte	Ann. Gén. Hort. 16: 79 (1865)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. hirsuta	Boiss.	Voy. Bot. Espagne 2: 208 (1840)
Crataegus oxyacantha unranked integerrimus	Sanio	Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 32: 89 (1890 publ. 1891)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. lagenariformis	Bornm.	Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36(2): 185 (1918)
Crataegus oxyacantha unranked liocalyx	Sanio	Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 32: 90 (1890)
Crataegus oxyacantha unranked lobata	Neilr.	Fl. Wien : 607 (1846)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. pectinata	Lavallée	Énum. Arbres : 95 (1877)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. pseudolaciniatus	Sanio	Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 32: 90 (1890)
Crataegus oxyacantha unranked pseudomonogynus	Sanio	Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 32: 91 (1890)
Crataegus oxyacantha unranked rigida	Starcs	Koku Krūmu Not. : 234 (1925)
Crataegus oxyacantha unranked rosea-superba	Paxton	Paxton's Mag. Bot. 1: t. 198 (1834)
Crataegus oxyacantha unranked semperflorens	André	Rev. Hort. (Paris) 55: 140 (1883)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. subintegrifolia	Lej.	Rev. Fl. Spa : 93 (1825)
Crataegus oxyacantha subsp. subtriloba	Arcang.	Comp. Fl. Ital. : 230 (1882)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. sutheriana	Lavallée	Énum. Arbres : 96 (1877)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. tortuosa	Lavallée	Énum. Arbres : 96 (1877)
Crataegus oxyacantha unranked trifida	Sanio	Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 32: 94 (1890)
Crataegus oxyacantha unranked wallrothii	Sanio	Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 32: 92 (1890)
Mespilus monogyna unranked dissecta	K.Koch	Dendrologie 1: 160 (1869)
Mespilus monogyna var. eriocarpa	Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 30 (1906)
Mespilus monogyna unranked pteridifolia	K.Koch	Dendrologie 1: 160 (1869)
Mespilus monogyna unranked quercifolia	K.Koch	Dendrologie 1: 160 (1869)
Mespilus oxyacantha var. aciphylla	Wimm. & Grab.	Fl. Siles. 2(1): 17 (1829)
Mespilus oxyacantha var. apiifolia	Mutel	Fl. Franç. Herbor. 1: 358 (1834)
Mespilus oxyacantha unranked intermedia	Wenz.	Linnaea 38: 163 (1874)
Mespilus oxyacantha f. mediterranea	Kuntze	Taschen-Fl. Leipzig : 272 (1867)
Mespilus oxyacantha var. monogyna	Schmalh.	Fl. Sredn. Južn. Rossii 1: 350 (1895)
Mespilus oxyacantha var. moriphylla	Wimm. & Grab.	Fl. Siles. 2(1): 17 (1829)
Mespilus oxyacantha f. petermannii	Kuntze	Taschen-Fl. Leipzig : 272 (1867)
Mespilus oxyacantha var. praecox	Dum.Cours.	Bot. Cult. , ed. 2, 5: 453 (1811)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. saccardyana	Maire	Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 30: 342 (1939)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. coriacea	Maire	Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 31: 18 (1940)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. miniata	Maire	Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 7: 265 (1916)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. obovatocuneatis	Ball	J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 16: 447 (1878)
Crataegus monogyna subvar. glaucophylla	Briq.	Prodr. Fl. Corse 2(1): 170 (1913)
Crataegus monogyna subvar. lucidula	Briq.	Prodr. Fl. Corse 2(1): 170 (1913)
Mespilus monogyna var. pinnatifida	Hartm.	Handb. Skand. Fl. : 194 (1820)
Crataegus oxyacantha unranked lambertii	Jacob-Makoy	Nursery Cat. (L. Jacob-Makoy & Co.) 112: 22 (1868)
Crataegus monogyna var. vineticola	Hrabětová ex Ker.-Nagy	Kárpát-Pannon és Illír Régió Vadon Termő Galagonyáinak Monogr. : 182 (2015)
Crataegus monogyna var. spathulifolia	Ker.-Nagy	Kárpát-Pannon és Illír Régió Vadon Termő Galagonyáinak Monogr. : 188 (2015)
Crataegus monogyna f. aristata-serrata	Ker.-Nagy	Kárpát-Pannon és Illír Régió Vadon Termő Galagonyáinak Monogr. : 188 (2015)
Crataegus azarolus var. glabra	Coss.	Exsicc. (Pl. Esp. Port.) 1853: n.° 1860 (1854)
Crataegus brevispina f. subinermis	Vicioso	Exsicc. (Pl. Esp.) 1914: n.° 2186 (1915)
Crataegus maura var. maroccana	Pers.	Syn. Pl. 2: 37 (1806)
Crataegus maura var. tarraconensis	Sennen	Exsicc. (Pl. Espagne) 1929: n.° 7091 (1930)
Crataegus monogyna subsp. acerifolia	Sennen	Treb. Mus. Ci. Nat. Barcelona, Sèr. Bot. 15: 50 (1931)
Crataegus monogyna var. gregoriana	Sennen	Diagn. Nouv. : 271 (1936)
Mespilus azarolus unranked glabra	Coss. ex Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 41 (1906)
Crataegus azarolus subsp. triloba	(Poir.) Nyman	Consp. Fl. Eur. : 243 (1879)
Crataegus monogyna subsp. aguilaris	(Sennen) Sennen	Publ. Junta Ci. Nat. Barcelona, Ser. Bot. 15: 50 (1931)
Crataegus monogyna unranked fastigiata	(K.Koch) Dippel	Handb. Laubholzk. 3: 459 (1893)
Crataegus monogyna var. ferox	(Carrière) C.K.Schneid.	Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 781 (1906)
Crataegus monogyna f. flexuosa	(Loudon) Dippel	Handb. Laubholzk. 3: 459 (1893)
Crataegus monogyna subsp. inermis	(Sennen) Sennen	Publ. Junta Ci. Nat. Barcelona, Ser. Bot. 15: 50 (1931)
Crataegus monogyna var. pectinata	(Dum.Cours.) Cinovskis	Crat. Balt. : 204 (1971)
Crataegus monogyna subsp. transalpina	(A.Kern. ex Hayek) Pénzes	Kert. Szölész. Föisk. Évk. 18: 122 (1954 publ. 1956)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. elegans	(Poir.) Noulet	Fl. Bass. Sous-Pyrén. : 222 (1837)
Crataegus oxyacantha f. mediterranea	(Kuntze) Soó	Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 11: 235 (1965)
Crataegus oxyacantha f. petermannii	(Kuntze) Soó	Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 11: 235 (1965)
Crataegus oxyacantha unranked variegata	(Dippel) Sudw.
Mespilus monogyna subvar. filicifolia	(Van Houtte) Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 30 (1906)
Mespilus monogyna var. fissa	(Poir.) Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 30 (1906)
Mespilus monogyna var. hirsuta	(Schur) Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 33 (1906)
Mespilus monogyna unranked pectinata	(Dum.Cours.) K.Koch	Dendrologie 1: 160 (1869)
Mespilus monogyna var. praecox	(Dum.Cours.) Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 30 (1906)
Mespilus monogyna var. semperflorens	(André) Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 30 (1906)
Mespilus monogyna var. wallrothii	(Sanio) Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 28 (1906)
Crataegus brevispina var. contracta	(Hrabětová) Ker.-Nagy	Kárpát-Pannon és Illír Régió Vadon Termő Galagonyáinak Monogr. : 177 (2015)
Crataegus monogyna var. elegans	(Poir.) Pers.	Syn. Pl. 2: 38 (1806)
Crataegus monogyna var. maura	(L.f.) Laguna	Fl. Forest. Españ. 2: 215 (1890)
Crataegus monogyna var. triloba	(Poir.) Batt.	Bull. Soc. Bot. France 32: 339 (1886)
Mespilus maura var. diversifolia	(Pers.) Poir.	Encycl. , Suppl. 4: 73 (1816)
Mespilus maura var. maroccana	(Pers.) Poir.	Encycl. , Suppl. 4: 74 (1816)
Mespilus oxyacantha var. elegans	(Poir.) Mérat	Nouv. Fl. Env. Paris , ed. 3, 2: 323 (1831)
Mespilus oxyacantha var. monostyla	(DC.) Cambess.	Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. 14: 247 (1827)
Crataegus oliveriana	Bosc	Nouv. Cours Compl. Agric. , ed. 2, 2: 222 (1821)
Azarolus maroccana	(Lindl.) M.Roem.	Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 133 (1847)
Crataegus bruantii	Carrière	Rev. Hort. (Paris) 56: 422 (1884)
Crataegus debeauxii	Gand. & Debeaux	Bull. Soc. Dauphin. Échange Pl. 4: 114 (1877)
Crataegus elegans	(Poir.) Mutel	Fl. Franç. Herbor. 1: 358 (1834)
Crataegus krima	R.Doll	Gleditschia 2: 11 (1974 publ. 1975)
Crataegus monogyna var. brevispina	(Kunze) Dippel	Handb. Laubholzk. 3: 459 (1893)
Crataegus monogyna var. eriocarpa	(Asch. & Graebn.) Gams	Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 4: 737 (1922)
Crataegus monogyna f. ferox	(Carrière) Poletiko	Derev. Kustarnik. URSS 3: 555 (1954)
Crataegus monogyna unranked filicifolia	Van Houtte	Fl. Serres : t. 2076 (1874)
Crataegus monogyna var. heterophylla	(Flüggé) Wenz.	Monatsschr. Vereines Beförd. Gartenbaues Königl. Preuss. Staaten 18: 186 (1875)
Crataegus monogyna var. hirsuta	Boiss.	Voy. Bot. Espagne 2: 208 (1840)
Crataegus monogyna var. insegnae	(Tineo ex Guss.) Cout.	Fl. Portugal : 289 (1913)
Crataegus monogyna subsp. intermedia	Jáv.	Magyar Fl. : 484 (1924)
Crataegus monogyna var. intermedia	Buia	Fl. Republ. Popul. Române 4: 261 (1956)
Crataegus monogyna unranked laciniata	(Neilr.) Beck	Fl. Nieder-Österreich 2: 706 (1892)
Crataegus monogyna var. microphylla	Foucaud & E.Simon	Trois. Sem. Herb. Corse : 178 (1898)
Crataegus monogyna f. microphylla	Chenevard ex Gams	Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 4: 737 (1922)
Crataegus monogyna var. microphylla	Diap.	Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 34: 63 (1934)
Crataegus monogyna var. oliveriana	(Bosc) K.Koch	Verh. Vereins Beförd. Gartenbaues Königl. Preuss. Staaten 22: 281 (1853)
Crataegus monogyna subsp. polyacantha	(Jan ex Guss.) Nyman	Consp. Fl. Eur. : 244 (1879)
Crataegus monogyna var. praecox	(Dum.Cours.) Dippel	Handb. Laubholzk. 3: 459 (1893)
Crataegus monogyna var. praecox	A.Henry	Trees Great Britain 7: 1736 (1913)
Crataegus monogyna var. semperflorens	(André) Rehder	Cycl. Amer. Hort. 1: 396 (1900)
Crataegus monogyna f. semperflorens	(André) C.K.Schneid.	Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 782 (1906)
Crataegus monogyna f. stricta	(Loudon) G.Nicholson
Crataegus monogyna unranked villosa	Peterm.	Anal. Pfl.-Schlüss. : 135 (1846)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. acutiloba	(J.Kern.) H.Lév.	Bull. Géogr. Bot. 22: 181 (1912)
Crataegus oxyacantha f. alboplena	(Bean) Cinovskis	Crat. Balt. : 66 (1971)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. auriculata	Mérat	Nouv. Fl. Env. Paris : 185 (1812)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. brevispina	(Kunze) Samp.	Man. Fl. Port. : 331 (1913)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. caucasica	Medw.	Derev. Kustarnik. Severn. Kavkaza : 112 (1919)
Crataegus oxyacantha unranked eriocarpa	Dippel	Handb. Laubholzk. 3: 460 (1893)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. flexuosa	Lavallée	Énum. Arbres : 95 (1877)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. horrida	Carrière	J. Gén. Hort. 14: 201 (1859)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. incisa	Mérat	Nouv. Fl. Env. Paris : 185 (1812)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. laciniata	DC.	Prodr. 2: 628 (1825)
Crataegus oxyacantha unranked laciniata	Neilr.	Fl. Wien : 607 (1846)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. laciniata	Regel	Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 1: 119 (1871)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. macrocarpa	Legrand	Statist. Bot. Forez : 119 (1873)
Crataegus oxyacantha subsp. monogyna	(Jacq.) Syme	Engl. Bot. , ed. 3, 3: 237 (1864)
Crataegus oxyacantha unranked monogyna	(Jacq.) Sanio	Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 32: 92 (1890)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. pendula	Lodd.	Nursery Cat. (Loddiges & Sons) 1830: 41 (1830)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. plena	Weston	Bot. Univ. 1: 78 (1770)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. praecox	Lodd. ex C.F.Ludw.	Neuere Wilde Baumz. : 15 (1783)
Crataegus oxyacantha f. rubra	Schelle	Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 24: 182 (1915 publ. 1916)
Crataegus oxyacantha unranked splendens	H.Jaeger	Ziergehölze Gärt. Parkanl. : 191 (1865)
Crataegus oxyacantha unranked splendens	(Wender.) Sanio	Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 32: 94 (1890)
Crataegus polyacantha	(Jan ex Guss.) Nyman	Consp. Fl. Eur. : 244 (1879)
Mespilus apiifolia	(Medik.) B.D.Jacks.	Index Kew. 2: 218 (1894)
Mespilus fastigiata	K.Koch	Dendrologie 1: 160 (1869)
Mespilus monogyna f. horrida	(K.Koch) K.Koch	Dendrologie 1: 160 (1869)
Mespilus monogyna f. laciniata	K.Koch	Dendrologie 1: 160 (1869)
Mespilus monogyna var. pectinata	(Dum.Cours.) Wenz.	Linnaea 38: 156 (1874)
Mespilus monogyna f. stricta	(K.Koch) K.Koch	Dendrologie 1: 160 (1869)
Mespilus oxyacantha subvar. intermedia	(Wenz.) Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 26 (1906)
Mespilus oxyacantha var. laciniata	Desv.	Observ. Pl. Angers : 154 (1818)
Mespilus oxyacantha subsp. monogyna	(Jacq.) Čelak.	Prodr. Fl. Böhmen : 608 (1875)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. maura	(L.f.) Batt.	Fl. Algérie , Dicot.: 310 (1889)
Crataegus monogyna subsp. intermedia	(Schur) Pénzes	Kert. Szölész. Föisk. Évk. 18: 114 (1956)
Crataegus monogyna var. pinnatifida	(Hartm.) Hartm.	Handb. Skand. Fl. , ed. 2: 135 (1832)
Crataegus azarolus var. triloba	(Poir.) Mutel	Fl. Franç. Herbor. 1: 358 (1834)
Crataegus monogyna f. glabra	Cuatrec.	Treb. Mus. Ci. Nat. Barcelona, Sèr. Bot. 12: 314 (1929)
Crataegus monogyna f. intermedia	Borza	Consp. Fl. Roman. 1: 133 (1947)
Crataegus monogyna var. polyacantha	(Jan ex Guss.) Săvul. & Rayss	Stud. Cercet. Biol. (Cluj) 24: 22 (1934)
Crataegus oxyacantha f. brevispina	(Kunze) Knoche	Fl. Baléar. 2: 48 (1922)
Mespilus monogyna subvar. laciniata	(K.Koch) Schinz & Thell.	Fl. Schweiz , ed. 3, 2: 153 (1914)
Crataegus monogyna var. maritima	Corill.	Bull. Mayenne Sci. 1975-1979: 79 (1978)
Crataegus monogyna var. pilifera	Merino	Brotéria, Sér. Bot. 10: 191 (1912)

Common names Top

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Language	Common/alternative name
English	hawthorn
English	common hawthorn
Spanish	matapiojo
Spanish	mespilus monogyna raza intermedia
Spanish	tamanuela
Spanish	majoletas
Spanish	ilurri
Spanish	espino de amayuelo
Spanish	espino blanco
Spanish	espino albar
Spanish	arto
Spanish	majuelo
Arabic	الزعرور
Arabic	زعرور أحادي المدقة
Arabic	الشوكة البيضاء
Arabic	زعرور الأودية
ary	أدمام
Azerbaijani	birdişicikli yemişan
azb	بیردیشیجیکلی یئمیشان
Belarusian	глог аднапесцікавы
Bulgarian	обикновен глог
Bosnian	bijeli glog
Catalan	albespí
Catalan	aubépine à un style
Catalan	espinalb
Catalan	gargaller
Catalan	arç blanc
Czech	hloh jednosemenný
Welsh	draenen wen
Welsh	draenen wen amryddail
Danish	hvidtjørn
Danish	engriflet hvidtjørn
German	eingriffliger weissdorn
German	eingriffliger weißdorn
German	aubépine à un style
German	eingriffeliger weißdorn
diq	sêvze
Greek	Κράταιγος ο μονόγυνος
eml	spénn (crataegus monogyna)
Estonian	üheemakane viirpuu
Basque	elorri zuri
Persian	خفچه
Finnish	tylppöorapihlaja
Finnish	tylppäorapihlaja
Finnish	tylppäliuskaorapihlaja
French	aubépine blanche
French	aubépine monogyne
French	epine blanche
French	aubépine à un style
French	Épine blanche
Irish	sceach gheal
Galician	estripeiro
Hebrew	עוזרר חד-גלעיני
Hebrew	עוזרר חד גלעיני
Croatian	glog
Upper Sorbian	jednopěstkaty hłohonc
Hungarian	egybibés galagonya
Italian	biancospino
Italian	biancospini
Italian	prunbianco
Japanese	ヒトシベサンザシ
Japanese	セイヨウサンザシ
Kabyle	idmim
ku	givîj
lb	wäissdar
Lithuanian	vienapiestė gudobelė
Lithuanian	aubépine à un style
Latvian	sarkanā vilkābele
Macedonian	глог
Macedonian	обичен глог
Macedonian	бел глог
mt	żagħrun
mzn	سرخ ولیک
Norwegian Bokmål	hagtorn
Norwegian Bokmål	vanlig hagtorn
Dutch	eenstijlige meidoorn
Norwegian Nynorsk	hagtorn
Polish	głóg jednoszyjkowy
Portuguese	pilreteiro
Romanian	păducel
Russian	Боярышник однопестичный
sco	scrog
Slovak	hloh jednosemenný
Slovenian	enovrati glog
Serbian	бели глог
Swedish	aubépine à un style
Swedish	trubbhagtorn
Turkish	adi alıç
Turkish	geyik dikeni
Ukrainian	Глід одноматочковий
Chinese	單核山楂
Chinese	單子山楂
Chinese	单柱山楂
Chinese	单核山楂

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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No subspecies added yet.

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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No variety added yet.

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Crataegus monogyna f. semperflorens	(Andr‚) C.K.Schneid.	Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde ; 1904 782 1906

Germination/Propagation Top

Suggest a correction or add new data!

No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- Macaronesia
  - Madeira
- Northern Africa
  - Algeria
  - Libya
  - Morocco
  - Tunisia
- Southern Africa
  - Cape Provinces
  - Free State

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Caucasus
  - North Caucasus
  - Transcaucasus
- Western Asia
  - Cyprus
  - East Aegean Islands
  - Iraq
  - Lebanon-Syria
  - Palestine
  - Sinai
  - Turkey

Australasia click to expand
- Australia
  - New South Wales
  - Queensland
  - South Australia
  - Tasmania
  - Victoria
- New Zealand
  - New Zealand North
  - New Zealand South

Europe click to expand
- Eastern Europe
  - Baltic States
  - Belarus
  - Central European Russia
  - East European Russia
  - Krym
  - Ukraine
- Middle Europe
  - Austria
  - Belgium
  - Czechoslovakia
  - Germany
  - Hungary
  - Netherlands
  - Poland
  - Switzerland
- Northern Europe
  - Denmark
  - Finland
  - Great Britain
  - Ireland
  - Norway
  - Sweden
- Southeastern Europe
  - Albania
  - Bulgaria
  - Greece
  - Italy
  - Kriti
  - Romania
  - Sicilia
  - Turkey-in-Europe
  - Yugoslavia
- Southwestern Europe
  - Baleares
  - Corse
  - France
  - Portugal
  - Sardegna
  - Spain

Northern America click to expand
- Eastern Canada
  - New Brunswick
  - Nova Scotia
  - Ontario
  - Prince Edward Island
  - Québec
- North-central U.S.A.
  - Illinois
  - Minnesota
  - Wisconsin
- Northeastern U.S.A.
  - Connecticut
  - Indiana
  - Maine
  - Massachusetts
  - Michigan
  - New Hampshire
  - New Jersey
  - New York
  - Ohio
  - Pennsylvania
  - Rhode Island
  - Vermont
- Northwestern U.S.A.
  - Colorado
  - Oregon
  - Washington
- Southeastern U.S.A.
  - Delaware
  - Kentucky
  - Maryland
- Southwestern U.S.A.
  - California
- Western Canada
  - British Columbia

Southern America click to expand
- Southern South America
  - Argentina South

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0001009785
Tropicos	100365896
The Plant List	rjp-476
Open Tree Of Life	7637401
NBN Atlas	NHMSYS0000457668
iNaturalist	450228
GBIF	3013460
Freebase	/m/0c_xnr
EPPO	CSCHE
EOL	630593
Wikipedia	Crataegus_heterophylla
UNII	9Z82EW15B9
Canadensys	8700
USDA Plants	CRMO3
UConn	149
Tropicos	27800045
INPN	92876
Flora of Italy	2208
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:723820-1
The Plant List	rjp-49
Open Tree Of Life	653070
Observations.org	6656
NCBI Taxonomy	140997
NBN Atlas	NBNSYS0000003430
Nature Serve	2.735801
IUCN Red List	203426
IPNI	723820-1
iNaturalist	51147
GBIF	9220780
Freebase	/m/033z2r
WisFlora	3271
EPPO	CSCMO
EOL	628306
Elurikkus	4113
Calflora (Californian flora)	8429
USDA GRIN	12122
Wikipedia	Crataegus_monogyna
INPN	145731
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:967729-1
The Plant List	rjp-2352
IPNI	967729-1
GBIF	3015343
CMAUP	NPO7339
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:724019-1
The Plant List	rjp-15599
Observations.org	139058
Elurikkus	351461

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.

Accession	Assembly
Accession	Name	Level	Submitter	Released	Coverage	Size
GCA_977072135.1	drCraMono1.hap1.1	Chromosome	WELLCOME SANGER INSTITUTE	2025-12-05	85	643.48 Mb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Co-located ecological data for exploring top- and subsoil carbon dynamics across grassland-woodland contrasts

Reinsch S, Lebron I, Brentegani M, Brooks M, Busi SB, Cagnarini C, Cooper D, Day J, Emmett BA, Fitos E, Goodall T, Griffiths R, Jones B, Keenan P, Keith A, Lopes-Mazzetto JM, Mason KE, Pallett D, Pereira MG, Pinder A, Robinson DA, Smart SM, Thomas A, Benham S, Vanguelova E, Cosby BJ

Sci Data

09-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11081944
doi:	10.1038/s41597-024-03333-w
PMID:	38724554

Commodity risk assessment of Tilia cordata and Tilia platyphyllos plants from the UK

Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P

EFSA J

03-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11066761
doi:	10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8803
PMID:	38707495

Antioxidant Active Polysaccharides Extracted with Oxalate from Wild Blackthorn Fruits (Prunus spinosa L.)

Capek P, Uhliariková I

Int J Mol Sci

20-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11049966
doi:	10.3390/ijms25084519
PMID:	38674109

Wild Edible Plants Used in Dalmatian Zagora (Croatia)

Ninčević Runjić T, Jug-Dujaković M, Runjić M, Łuczaj Ł

Plants (Basel)

11-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11053949
doi:	10.3390/plants13081079
PMID:	38674488

Effect of dietary supplementation Ampelopsis grossedentata extract on growth performance and muscle nutrition of Megalobrama hoffmanni by gut bacterial mediation

Yang Q, Wang Y, Li G, Huang X, Zheng L, Peng M, Cao Y, Wang X

Heliyon

01-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11004802
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29008
PMID:	38601588

Exploring the effects of habitat management on grassland biodiversity: A case study from northern Serbia

Milić D, Rat M, Bokić B, Mudri-Stojnić S, Milošević N, Sukur N, Jakovetić D, Radak B, Tot T, Vujanović D, Anačkov G, Radišić D

PLoS One

28-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10977728
doi:	10.1371/journal.pone.0301391
PMID:	38547306

Overview of Ethnobotanical–Pharmacological Studies Carried Out on Medicinal Plants from the Serra da Estrela Natural Park: Focus on Their Antidiabetic Potential

Lahlou RA, Carvalho F, Pereira MJ, Lopes J, Silva LR

Pharmaceutics

25-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC11054966
doi:	10.3390/pharmaceutics16040454
PMID:	38675115

Antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic effects of hawthorn extract (Crataegus oxyacantha) in broiler chickens

Ahmadipour B, Kalantar M, Abaszadeh S, Hassanpour H

Vet Med Sci

20-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10951631
doi:	10.1002/vms3.1414
PMID:	38504617

Apple crown and collar canker and necrosis caused by Cytospora balanejica sp. nov. in Iran

Azizi R, Ghosta Y, Ahmadpour A

Sci Rep

19-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10951349
doi:	10.1038/s41598-024-57235-3
PMID:	38504125

Saving the local tradition: ethnobotanical survey on the use of plants in Bologna district (Italy)

Chiocchio I, Marincich L, Mandrone M, Trincia S, Tarozzi C, Poli F

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

12-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10936038
doi:	10.1186/s13002-024-00664-1
PMID:	38475780

Long-Term Monitoring of the Traditional Knowledge of Plant Species Used for Culinary Purposes in the Valencia Region, South-Eastern Spain

Belda A, Jordán-Nuñez J, Micó-Vicent B, López-Rodríguez D

Plants (Basel)

08-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10975046
doi:	10.3390/plants13060775
PMID:	38592810

Commodity risk assessment of Ligustrum ovalifolium and Ligustrum vulgare plants from the UK

Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P

EFSA J

07-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10918603
doi:	10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8648
PMID:	38455154

Self-Completion Questionnaire on Sleep Evaluation in Patients Undergoing Oxaliplatin Therapy: An Observational Study

Mussa MV, Allegra S, Armando T, Storto S, Ghezzo B, Soave G, Abbadessa G, Chiara F, Di Maio M, Dagnoni FM, De Francia S

Cancers (Basel)

26-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10931406
doi:	10.3390/cancers16050946
PMID:	38473307

In vitro micropropagation and conservation of endangered medicinal plant Nepeta asterotricha Rech.f. (Lamiaceae): genetic fidelity, phytochemical and biological assessment

Zamani M, Sonboli A, Goldansaz M, Mirjalili MH

Physiol Mol Biol Plants

23-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10901756
doi:	10.1007/s12298-024-01416-x
PMID:	38435858

Modern and traditional cooking methods affect the antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds content of Trachystemon Orientalis (L.) G. Don

Demirel Ozbek Y, Saral O, Turker PF

PLoS One

23-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10890727
doi:	10.1371/journal.pone.0299037
PMID:	38394328

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!

Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Benzenoids / Anthracenes
10-hydroxy-2-methyl-4,4a,9a,10-tetrahydro-1H-anthracen-9-one	162971410	Click to see	228.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85121-7
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives / Gallic acid and derivatives
Syringic Acid	10742	Click to see	198.17	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-2001-9-1012
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Benzenediols / Catechols
Norepinephrine	439260	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C(CN)O)O)O	169.18	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/PCA.2800030604
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Benzenediols / Catechols / Catecholamines and derivatives
Dopamine	681	Click to see	153.18	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/PCA.2800030604
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols
1-Heptacosanol	74822	Click to see	396.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(96)01091-6
1-Hexacosanol	68171	Click to see	382.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(96)01091-6
1-Nonacosanol	243696	Click to see	424.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(96)01091-6
1-Octacosanol	68406	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO	410.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(96)01091-6
1-Pentacosanol	92247	Click to see	368.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(96)01091-6
1-Tetracosanol	10472	Click to see	354.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(96)01091-6
1-Triacontanol	68972	Click to see	438.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(96)01091-6
1-Tricosanol	18431	Click to see	340.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(96)01091-6
Docosanol	12620	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO	326.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(96)01091-6
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols / Long-chain fatty alcohols
1-Eicosanol	12404	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO	298.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(96)01091-6
1-Nonadecanol	80281	Click to see	284.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(96)01091-6
Stearyl Alcohol	8221	Click to see	270.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(96)01091-6
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Quinone and hydroquinone lipids / Vitamin E compounds / Tocopherols
(+)-gamma-Tocopherol	92729	Click to see	416.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00250-8
(2R)-2,5,8-trimethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)chroman-6-ol	8989	Click to see	416.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00250-8
Beta-Tocopherol	6857447	Click to see	416.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00250-8
Covi-Ox	6560141	Click to see	430.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00250-8
Delta-Tocopherol	92094	Click to see CC1=CC(=CC2=C1OC(CC2)(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C)O	402.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00250-8
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(+)-Ursolic Acid	64945	Click to see	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00250-8
(3S,10R,13R,14R,17R)-4,4,10,13,14-pentamethyl-17-[(2R)-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl]-2,3,5,6,9,11,12,15,16,17-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	102004740	Click to see	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(96)01091-6
(3S,5R,10R,13S,14S)-17-[(1R)-1,5-dimethylhex-4-enyl]-4,4,10,13,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,9,11,12,15,16,17-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	472759	Click to see	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(96)01091-6
Alpha-Amyrin	73170	Click to see	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00250-8
Beta-Amyrin	73145	Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C)C	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00250-8
Maslinic acid methyl ester	13653327	Click to see	486.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/CBER.19590920212
Methyl 3-epimaslinate	609113	Click to see	486.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/CBER.19590920212
Oleanolic Acid	10494	Click to see	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00250-8
Uvaol	92802	Click to see	442.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00250-8
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Cycloartanols and derivatives
(3R,6S,8R,11S,12S,15R,16R)-7,7,12,16-tetramethyl-15-[(2R)-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl]pentacyclo[9.7.0.01,3.03,8.012,16]octadecan-6-ol	145925700	Click to see	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(96)01091-6
Cycloartenol	92110	Click to see	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(96)01091-6
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Cyclitols and derivatives / Quinic acids and derivatives
Chlorogenic Acid	1794427	Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)O)O	354.31	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19913240207 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00043-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90397-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(94)80541-5
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids
Caffeic Acid	689043	Click to see	180.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0952-3278(94)90141-4
P-Coumaric Acid	637542	Click to see	164.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-2001-9-1012
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Coumarin glycosides
7-Hydroxy-6-(3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-(Hydroxymethyl)Oxan-2-Yl)Oxychromen-2-One	5351506	Click to see	340.28	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19372750609
Esculin	5281417	Click to see C1=CC(=O)OC2=CC(=C(C=C21)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)O	340.28	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19372750609
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Biflavonoids and polyflavonoids
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-8-yl]-3,5,7-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-8-yl]-8-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-4-yl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol	16163749	Click to see	1155.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1039/P19840000343
Cinnamtannin A2	16130899	Click to see	1155.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1039/P19840000343
ent-Epicatechin-(4alpha->6)-ent-epicatechin	13990892	Click to see	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1039/P19840000343
Proanthocyanidin B2	5320711	Click to see	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00043-6 https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19913240207
Procyanidin B	130556	Click to see	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1039/P19840000343
Procyanidin B1	11250133	Click to see C1C(C(OC2=C1C(=CC(=C2C3C(C(OC4=CC(=CC(=C34)O)O)C5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O)O)C6=CC(=C(C=C6)O)O)O	578.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Procyanidin B2, (+)-	122738	Click to see C1C(C(OC2=C1C(=CC(=C2C3C(C(OC4=CC(=CC(=C34)O)O)C5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O)O)C6=CC(=C(C=C6)O)O)O	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1039/P19840000343
Procyanidin B5	124017	Click to see C1C(C(OC2=C1C(=C(C(=C2)O)C3C(C(OC4=CC(=CC(=C34)O)O)C5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O)C6=CC(=C(C=C6)O)O)O	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1039/P19840000343
Procyanidin C1	169853	Click to see	866.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1039/P19840000343 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00043-6
Procyanidin trimer T2	13751990	Click to see	866.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1039/P19840000343
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Catechins
Epicatechin	72276	Click to see	290.27	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19913240207 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00043-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90397-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0952-3278(94)90141-4
l-Epicatechol	255538	Click to see	290.27	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones
Apigenin	5280443	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O	270.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00564349 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959756 https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-2001-9-1012
Luteolin	5280445	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O)O	286.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959756 https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-2001-9-1012
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols
8-Methoxykaempferol	5281698	Click to see	316.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85121-7
Kaempferol	5280863	Click to see	286.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-2001-9-1012
Quercetin	5280343	Click to see	302.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0952-3278(94)90141-4 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959756 https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-2001-9-1012 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00568359
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid C-glycosides
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]chromen-4-one	162939819	Click to see	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00571233
5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]chromen-4-one	73003024	Click to see	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00571233
6-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	163195458	Click to see	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00571233
6-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	163190879	Click to see	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00571233
6-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	162943042	Click to see	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00571233
6-[3,4-Dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	162891229	Click to see	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00571233
6-[3,5-Dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	162943041	Click to see	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00571233
6-[4,5-Dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	14630650	Click to see	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00571233
Isoorientin	114776	Click to see	448.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598320
Isoorientin 6-O''-beta-D-glucopyranoside	180730	Click to see	610.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Isoorientin 6''-O-caffeate	101687176	Click to see	610.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Isovitexin	162350	Click to see	432.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(94)80541-5 https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-2001-9-1012
Isovitexin 6''-O-Glucoside	10603568	Click to see	594.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid C-glycosides / Flavonoid 8-C-glycosides
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-8-yl]-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3S,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl] acetate	162900565	Click to see	620.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(94)80541-5
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]-8-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]chromen-4-one	162845828	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C(=C(C(=C3O2)C4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)C5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)O)O	594.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00571234
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6,8-bis[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]chromen-4-one	162845817	Click to see	594.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00571234
8-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3S,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	129661210	Click to see	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00564349 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF030096R https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959756
Orientin	5281675	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O2)C(=C(C=C3O)O)C4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O	448.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598320
Vicenin 2	3084407	Click to see	594.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00571234
Vitexin	5280441	Click to see	432.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19913240207 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02319574 https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(94)80541-5 https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-2001-9-1012 https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(93)90100-6 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959756
Vitexin 2''-O-rhamnoside	5282151	Click to see	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19913240207
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one	5459939	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O2)C=C(C(=C3O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O	464.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598320
2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one	6121316	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O2)C=C(C(=C3O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O	464.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598320
5,7-dihydroxy-6-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]-2-[4-[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyphenyl]chromen-4-one	163003710	Click to see	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00571233
5,7-Dihydroxy-6-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]-2-[4-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxyphenyl]chromen-4-one	74977500	Click to see	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00571233
7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one	162990983	Click to see	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00571233
7-Hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]-5-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxychromen-4-one	162990982	Click to see	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00571233
vitexin-4'-O-rhamnoside	13589028	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2=CC=C(C=C2)C3=CC(=O)C4=C(O3)C(=C(C=C4O)O)C5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00564349
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-((2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl)oxychromen-4-one	51402807	Click to see	464.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90397-2
2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-(Hydroxymethyl)Oxan-2-Yl)Oxychromen-4-One	5378597	Click to see	464.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00594312 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00568359
3-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3S,4R,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	139031091	Click to see	594.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85121-7
3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-8-methoxychromen-4-one	162884691	Click to see	624.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85121-7
3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	162948204	Click to see	594.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85121-7
3-[4,5-Dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-8-methoxychromen-4-one	74978520	Click to see	624.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85121-7
3-beta-d-Glucopyranosyloxy-4',5,7-trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone	14307939	Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C2=C1OC(=C(C2=O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C4=CC=C(C=C4)O)O)O	478.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85121-7
Avicularin	5490064	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O	434.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-2001-9-1012
Hyperoside	5281643	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O	464.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00594312 https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19913240207 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00564349 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02319574 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90397-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0952-3278(94)90141-4 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF030096R https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959756 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00568359 https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(94)80541-5 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199705)11:3<240::AID-PTR54>3.0.CO;2-K
Kaempferol-3-O-glucorhamnoside	13915496	Click to see	594.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85121-7
Rutin	5280805	Click to see	610.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959756 https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-2001-9-1012 https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(94)80541-5
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides
5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]-7-[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one	162911674	Click to see	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00571233
5-Hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]-7-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxychromen-4-one	74977480	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2=C(C(=C3C(=C2)OC(=CC3=O)C4=CC=C(C=C4)O)O)C5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00571233
Apigenin 7-O-glucoside	5280704	Click to see	432.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00564349
Luteolin 7-O-glucoside	5280637	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O	448.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-8-O-glycosides
2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-8-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one	13988639	Click to see	464.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598320
Hypolaetin-8-glucoside	5318255	Click to see	464.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00598320
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Hydroxyflavonoids / 7-hydroxyflavonoids
2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-1-Benzopyrylium	128861	Click to see	287.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90397-2
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Tannins / Hydrolyzable tannins
Ellagic Acid	5281855	Click to see	302.19	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-2001-9-1012

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Crataegus monogyna

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