Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Ocimum basilicum, the culinary basil most familiar to kitchens, has also been a staple of folk medicine in the Mediterranean, South Asia, and East Asia. In Italy, the fresh leaves are steeped in hot water to make a mild tea that is traditionally drunk after meals to ease indigestion, relieve bloating, and calm the stomach (Bennett et al., 2021). In Ayurvedic practice, a decoction of basil leaves is taken to treat coughs, colds, and sore throats, and the leaves are macerated in alcohol to produce a tincture used for respiratory ailments (Kumar et al., 2018). In Chinese herbal medicine, a decoction of basil stems and leaves is prescribed for sore throats and fever, while a poultice of crushed leaves is applied to minor wounds to promote healing and reduce inflammation (Zhang et al., 2019). These preparations all rely on the aromatic oils and phenolic compounds that give basil its characteristic scent and flavor.

A simple and safe way to enjoy basil’s medicinal properties is to make a basil leaf tea. Use about 5 g of fresh or dried leaves (roughly one tablespoon) and 250 ml of boiling water. Pour the hot water over the leaves, cover, and let steep for 5 minutes. Strain and sip warm. This infusion delivers a gentle dose of basil’s active constituents while being gentle on the stomach. Pregnant women should limit intake to one cup per day, as high doses of basil oil can stimulate uterine contractions; avoid using the tea in large quantities or as a concentrated tincture without professional guidance.

The therapeutic effects of basil are largely attributed to its well‑characterized phytochemicals. The essential oil contains eugenol, linalool, and thymol, which have anti‑inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antispasmodic activities. Rosmarinic acid, a phenolic ester found in the leaves, contributes antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory properties. Together, these compounds explain basil’s traditional use for digestive discomfort, respiratory infections, and wound care.

Today, basil extracts are widely available as dietary supplements, essential oils for aromatherapy, and natural preservatives in food and cosmetics. Ongoing research is exploring its antimicrobial spectrum against resistant bacteria and its potential as a natural anti‑cancer agent. The plant remains a staple of both culinary and medicinal traditions, bridging ancient wisdom with modern science.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
Ocimum basilicum yields essential oil, dried leaves for spice, and mature seeds. Essential oil production is reported from the foliage of sweet basil chemotypes; it is a commercial fragrance and flavor ingredient.

Industrial and craft applications:
Basil essential oil is used in fine fragrance and household products (soaps, detergents), employing fractionation to separate or enrich linalool and eugenol. It can serve as a fragrance material and as a minor flavoring component; formulations align with flavor/fragrance standards rather than textile or adhesive uses.

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
Dried or fresh leaves are widely used as a culinary herb. Mature seeds swell in water to form a gelatinous polysaccharide gel, used to texture beverages and desserts; they are listed as a traditional food ingredient in Asian cuisines. The essential oil is used as a flavoring in foods at low levels as permitted by flavor regulations.

Colorants and tanning:
No documented use as a dye or tannin source.

Wood and fiber:
No documented use as timber or fiber.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
Basil oil is used in perfumes, soaps, and detergents for its aromatic profile. It also appears in cosmetic fragrances at low levels; chemotype matters because high-eugenol oils differ markedly in odor and regulatory status from high-linalool oils.

Properties relevant to use:
Basil oil composition depends on chemotype; the eugenol-rich type typically contains >60–70% eugenol (with p-cymene, β-caryophyllene, and eugenyl acetate), whereas linalool-rich chemotypes may contain >60–80% linalool. The eugenol fraction is readily separable by distillation. Basil seeds yield a gel-forming soluble polysaccharide (mucilage) on hydration.

Standards and regulation:
Basil leaf spice and basil seed products are widely traded as food ingredients; basil oil is used under flavor/fragrance safety programs and regulatory frameworks governing food flavors and cosmetics (e.g., U.S. FDA GRAS for basil leaf/spice and for eugenol as a flavoring; EU flavor regulation as applicable). No timber or dye standards are applicable.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Basil is an annual herb cultivated widely; the supply relies on regular planting and harvest. Processing typically involves steam distillation of fresh aerial parts for essential oil; seeds are harvested at maturity and used whole after hydration.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Ocimum album	L.	Mant. Pl. 1: 85 (1767)
Ocimum anisatum	hort. ex Benth.	Labiat. Gen. Spec. : 4 (1832)
Ocimum barrelieri	Roth	Nov. Pl. Sp. : 278 (1821)
Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflorum	(L.) Benth.	Labiat. Gen. Spec. 5. 1832
Ocimum bullatum	Lam.	Encycl. 1: 384 (1785)
Ocimum caryophyllatum	Roxb.	Fl. Ind. ed. 1832 , 3: 16 (1832)
Ocimum chevalieri	Briq.	Mém. Soc. Bot. France 8: 279 (1917)
Ocimum ciliare	B.Heyne ex Hook.f.	Fl. Brit. India 4: 608 (1885)
Ocimum ciliatum	Hornem.	Hort. Bot. Hafn. : 565 (1815)
Ocimum citrodorum	Blanco	Fl. Filip., ed. 2 : 591 (1845)
Ocimum cochleatum	Desf.	Tabl. École Bot. : 220 (1804)
Ocimum dentatum	Moench	Methodus : 413 (1794)
Ocimum hispidum	Lam.	Encycl. 1: 384 (1785)
Ocimum integerrimum	Willd.	Sp. Pl., ed. 4 , 3: 162 (1800)
Ocimum lanceolatum	Schumach. & Thonn.	Beskr. Guin. Pl. : 268 (1827)
Ocimum laxum	Vahl ex Benth.	Labiat. Gen. Spec. : 5 (1832)
Ocimum majus	Garsault	Fig. Pl. Méd. : t. 418a (1764)
Ocimum medium	Mill.	Gard. Dict. ed. 8 : n.º 3 (1768)
Ocimum minus	Garsault	Fig. Pl. Méd. : t. 418b (1764)
Ocimum nigrum	Thouars ex Benth.	Labiat. Gen. Spec. : 5 (1832)
Ocimum odorum	Salisb.	Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton : 87 (1796)
Ocimum scabrum	Wight ex Hook.f.	Fl. Brit. India 4: 608 (1885)
Ocimum simile	N.E.Br.	Fl. Cap. 5(1): 234 (1910)
Ocimum thyrsiflorum	L.	Mant. Pl. 1: 84 (1767)
Ocimum urticifolium	hort. ex Benth.	Labiat. Gen. Spec. : 5 (1832)
Plectranthus barrelieri	Spreng.	Syst. Veg. 2: 691 (1825)
Ocimum basilicum var. album	(L.) Benth.	Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 13. 1830
Ocimum basilicum var. majus	Benth.	Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 13. 1830
Ocimum basilicum var. glabratum	Benth.	Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 13. 1830
Ocimum basilicum var. difforme	Benth.	Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 13. 1830
Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens	Benth.	Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: 13. 1830
Ocimum basilicum var. densiflorum	Benth.	Labiat. Gen. Spec. 5. 1832

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	sweet basil
English	basil
Spanish	albahaca
Spanish	alabega
Spanish	alábega
Spanish	albaca
Spanish	alfabega
Spanish	alfábega
Spanish	alhabega
Spanish	alhábega
Spanish	basilicum polystachion
Afrikaans	basilie
Amharic	በሶብላ
ang	basil
ang	eorþmistel
Arabic	الريحان
Arabic	الحوك
Arabic	الحبق
Arabic	الريحان الملكي
Arabic	العشبة الملكية
Arabic	نبتة القديس يوسف
Arabic	ريحان
Arabic	ريحان قرنفلي
Arabic	صقر هندي
Arabic	فرنجي مسك
Arabic	ريحان صعتري
Arabic	شاهسفرم
Arabic	صعتر هندي
Azerbaijani	adi reyhan
azb	ریحان
ba	Райхан
ban	sulasih
bcl	kamhotan
Belarusian	Базылік
Belarusian	Базілік
Bulgarian	basilicum
Bulgarian	босилек
Bulgarian	обикновен босилек
Bengali	গুলাল তুলসী
Bengali	দুলাল তুলসী
Bengali	বাসিল
Bengali	সাদা তুলসী
Bosnian	bosiljak
Catalan	basilicum polystachion
Catalan	alfàbrega
Czech	bazalka vonná
Czech	bazalka pravá
Welsh	brenhinllys
Danish	basilikum
dag	nyulinyima
German	basilie
German	basilienkraut
German	hirnkraut
German	königskraut
German	basilikum
din	aŋier
dv	ގަނދަކޯޅި
Greek	Ώκιμον το βασιλικόν
Greek	Βασιλικός
eml	baśìlic
Esperanto	bazilio
Estonian	basiilik
Basque	albahaka
Basque	basiliko
Basque	genovar albaka
Basque	albaka
Persian	ریحان
Fulah	urngol
Finnish	thaibasilika
Finnish	maustebasilika
Finnish	basilika
French	basilic
frr	basiilikum (slach)
Galician	albaca
Galician	alfabaca
Galician	alfábega
gn	albahaca
Gujarati	તકમરિયાં
Manx	bassyl
Hausa	Ɗaɗɗoya
Hebrew	בזיליקום
Hebrew	ריחן מצוי
hif	tulsi
Croatian	bosiljak
Upper Sorbian	bazilija
Upper Sorbian	bazilikowe zelo
Upper Sorbian	bazlik
ht	bazilik
Hungarian	kerti bazsalikom
Hungarian	bazsalikom
Armenian	Շահասպրամ
Armenian	Ռեհան
Indonesian	basilicum
Indonesian	tlasih
Indonesian	basilikum
Indonesian	telasih
Indonesian	selasih
io	bazilo
Icelandic	basil
Icelandic	basilika
Icelandic	basilíka
Italian	basilico
Japanese	バジリコ
Japanese	メボウキ
Japanese	バジル
jv	selasih
Georgian	ბოსტნის რეჰანი
Kabyle	leḥbaq
Kazakh	Базилик
Kannada	ಕಾಮಕಸ್ತೂರಿ
Kannada	ತುಳಸಿ
Korean	나륵풀
Korean	바질
ku	merzekew
ku	toprihan
ku	rihan
la	basilicum
la	'' ocimum basilicum ''
lb	basilic
lb	basilikum
lb	baselick
Lithuanian	kvapusis bazilikas
Latvian	parastais baziliks
Latvian	saldais baziliks
Latvian	baziliks
lzh	羅勒
Macedonian	Босилек
Malayalam	ഗ്രേറ്റ് ബേസിൽ,സെന്റ് ജോസഫ്സ്-വോർട്ട്
Malayalam	ബേസിൽ
Marathi	तुळस
Malay	pokok selasih
Burmese	ပင်စိမ်းမွှေး
mzn	بالنگوم
nan	káu-chàn-thah
nap	vasenicola
Norwegian Bokmål	basilikum
Nepali	बाबरी फूल
Nepali	बाबरी
Dutch	basilicum
Dutch	bazielkruid
Dutch	tulsi
Dutch	baziel
Dutch	basielkruid
Dutch	rode basilicum
Norwegian Nynorsk	basilikum
oc	alfasega
oc	balicòt
oc	baselic
oc	basèli
Oromo	massobila
os	Хæрздæф реган
Punjabi	ਨਿਆਜ਼ਬੋ
pam	basil
pcd	bazilicq
Polish	bazylia pospolita
Punjab	نیازبو
Pashto	ریحان
Portuguese	basílico
Portuguese	efirin
Portuguese	manjericão de folha-larga
Romanian	busuioc
Russian	Альбаака
Russian	Базилик благородный
Russian	Базилик камфорный
Russian	Базилик обыкновенный
Russian	Базилик огородный
Russian	Базилик сладкий
Russian	Базилик душистый
sc	frabica
scn	bacilicò
scn	basilicò
scn	basìlicu
scn	basiricò
sd	نازبو
Serbo-Croatian	bosiljak
Slovak	bazalka pravá
Slovenian	bazilika
Slovenian	bažiljka
Slovenian	navadna bazilika
Somali	reexaan
Albanian	borziloku
Serbian	Верем трава
Serbian	Горска метвица
Serbian	босиљак
Swedish	basilika
Tamil	திருநீற்றுப்பச்சை
tcy	ಕಾಮ ಕಸ್ತೂರಿ
Telugu	విభూది తులసి
Tonga	taʻetaʻe
Turkish	fesleğen
tt	Затлы рәйхан
Ukrainian	Базилік духм'яний
Ukrainian	Базилік духмяний
Urdu	تلسی نازبو
Uzbek	rayhon
vec	bazegò
Vietnamese	húng tây
za	maengzbaegmbouj
Chinese	香菜
Chinese	香草
Chinese	佩兰
Chinese	千层塔
Chinese	荆芥
Chinese	罗勒
Chinese	鱼香
Chinese	九层塔
Chinese	罗勒子
Chinese	罗勒根
Chinese	小叶薄荷
Chinese	羅勒
Chinese	香荆芥
Chinese	零陵香
Chinese	兰香
Chinese	灰羅勒
Chinese	九重塔
Chinese	光明子
Chinese	光阴子
Chinese	家佩兰
Chinese	家薄荷
Chinese	省头草
Chinese	矮糠
Chinese	缠头花椒
Chinese	翳子草
Chinese	茹香
Chinese	蒿黑
Chinese	薄荷树
Chinese	薰草
Chinese	陵香
Chinese	香叶草
Chinese	香草头
Chinese	鸭香
Chinese	金不换
Chinese	七層塔
Chinese	九層塔
Chinese	九層塔根
Chinese	甜羅勒
Chinese	羅勒子
Chinese	聖約瑟夫草
Chinese	金不換
Chinese	雜冷盤
Chinese	香花子

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Ocimum basilicum var. basilicum		Unknown
Ocimum basilicum var. minimum	(L.) Alef.	Landw. Fl. 114 (1866)

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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germinate @ 25°C

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- East Tropical Africa
  - Kenya
  - Tanzania
  - Uganda
- Macaronesia
  - Canary Islands
  - Cape Verde
- Northeast Tropical Africa
  - Chad
  - Eritrea
  - Ethiopia
  - Sudan
- South Tropical Africa
  - Angola
  - Malawi
  - Mozambique
  - Zambia
  - Zimbabwe
- Southern Africa
  - Cape Provinces
- West Tropical Africa
  - Benin
  - Burkina
  - Gambia
  - Ghana
  - Guinea
  - Guinea-Bissau
  - Ivory Coast
  - Liberia
  - Mali
  - Niger
  - Nigeria
  - Senegal
  - Sierra Leone
- West-central Tropical Africa
  - Burundi
  - Cameroon
  - Central African Republic
  - Congo
  - Gabon
  - Gulf Of Guinea Islands
  - Zaïre
- Western Indian Ocean
  - Comoros
  - Madagascar

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Arabian Peninsula
  - Oman
- China
  - China South-central
  - China Southeast
  - Xinjiang
- Eastern Asia
  - Taiwan
- Middle Asia
  - Kazakhstan
- Mongolia
  - Mongolia
- Russian Far East
  - Primorye
- Western Asia
  - East Aegean Islands

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indian Subcontinent
  - Assam
  - Bangladesh
  - East Himalaya
  - India
  - Laccadive Islands
  - Maldives
  - Nepal
  - Sri Lanka
  - West Himalaya
- Indo-China
  - Andaman Islands
  - Cambodia
  - Laos
  - Myanmar
  - Nicobar Nicobar
  - Thailand
  - Vietnam
- Malesia
  - Borneo
  - Jawa
  - Lesser Sunda Islands
  - Malaya
  - Maluku
  - Philippines
  - Sulawesi
  - Sumatera
- Papuasia
  - Bismarck Archipelago
  - New Guinea

Australasia click to expand
- Australia
  - Queensland
  - South Australia
  - Western Australia

Europe click to expand
- Eastern Europe
  - South European Russia
  - Ukraine
- Southeastern Europe
  - Bulgaria
  - Romania

Northern America click to expand
- Mexico
  - Mexico Central
  - Mexico Gulf
  - Mexico Northeast
  - Mexico Northwest
  - Mexico Southeast
  - Mexico Southwest
- North-central U.S.A.
  - Illinois
- Northeastern U.S.A.
  - New York

Pacific click to expand
- North-central Pacific
  - Hawaii
- Northwestern Pacific
  - Caroline Islands
  - Marianas
  - Marshall Islands
- South-central Pacific
  - Cook Islands
  - Line Islands
  - Marquesas
  - Society Islands
  - Tuamotu
- Southwestern Pacific
  - Fiji
  - Gilbert Islands
  - Nauru
  - New Caledonia
  - Niue
  - Samoa
  - Tokelau-manihiki
  - Tonga
  - Vanuatu
  - Wallis-Futuna Islands

Southern America click to expand
- Brazil
  - Brazil Southeast
- Caribbean
  - Bahamas
  - Cayman Islands
  - Cuba
  - Dominican Republic
  - Haiti
  - Jamaica
  - Leeward Islands
  - Puerto Rico
  - Trinidad-Tobago
  - Venezuelan Antilles
  - Windward Islands
- Central America
  - El Salvador
  - Guatemala
  - Honduras
  - Nicaragua
  - Panamá
- Northern South America
  - Venezuela
- Western South America
  - Bolivia
  - Colombia
  - Ecuador

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000253230
UNII	P4815JL4O3
Florida Plant Atlas	1787
USDA Plants	OCBA
Tropicos	17600210
INPN	109797
Flora of Italy	4689
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:452874-1
The Plant List	kew-136820
Plantarium	25223
Missouri Botanical Garden	281408
PFAF	Ocimum basilicum
Open Tree Of Life	305911
Observations.org	7103
NCBI Taxonomy	39350
NBN Atlas	NBNSYS0200002716
Nature Serve	2.143721
IPNI	452874-1
iNaturalist	61398
GBIF	2927096
Freebase	/m/01yt8c
WisFlora	4345
EPPO	OCIBA
EOL	579364
Elurikkus	5909
Calflora (Californian flora)	12703
US Library of Congress	sh85012089
USDA GRIN	25478
Wikipedia	Basil
CMAUP	NPO20414

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.

Accession	Assembly
Accession	Name	Level	Submitter	Released	Coverage	Size
GCA_046254565.1	Perrie_v1.0	Chromosome	Boyce Thompson Institute	2024-12-23	39	2.02 Gb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Edible Herbal Medicines as an Alternative to Common Medication for Sleep Disorders: A Review Article

Hosseini A, Mobasheri L, Rakhshandeh H, Rahimi VB, Najafi Z, Askari VR

Curr Neuropharmacol

22-Jun-2024

PMCID:	PMC10964091
doi:	10.2174/1570159X21666230621143944
PMID:	37345244

Study of medicinal plants used in ethnoveterinary medical system in riverine areas of Punjab, Pakistan

Umair M, Altaf M, Ahsan T, Bussmann RW, Abbasi AM, Gatasheh MK, Elrobh M

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

07-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11077875
doi:	10.1186/s13002-024-00686-9
PMID:	38715115

Light-Emitting Diodes and Liquid System Affect the Caffeoylquinic Acid Derivative and Flavonoid Production and Shoot Growth of Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin

Skała E, Olszewska MA, Tabaka P, Kicel A

Molecules

05-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11085107
doi:	10.3390/molecules29092145
PMID:	38731636

Unleashing the promise of emerging nanomaterials as a sustainable platform to mitigate antimicrobial resistance

Rahman S, Sadaf S, Hoque ME, Mishra A, Mubarak NM, Malafaia G, Singh J

RSC Adv

01-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11062400
doi:	10.1039/d3ra05816f
PMID:	38694553

Risk assessment of Retithrips syriacus for the EU

Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, van der Werf W, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Bezerra Lima ÉF, Makowski D, Crotta M, Gobbi A, Golic D, Maiorano A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Rossi E, Terzidou A, Vicent Civera A

EFSA J

29-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11056851
doi:	10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8741
PMID:	38686341

Evaluation of volatile components from the tuber, fibrous roots, bud, stem and leaf tissues of Bletilla striata for its anti-colon cancer activity

Yang N, Li S, Zhang Y, Pan F, Liu G, Chen X, Yu C, Li K, Liu Y

Physiol Mol Biol Plants

27-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11087428
doi:	10.1007/s12298-024-01450-9
PMID:	38737324

Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Secondary Metabolites Using Ethyl Lactate Green Solvent from Ambrosia arborescens: LC/ESI-MS/MS and Antioxidant Activity

Guillen E, Terrones H, de Terrones TC, Simirgiotis MJ, Hájek J, Cheel J, Sepulveda B, Areche C

Plants (Basel)

27-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11085450
doi:	10.3390/plants13091213
PMID:	38732429

Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Potential of Phytogenic Selenium Nanoparticle- and Light Regime-Mediated In Vitro Caralluma tuberculata Callus Culture Extract

Ali A, Mashwani ZU, Raja NI, Mohammad S, Ahmad MS, Luna-Arias JP

ACS Omega

24-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11079897
doi:	10.1021/acsomega.3c10222
PMID:	38737082

An Overview of the Spices Used for the Prevention and Potential Treatment of Gastric Cancer

Kostelecka K, Bryliński Ł, Komar O, Michalczyk J, Miłosz A, Biłogras J, Woliński F, Forma A, Baj J

Cancers (Basel)

22-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11049028
doi:	10.3390/cancers16081611
PMID:	38672692

Film mulching counteracts the adverse effects of mild moisture deficiency, and improves the quality and yield of Cyperus esculentus. L grass and tuber in the oasis area of Tarim Basin

Ding Y, Zhang Z, Lu Y, Li L, Islam W, Zeng F

Front Plant Sci

22-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11072976
doi:	10.3389/fpls.2024.1296641
PMID:	38711612

Design of three-component essential oil extract mixture from Cymbopogon flexuosus, Carum carvi, and Acorus calamus with enhanced antioxidant activity

Assaggaf H, Jeddi M, Mrabti HN, Ez-zoubi A, Qasem A, Attar A, Goh BH, Tan SL, Bouyahya A, Goh KW, Hachlafi NE

Sci Rep

22-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11035653
doi:	10.1038/s41598-024-59708-x
PMID:	38649707

Larval Frass of Hermetia illucens as Organic Fertilizer: Composition and Beneficial Effects on Different Crops

Lomonaco G, Franco A, De Smet J, Scieuzo C, Salvia R, Falabella P

Insects

20-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11050032
doi:	10.3390/insects15040293
PMID:	38667423

Antibiotic Resistance in Plant Pathogenic Bacteria: Recent Data and Environmental Impact of Unchecked Use and the Potential of Biocontrol Agents as an Eco-Friendly Alternative

Islam T, Haque MA, Barai HR, Istiaq A, Kim JJ

Plants (Basel)

18-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11054394
doi:	10.3390/plants13081135
PMID:	38674544

Sandalwood Oils of Different Origins Are Active In Vitro against Madurella mycetomatis, the Major Fungal Pathogen Responsible for Eumycetoma

Abd Algaffar SO, Seegers S, Satyal P, Setzer WN, Schmidt TJ, Khalid SA

Molecules

18-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11055130
doi:	10.3390/molecules29081846
PMID:	38675665

Antibiotic potentiating effect of Bauhinia purpurea L. against multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Limboo KH, Singh B

Front Microbiol

16-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11062131
doi:	10.3389/fmicb.2024.1385268
PMID:	38694794

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Lupin alkaloids / Sparteine, lupanine, and related alkaloids
(+)-Aphylline	11470670	Click to see	248.36	unknown	via CMAUP database
(+)-Lupanine	91471	Click to see	248.36	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1R,2S,6S,9S,10R)-6-hydroxy-7,15-diazatetracyclo[7.7.1.02,7.010,15]heptadecan-8-one	101936029	Click to see	264.36	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1R,2S,9R,10S)-7,15-Diazatetracyclo[7.7.1.02,7.010,15]heptadecan-6-one	638233	Click to see C1CCN2CC3CC(C2C1)CN4C3CCCC4=O	248.36	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1R,9S,10R,12S)-12-hydroxy-7,15-diazatetracyclo[7.7.1.02,7.010,15]heptadec-2-en-8-one	101936030	Click to see C1CC=C2C3CC(C4CC(CCN4C3)O)C(=O)N2C1	262.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1R,9S,10R)-7,15-diazatetracyclo[7.7.1.02,7.010,15]heptadec-2-en-8-one	21628974	Click to see C1CCN2CC3CC(C2C1)C(=O)N4C3=CCCC4	246.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1S,2S,9S,10S)-7,15-diazatetracyclo[7.7.1.02,7.010,15]heptadecan-6-one	1274462	Click to see	248.36	unknown	via CMAUP database
10-Oxosparteine	21769904	Click to see	248.36	unknown	via CMAUP database
10,17-Dioxosparteine	12313822	Click to see	262.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
17-Oxolupanine	14139904	Click to see C1CCN2C(C1)C3CC(C2=O)C4CCCC(=O)N4C3	262.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
17-Oxosparteine	218066	Click to see C1CCN2CC3CC(C2C1)C(=O)N4C3CCCC4	248.36	unknown	via CMAUP database
7,14-Methano-2H,11H-dipyrido[1,2-a:1a(2),2a(2)-e][1,5]diazocin-11-one, dodecahydro-10-hydroxy-, (7S,7aR,10S,14S,14aS)-	14589042	Click to see	264.36	unknown	via CMAUP database
7,14-Methano-2H,6H-dipyrido[1,2-a:1',2'-E][1,5]diazocin-6-one, dodecahydro-, [7R-(7alpha,7aalpha,14alpha,14abeta)]-	51018055	Click to see C1CCN2CC3CC(C2C1)C(=O)N4C3CCCC4	248.36	unknown	via CMAUP database
7,14-Methano-4H,6H-dipyrido(1,2-a:1',2'-e)(1,5)diazocin-4-one, 2,3,7,7a,8,9,10,11,13,14-decahydro-, (7S-(7alpha,7abeta,14alpha))-	14379237	Click to see C1CCN2CC3CC(C2C1)CN4C3=CCCC4=O	246.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
Hydroxylupanine	73404	Click to see C1CC2C3CC(CN2C(=O)C1)C4CC(CCN4C3)O	264.36	unknown	via CMAUP database
i17-Oxo-alpha-Isosparteine	12306747	Click to see C1CCN2CC3CC(C2C1)C(=O)N4C3CCCC4	248.36	unknown	via CMAUP database
Sparteine	644020	Click to see	234.38	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Methoxybenzenes / Dimethoxybenzenes
Methyleugenol	7127	Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)CC=C)OC	178.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1039/C39750000879 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF000865W https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00357-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80031-0
> Benzenoids / Phenol ethers / Anisoles
Anethole	637563	Click to see	148.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
Anethole, (Z)-	1549040	Click to see CC=CC1=CC=C(C=C1)OC	148.20	unknown	via CMAUP database
Estragole	8815	Click to see	148.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02907824 https://doi.org/10.1002/JSFA.2740321112 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80031-0 https://doi.org/10.2298/HEMIND110227020J https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1989.9697770 https://doi.org/10.1300/J044V01N04_05 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00357-5
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Methoxyphenols
Eugenol	3314	Click to see	164.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1039/C39750000879 https://doi.org/10.1002/JSFA.2740321112 https://doi.org/10.1039/C29710001108 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF000865W https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1989.9697770 https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501 https://doi.org/10.1039/C3979001073B https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1026(200009/10)15:5<339::AID-FFJ922>3.0.CO;2-H https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80031-0
> Hydrocarbons / Unsaturated hydrocarbons / Branched unsaturated hydrocarbons
Gamma-Terpinene	7461	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1026(200009/10)15:5<339::AID-FFJ922>3.0.CO;2-H
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Long-chain fatty acids
Oleic Acid	445639	Click to see	282.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.21608/BFSA.2003.65484
Palmitic Acid	985	Click to see	256.42	unknown	https://doi.org/10.21608/BFSA.2003.65484
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohol esters
Neryl acetate	1549025	Click to see	196.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
Octyl Acetate	8164	Click to see	172.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols
1-Octanol	957	Click to see CCCCCCCCO	130.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols / Long-chain fatty alcohols
Safynol	6442707	Click to see CC=CC#CC#CC#CC=CC(CO)O	200.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Lineolic acids and derivatives
Elaidolinolenic acid	5282822	Click to see	278.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.21608/BFSA.2003.65484
Linoleic Acid	5280450	Click to see CCCCCC=CCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)O	280.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.21608/BFSA.2003.65484
Linolenic Acid	5280934	Click to see	278.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.21608/BFSA.2003.65484
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Acyclic monoterpenoids
3,7-Dimethylocta-2,6-Dienal	8843	Click to see	152.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80031-0
beta-OCIMENE, (3E)-	5281553	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80031-0
beta-Ocimene, (3Z)-	5320250	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80031-0
Geraniol	637566	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCO)C)C	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
Linalool	6549	Click to see	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1026(200009/10)15:5<339::AID-FFJ922>3.0.CO;2-H https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698012 https://doi.org/10.1300/J044V01N04_05 https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860485 https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1989.9697770 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80031-0 https://doi.org/10.1002/JSFA.2740321112 https://doi.org/10.2298/HEMIND110227020J https://doi.org/10.1021/JF000865W https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02907824 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818162-1.00040-7
Linalyl Acetate	8294	Click to see	196.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
Myrcene	31253	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1026(200009/10)15:5<339::AID-FFJ922>3.0.CO;2-H https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
Neral	643779	Click to see	152.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80031-0
Nerol	643820	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCO)C)C	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Aromatic monoterpenoids
Carvacrol	10364	Click to see CC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C(C)C)O	150.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
P-Cymene	7463	Click to see	134.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1026(200009/10)15:5<339::AID-FFJ922>3.0.CO;2-H https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
Thymol	6989	Click to see	150.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80031-0 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-962399 https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501 https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1026(200009/10)15:5<339::AID-FFJ922>3.0.CO;2-H
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Bicyclic monoterpenoids
(+-)-alpha-Pinene	6654	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
(+-)-Fenchone	14525	Click to see	152.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
(1R,4S,5R)-4-Thujanol	12315154	Click to see	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1026(200009/10)15:5<339::AID-FFJ922>3.0.CO;2-H
alpha Thujene	6451618	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1026(200009/10)15:5<339::AID-FFJ922>3.0.CO;2-H
alpha-Bergamotene	86608	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1026(200009/10)15:5<339::AID-FFJ922>3.0.CO;2-H https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)90672-7
Beta-Pinene	14896	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
Borneol	64685	Click to see	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
Bornyl acetate	6448	Click to see CC(=O)OC1CC2CCC1(C2(C)C)C	196.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
Camphene	6616	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF000865W https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
Camphor	2537	Click to see	152.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860485 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80031-0 https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818162-1.00040-7
Sabinene	18818	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Menthane monoterpenoids
4-Terpineol, (+/-)-	11230	Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1)(C(C)C)O	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860485 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80031-0
Alpha-Terpinene	7462	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
Alpha-Terpineol	17100	Click to see	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
Carvone, (+-)-	7439	Click to see	150.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
Carvone, (+)-	16724	Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1=O)C(=C)C	150.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
Terpinolene	11463	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Quinone and hydroquinone lipids / Prenylquinones
Plastoquinone-1	10219885	Click to see CC1=C(C(=O)C(=CC1=O)CC=C(C)C)C	204.26	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
(+)-Gamma-cadinene	6432404	Click to see CC1=CC2C(CC1)C(=C)CCC2C(C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)90672-7
(1E,8E)-2,6,6,9-tetramethylcycloundeca-1,4,8-triene	134687947	Click to see CC1=CCC(C=CCC(=CCC1)C)(C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80031-0
(1R,2S,7S,8S)-1,3-dimethyl-8-propan-2-yltricyclo[4.4.0.02,7]dec-3-ene	92042749	Click to see CC1=CCC2C3C1C2(CCC3C(C)C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
(1S,5R,7S,10R)-4,10-dimethyl-7-propan-2-yltricyclo[4.4.0.01,5]dec-3-ene	134779875	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
(3R,6E)-Nerolidol	11241545	Click to see	222.37	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
1-epi-Bicyclosesquiphellandrene	521496	Click to see	204.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
1-Ethenyl-1,2-dimethyl-4-propan-2-ylidene-2-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohexane	5317024	Click to see	218.38	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
1,6-Dimethyl-4-isopropyltetralin	10224	Click to see CC1CCC(C2=C1C=CC(=C2)C)C(C)C	202.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
1,6,10-Dodecatrien-3-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-	8888	Click to see	222.37	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
2-Isopropenyl-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)-1-vinylcyclohexane	6432312	Click to see CC(=C1CCC(C(C1)C(=C)C)(C)C=C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
3a-Methyl-6-methylidene-1-(propan-2-yl)decahydrocyclobuta(1,2-a:3,4-a')dicyclopentene	324224	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
4,12,12-Trimethyl-9-methylene-5-oxatricyclo(8.2.0.04,6)dodecane	14350	Click to see	220.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80031-0
6,10,14-Trimethylpentadecan-2-one	10408	Click to see CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(=O)C	268.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
alpha-Cubebene	442359	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
alpha-Guaiene	5317844	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
beta-Bourbonene	62566	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
beta-Cadinene	10657	Click to see CC1=CCC2C(C1)C(CC=C2C)C(C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF000865W
beta-Cubebene	93081	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02907824 https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
beta-Farnesene, (6Z)-	5317319	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=C)C=C)C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
Cadina-1(10),4-diene	10223	Click to see CC1=CC2C(CCC(=C2CC1)C)C(C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
Calamenene	6429077	Click to see	202.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
Caryophyllene	5281515	Click to see CC1=CCCC(=C)C2CC(C2CC1)(C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
Caryophyllene oxide	1742210	Click to see	220.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80031-0
Copaene	19725	Click to see CC1=CCC2C3C1C2(CCC3C(C)C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
delta-Cadinene	441005	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
epi-alpha-Cadinol	160799	Click to see	222.37	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818162-1.00040-7
gamma-Cadinene	15094	Click to see CC1=CC2C(CC1)C(=C)CCC2C(C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)90672-7
Humulene	5281520	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80031-0 https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
I2-Ionone	638014	Click to see	192.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Aromadendrane sesquiterpenoids / 5,10-cycloaromadendrane sesquiterpenoids
(1aS,4aS,7S,7aR,7bS)-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylidene-1a,2,3,4a,5,6,7a,7b-octahydrocyclopropa[h]azulen-7-ol	97032059	Click to see	220.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
(7aR)-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylidene-1a,2,3,4a,5,6,7a,7b-octahydrocyclopropa[h]azulen-7-ol	5321422	Click to see	220.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Cedrane and isocedrane sesquiterpenoids
(1S,2R,5S)-2,6,6,8-tetramethyltricyclo(5.3.1.01,5)undec-8-ene	442348	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)90672-7
1,7-di-epi-alpha-Cedrene	10878276	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)90672-7
CID 21119906	21119906	Click to see CC1CCC2C13CC(C2(C)C)C(=C)C(C3)O	220.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80031-0
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Elemane sesquiterpenoids
Beta-Elemene	6918391	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Eudesmane, isoeudesmane or cycloeudesmane sesquiterpenoids
Beta-Eudesmol	91457	Click to see	222.37	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Germacrane sesquiterpenoids
(-)-Germacrene A	9548706	Click to see CC1=CCCC(=CCC(CC1)C(=C)C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
(1Z,5Z,8S)-1,5-dimethyl-8-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclodeca-1,5-diene	6440527	Click to see CC1=CCCC(=CCC(CC1)C(=C)C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
(S,1Z,6Z)-8-Isopropyl-1-methyl-5-methylenecyclodeca-1,6-diene	91723653	Click to see CC1=CCCC(=C)C=CC(CC1)C(C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
Germacrene D	5317570	Click to see CC1=CCCC(=C)C=CC(CC1)C(C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(+)-Ursolic Acid	64945	Click to see	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818162-1.00040-7 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6245192/ https://doi.org/10.21608/BFSA.2003.65484
(2-methoxy-4-methoxycarbonylphenyl) (1R,3aS,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13aR,13bR)-9-hydroxy-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylate	102403261	Click to see	620.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.55.516
(2-Methoxy-4-methoxycarbonylphenyl) 9-hydroxy-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylate	73299294	Click to see	620.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.55.516
(4-Formylphenyl) 10-hydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate	73299258	Click to see	560.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.55.516
(4aS,6aS,6aS,6bR,8aS,10S,12aR,14bR)-10-hydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid	51892422	Click to see	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.55.516
3-Hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid	619166	Click to see	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JPS.2600500804 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.55.516
3Alpha-Hydroxyurs-12-En-28-Oic Acid	7163177	Click to see	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JPS.2600500804
Alpha-Amyrin	73170	Click to see	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.21608/BFSA.2003.65484
Alphitolic acid	12305768	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C(C3(CC2)C)(CCC5C4(CC(C(C5(C)C)O)O)C)C)C(=O)O	472.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818162-1.00040-7
Basilol	16655699	Click to see	560.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.55.516
Beta-Amyrin	73145	Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C)C	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.21608/BFSA.2003.65484
Betulin	72326	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)CO	442.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818162-1.00040-7
Betulinic Acid	64971	Click to see	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818162-1.00040-7 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.55.516
Lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid, 3beta-hydroxy-	2371	Click to see	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.55.516
Mexogenin	10575379	Click to see	446.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
Oleanolic Acid	10494	Click to see	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.55.516
Pomolic acid	382831	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1(C)O)C)C(=O)O	472.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818162-1.00040-7
Tormentic acid	73193	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CC(C(C5(C)C)O)O)C)C)C2C1(C)O)C)C(=O)O	488.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818162-1.00040-7
Urs-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-hydroxy-, (3beta)-	220774	Click to see	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JPS.2600500804
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(3S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(E,2R,5R)-5-ethyl-6,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	163036980	Click to see	588.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.55.516
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(3S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(E,2S,5R)-5-ethyl-6,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	163036979	Click to see	588.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.55.516
17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	86821	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.21608/BFSA.2003.65484
2-[[17-(5-ethyl-6,6-dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	73299296	Click to see	588.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.55.516
Stigmast-5-en-3-ol	22012	Click to see	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.21608/BFSA.2003.65484
Stigmasterol	5280794	Click to see	412.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.21608/BFSA.2003.65484
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acid derivatives / Carboxylic acid esters / Enol esters
Octen-1-ol acetate	520583	Click to see	170.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Secondary alcohols
Galanal A	3050416	Click to see CC1(CCCC2(C1CCC3(C2CC=C(CC3O)C=O)C=O)C)C	318.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / Phenolic glycosides
Trans-4-O-Beta-D-Glucopyranosylferulic Acid	13916049	Click to see	356.32	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Oligosaccharides
GlyTouCan:G50397KK	11306674	Click to see	504.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds / Beta-diketones
16,18-Tritriacontanedione	154874	Click to see	492.90	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Aldehydes / Alpha-hydrogen aldehydes
3-Methylbutanal	11552	Click to see	86.13	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Aldehydes / Aryl-aldehydes
(5-Formylfuran-3-yl)methyl phosphate	25201088	Click to see C1=C(OC=C1COP(=O)([O-])[O-])C=O	204.07	unknown	via CMAUP database
Furfural	7362	Click to see C1=COC(=C1)C=O	96.08	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Aldehydes / Medium-chain aldehydes
Hexanal	6184	Click to see	100.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones / Enones
Damascenone	5366074	Click to see CC=CC(=O)C1=C(C=CCC1(C)C)C	190.28	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Phenylketones / Alkyl-phenylketones
Eugenone	5317271	Click to see	252.26	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzodioxoles
CID 10487440	10487440	Click to see C=CCC1=CC2=C(C=C1)OCO2	174.14	unknown	via CMAUP database
Safrole	5144	Click to see	162.18	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Furans / Furoic acid and derivatives / Furoic acids
Furan-2-carboxylate	5460151	Click to see	111.08	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Heteroaromatic compounds
2-Ethylfuran	18554	Click to see CCC1=CC=CO1	96.13	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Indoles and derivatives / Indoles / 3-alkylindoles
Gramine	6890	Click to see	174.24	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Oxanes
1,8-Cineole	2758	Click to see	154.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Pyridines and derivatives / Hydropyridines / Tetrahydropyridines
(1s,5r,11Ar)-3-(but-3-en-1-yl)-1,2,3,4,5,6,11,11a-octahydro-10h-1,5-methanopyrido[1,2-a][1,5]diazocin-10-one	160872	Click to see	246.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolizidines
(7S,7aS,14S,14aR)-1,7,7a,8,9,10,11,13,14,14a-Decahydro-7,14-methano-2H,6H-dipyrido(1,2-a:1',2'-e)(1,5)diazocin-2-one	6918763	Click to see	246.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamaldehydes
4-Methoxycinnamaldehyde	641294	Click to see COC1=CC=C(C=C1)C=CC=O	162.18	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Cinnamic acid esters
Methyl cinnamate	637520	Click to see COC(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1	162.18	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Cinnamic acids
2-Methyl-3-phenylprop-2-enoate	53433099	Click to see CC(=CC1=CC=CC=C1)C(=O)[O-]	161.18	unknown	via CMAUP database
Cinnamic acid	444539	Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)C=CC(=O)O	148.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501 https://doi.org/10.1300/J044V01N04_05
cis-Cinnamic acid	5372954	Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)C=CC(=O)O	148.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02907824 https://doi.org/10.1300/J044V01N04_05 https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698501
p-Methoxycinnamate	5285554	Click to see COC1=CC=C(C=C1)C=CC(=O)[O-]	177.18	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Coumaric acids and derivatives
Butyl 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acrylate	9991705	Click to see CCCCOC(=O)C=CC1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)O	236.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-962399
Nepetoidin A	5316820	Click to see	314.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00143-2
Nepetoidin B	5316819	Click to see	314.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00143-2
Rosmarinic Acid	5281792	Click to see	360.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.5511/PLANTBIOTECHNOLOGY1984.13.69
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids
3-(4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxyphenyl)Prop-2-Enoic Acid	709	Click to see	194.18	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHROMA.2007.01.090
Caffeic Acid	689043	Click to see	180.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1039/C3979001073B
P-Coumaric Acid	637542	Click to see	164.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818162-1.00040-7
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Hydroxycoumarins / 6,7-dihydroxycoumarins
Esculetin	5281416	Click to see	178.14	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818162-1.00040-7
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Flavanones
Eriodictyol	440735	Click to see C1C(OC2=CC(=CC(=C2C1=O)O)O)C3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O	288.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818162-1.00040-7
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones
2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-[2,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxychromen-4-one	57339948	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(OC4O)CO)O)O)O)O	464.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Apigenin	5280443	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O	270.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF040083T https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00430-X
Luteolin	5280445	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O)O	286.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00439-8
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols
Isorhamnetin	5281654	Click to see	316.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00114-5
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Anthocyanins / Anthocyanidin-3-O-glycosides
Kuromanin	441667	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=[O+]C3=CC(=CC(=C3C=C2OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O)O	449.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF970887R
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Anthocyanins / Anthocyanidin-5-O-glycosides
(2S,3R,4S,5S,6S)-2-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromenylium-5-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	154496409	Click to see	611.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF970887R
Petunidin 3,5-O-diglucoside	71587076	Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1O)O)C2=C(C=C3C(=CC(=CC3=[O+]2)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O	641.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF970887R
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid C-glycosides / Flavonoid 8-C-glycosides
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6,8-bis[(2S,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]chromen-4-one	44257674	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C(=C(C(=C3O2)C4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)C5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)O)O	594.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818162-1.00040-7
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / O-methylated flavonoids / 4-O-methylated flavonoids
Acacetin	5280442	Click to see	284.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00430-X
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / O-methylated flavonoids / 7-O-methylated flavonoids
5-Hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavone	5281601	Click to see	298.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00439-8
Cirsilineol	162464	Click to see	344.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00430-X
Cirsimaritin	188323	Click to see COC1=C(C(=C2C(=C1)OC(=CC2=O)C3=CC=C(C=C3)O)O)OC	314.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00430-X
Eupatorin	97214	Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C(=C(C=C3O2)OC)OC)O)O	344.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00430-X
Genkwanin	5281617	Click to see	284.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00439-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00430-X
Ladanein	3084066	Click to see	314.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00430-X
Salvigenin	161271	Click to see	328.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00430-X https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00439-8
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / O-methylated flavonoids / 8-O-methylated flavonoids
Gardenin B	96539	Click to see COC1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C(=C(C(=C3O2)OC)OC)OC)O	358.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00439-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00430-X
Nevadensin	160921	Click to see COC1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C(=C(C(=C3O2)OC)O)OC)O	344.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00439-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00430-X
Xanthomicrol	73207	Click to see	344.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-962399
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Isoflavonoids / Isoflavonoid O-glycosides
Genistein 7,4'-di-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside	91431845	Click to see	594.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Genistin	5281377	Click to see	432.40	unknown	via CMAUP database

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Ocimum basilicum

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