Common products:
Seed oil expressed from achenes; a lignocellulosic straw suitable for pulp and paper; a yellow flower-head dye for textile coloration.

Industrial and craft applications:
Oil: The seed oil is used industrially as a drying oil for coatings, as a feedstock for soapmaking, and as a potential biodiesel or renewable diesel component. Its fatty-acid profile (high in linoleic acid) supports these applications; industrial literature also reports suitability as a drying oil for paints and varnishes.
Straw/pulp: Stems and achene testa are used for pulp production. Investigations demonstrate the feasibility of soda-anthraquinone pulping, and commercial pulp and paper trials have evaluated straw as a short-fiber component or filler with mixed quality outcomes. The material is also researched as a reinforcing component in fiberboard and biocomposites.

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
No documented culinary uses. Seeds are not recognized as a food or food ingredient in established food composition or regulation databases.

Colorants and tanning:
Flower-heads yield a yellow dye used on wool, cotton, and silk. The hue depends on mordants; documented examples include yellows on wool with alum and on wool and silk with copper and iron mordants. No reliable evidence of significant tanning uses.

Wood and fiber:
The plant is herbaceous; wood uses are not applicable. Stem fibers are reported but have not led to significant commercial textile fiber or woven-material production.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
No documented fragrance, flavor, or cosmetic uses.

Properties relevant to use:
The seed oil contains a high proportion of linoleic acid with accompanying oleic and palmitic acids, consistent with drying-oil behavior and suitability as a soap feedstock or biodiesel. Straws provide cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in proportions amenable to alkaline pulping; alkaline pulping assessments show acceptable lignin removal at moderate chemical charges.

Standards and regulation:
As an industrial oil and biofuel, compliance with national petroleum-product or biodiesel standards (for example, ASTM D975, EN 14214, or equivalent national specifications) applies when used in those applications. Food uses are not covered by food safety authorizations, so seed oil is not a permitted food ingredient in major jurisdictions.

Sustainability and sourcing:
The species is widespread as an introduced weed in several regions and is classified as a noxious or invasive plant in parts of North America and Australia. It is harvested as a secondary crop where available, potentially reducing waste but raising ecological concerns. Sustainable sourcing should prioritize regions where it is not invasive and incorporate management measures to limit seed spread and establishment.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Calcitrapa solstitialis	Lam.	Fl. Franç. 2: 34 (1779)
Leucantha solstitialis	(L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve	Bot. Not. 114: 44 (1961)
Cyanus solstitialis	J.Presl & C.Presl	Fl. Cech. : 179
Centaurea parvispina	Láng ex Gugler	Centaur. Ungar. 204 (1907)
Centaurea cyanifolia	Poir.	Encycl. , Suppl. 2: 158 (1811)
Calcitrapa lutea	(Gueldenst.) Delarbre	Fl. Auvergne ed. 2, 199 (1800)
Centaurea pseudosolstitialis	Debeaux	Not. pl. nouv. ou peu conn. reg. Medit. -. 1895 ; ex Bull Soc. Bot. Fr. xlii.(1895) 376.

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	floravia
English	golden starthistle
English	barnaby thistle
English	yellow star-thistle
English	st. barnaby's thistle
English	yellow cockspur
English	yellow star thistle
Spanish	floravia
Spanish	ramón pajarero.
Spanish	gatinas
Spanish	cardo estrellado de flor amarilla
Spanish	argazolla amarilla
Spanish	abrimanos,
Spanish	abrepuño
Spanish	calcitrapa carneola
Spanish	calcitrapa schouwii
Spanish	calcitrapa erythracantha
Spanish	centaurea parvispina
Spanish	calcitrapa lutea
Spanish	centaurea cyanifolia
Spanish	calcitrapa solstitialis
Spanish	cyanus solstitialis
Spanish	leucantha solstitialis
Arabic	قنطريون صيفي
Azerbaijani	günəbaxanvari güləvər
Bulgarian	средиземноморска метличина
Bulgarian	floravia
Catalan	narriola
Catalan	blanquiella
Catalan	floravia
Czech	chrpa žlutá
Welsh	y bengaled felen
German	sonnwend-flockenblume
German	sonnenwend-flockenblume
German	floravia
Estonian	kiirjas jumikas
Persian	گل گندم زرد
Finnish	keltaorakaunokki
French	floravia
French	centaurée du solstice
French	centauree du solstice
Hebrew	דרדר אביבי
Hungarian	sáfrányos imola
Igbo	golden starthistle
Igbo	st. barnaby's thistle
Igbo	yellow cockspur
Igbo	yellow star thistle
Igbo	floravia
Igbo	barnaby thistle
Italian	floravia
Japanese	イガヤグルマギク
Georgian	ეკალცოცხი
Dutch	zomercentaurie
Russian	Василёк солнечный
Russian	Василёк подсолнечный
Russian	Василёк летний
Russian	floravia
Slovak	panevädza letná
Turkish	Çakır dikeni
Ukrainian	Волошка сонячна
Walloon	tcherdon d' ôr
Chinese	黃星薊
Chinese	黃矢車菊
Chinese	黄星蓟
Chinese	黄矢车菊
Chinese	长刺矢车菊

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Centaurea solstitialis subsp. adamii	(Willd.) Nyman	Consp. Fl. Eur. : 430 (1879)
Centaurea solstitialis subsp. carneola	(Boiss.) Wagenitz	Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 33(2): 229 (1974)
Centaurea solstitialis subsp. erythracantha	(Halácsy) Dostál	Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 71(3): 204 (1976)
Centaurea solstitialis subsp. pyracantha	(Boiss.) Wagenitz	Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 33(2): 229 (1974)
Centaurea solstitialis subsp. schouwii	(DC.) Dostál	Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 6: 203 (1908)
Centaurea solstitialis subsp. schouwii	(DC.) Gugler	Gugler in Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 6. 1907. 203 1907

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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No variety added yet.

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- Northeast Tropical Africa
  - Eritrea
  - Ethiopia
- Northern Africa
  - Algeria
  - Egypt
  - Morocco
  - Tunisia
- Southern Africa
  - Cape Provinces
  - Northern Provinces

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Arabian Peninsula
  - Kuwait
  - Oman
  - Saudi Arabia
- Caucasus
  - North Caucasus
  - Transcaucasus
- Middle Asia
  - Kazakhstan
  - Kirgizstan
  - Tadzhikistan
  - Turkmenistan
  - Uzbekistan
- Russian Far East
  - Primorye
- Western Asia
  - Cyprus
  - East Aegean Islands
  - Iran
  - Iraq
  - Lebanon-Syria
  - Sinai
  - Turkey

Australasia click to expand
- Australia
  - New South Wales
  - South Australia
  - Tasmania
  - Victoria
  - Western Australia

Europe click to expand
- Eastern Europe
  - Baltic States
  - Belarus
  - Central European Russia
  - East European Russia
  - Krym
  - Northwest European Russia
  - Ukraine
- Middle Europe
  - Austria
  - Belgium
  - Czechoslovakia
  - Germany
  - Hungary
  - Netherlands
  - Poland
  - Switzerland
- Northern Europe
  - Great Britain
  - Ireland
  - Norway
- Southeastern Europe
  - Albania
  - Bulgaria
  - Greece
  - Italy
  - Kriti
  - Romania
  - Sicilia
  - Turkey-in-Europe
  - Yugoslavia
- Southwestern Europe
  - Corse
  - France
  - Sardegna
  - Spain

Northern America click to expand
- Eastern Canada
  - Ontario
- Mexico
  - Mexico Northwest
- North-central U.S.A.
  - Illinois
  - Iowa
  - Kansas
  - Minnesota
  - Missouri
  - Nebraska
  - North Dakota
  - Oklahoma
  - South Dakota
  - Wisconsin
- Northeastern U.S.A.
  - Connecticut
  - Indiana
  - Massachusetts
  - Michigan
  - New Hampshire
  - New Jersey
  - New York
  - Ohio
  - Pennsylvania
  - Rhode Island
  - West Virginia
- Northwestern U.S.A.
  - Colorado
  - Idaho
  - Montana
  - Oregon
  - Washington
  - Wyoming
- South-central U.S.A.
  - New Mexico
  - Texas
- Southeastern U.S.A.
  - Delaware
  - Florida
  - Kentucky
  - Maryland
  - North Carolina
  - South Carolina
  - Tennessee
  - Virginia
- Southwestern U.S.A.
  - Arizona
  - California
  - Nevada
  - Utah
- Western Canada
  - Alberta
  - Manitoba
  - Saskatchewan

Southern America click to expand
- Southern South America
  - Uruguay
- Western South America
  - Bolivia

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000035974
Canadensys	2972
USDA Plants	CESO3
Tropicos	2700499
INPN	89710
Flora of Italy	6026
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:191626-1
The Plant List	gcc-134792
Plantarium	9567
Open Tree Of Life	852752
NCBI Taxonomy	347529
NBN Atlas	NBNSYS0000004511
Nature Serve	2.136039
IPNI	191626-1
iNaturalist	52588
GBIF	3128888
Freebase	/m/074vvy
WisFlora	7150
FEIS	plants/forb/censol
EPPO	CENSO
EOL	467678
Elurikkus	3542
Calflora (Californian flora)	1853
USDA GRIN	9827
Wikipedia	Centaurea_solstitialis
CMAUP	NPO10594

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.

Accession	Assembly
Accession	Name	Level	Submitter	Released	Coverage	Size
GCA_030169165.1	ASM3016916v1	Chromosome	UAEEB-DL	2023-06-06	30	729.62 Mb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Wild Edible Plants Used in Dalmatian Zagora (Croatia)

Ninčević Runjić T, Jug-Dujaković M, Runjić M, Łuczaj Ł

Plants (Basel)

11-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11053949
doi:	10.3390/plants13081079
PMID:	38674488

Exploring the complex pre-adaptations of invasive plants to anthropogenic disturbance: a call for integration of archaeobotanical approaches

Bellini G, Schrieber K, Kirleis W, Erfmeier A

Front Plant Sci

15-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10978757
doi:	10.3389/fpls.2024.1307364
PMID:	38559769

Ecological and Syntaxonomic Analysis of the Communities of Glebionis coronaria and G. discolor (Malvion neglectae) in the European Mediterranean Area

Cano E, Cano-Ortiz A, Quinto Canas R, Piñar Fuentes JC, Rodrigues Meireles C, Raposo M, Pinto Gomes C, Laface VL, Spampinato G, Musarella CM

Plants (Basel)

20-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10934477
doi:	10.3390/plants13050568
PMID:	38475415

Magnetic iron oxide-based nanozymes: from synthesis to application

Ghazzy A, Nsairat H, Said R, Sibai OA, AbuRuman A, Shraim AS, Al hunaiti A

Nanoscale Adv

19-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10929596
doi:	10.1039/d3na00903c
PMID:	38482039

Valorizing Tree-Nutshell Particles as Delivery Vehicles for a Natural Herbicide

Kim JH, Chan KL, Hart-Cooper WM, Ford D, Orcutt K, Palumbo JD, Tam CC, Orts WJ

Methods Protoc

20-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10892353
doi:	10.3390/mps7010001
PMID:	38392682

Genome size variation and evolution during invasive range expansion in an introduced plant

Cang FA, Welles SR, Wong J, Ziaee M, Dlugosch KM

Evol Appl

11-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10810172
doi:	10.1111/eva.13624
PMID:	38283607

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis and Their Antimicrobial Activity

Zúñiga-Miranda J, Guerra J, Mueller A, Mayorga-Ramos A, Carrera-Pacheco SE, Barba-Ostria C, Heredia-Moya J, Guamán LP

Nanomaterials (Basel)

08-Nov-2023

PMCID:	PMC10674528
doi:	10.3390/nano13222919
PMID:	37999273

Diversity of fungal pathogens in leaf spot disease of Indian mulberry and its management

GS A, Mayavathi NR NP, N.R. A, B.M. M, Sherpa DC, C A, Suresh A, Kammar S, M S, S S, B.N. G, Doss S G

Heliyon

02-Nov-2023

PMCID:	PMC10665727
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21750
PMID:	38027777

Multi-analytical investigation of the physical, chemical, morphological, tensile, and structural properties of Indian mulberry (Morinda tinctoria) bark fibers

Balachandran GB, Narayanasamy P, Alexander AB, David PW, Mariappan RK, Ramachandran ME, Indran S, Mavinkere Rangappa S, Siengchin S

Heliyon

27-Oct-2023

PMCID:	PMC10637935
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21239
PMID:	37954341

The most polyphagous insect herbivore? Host plant associations of the Meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (L.)

Thompson V, Harkin C, Stewart AJ

PLoS One

04-Oct-2023

PMCID:	PMC10602594
doi:	10.1371/journal.pone.0291734
PMID:	37792900

The introduction of an invasive weed was not followed by the introduction of ethnobotanical knowledge: a review on the ethnobotany of Centaurea solstitialis L. (Asteraceae)

Branco S, Irimia RE, Montesinos D

PeerJ

07-Jun-2023

PMCID:	PMC10257394
doi:	10.7717/peerj.15489
PMID:	37304862

Invasive and Native Plants Differentially Respond to Exogenous Phosphorus Addition in Root Growth and Nutrition Regulated by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

Yang X, Shen K, Xia T, He Y, Guo Y, Wu B, Han X, Yan J, Jiao M

Plants (Basel)

01-Jun-2023

PMCID:	PMC10255820
doi:	10.3390/plants12112195
PMID:	37299174

Insights into the Mechanisms Involved in Lead (Pb) Tolerance in Invasive Plants—The Current Status of Understanding

Afzal MR, Naz M, Wan J, Dai Z, Ullah R, Rehman SU, Du D

Plants (Basel)

24-May-2023

PMCID:	PMC10255771
doi:	10.3390/plants12112084
PMID:	37299064

Fingerprinting Chemical Markers in the Mediterranean Orange Blossom Honey: UHPLC-HRMS Metabolomics Study Integrating Melissopalynological Analysis, GC-MS and HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS

Kasiotis KM, Baira E, Iosifidou S, Manea-Karga E, Tsipi D, Gounari S, Theologidis I, Barmpouni T, Danieli PP, Lazzari F, Dipasquale D, Petrarca S, Shairra S, Ghazala NA, Abd El-Wahed AA, El-Gamal SM, Machera K

Molecules

08-May-2023

PMCID:	PMC10180536
doi:	10.3390/molecules28093967
PMID:	37175378

Trait evolution during a rapid global weed invasion despite little genetic differentiation

Irimia RE, Montesinos D, Chaturvedi A, Sanders I, Hierro JL, Sotes G, Cavieres LA, Eren Ö, Lortie CJ, French K, Brennan AC

Evol Appl

18-Apr-2023

PMCID:	PMC10197227
doi:	10.1111/eva.13548
PMID:	37216028

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!

Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Benzenoids / Phenol ethers / Anisoles
2-Methylanisole	33637	Click to see	122.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00071A004
> Hydrocarbons / Unsaturated hydrocarbons / Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons
1-Pentadecene	25913	Click to see	210.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00071A004
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Furanoid lignans
Syringaresinol, (+)-	443023	Click to see	418.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83113-1
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Furanoid lignans / Tetrahydrofuran lignans / 9,9-epoxylignans / Dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans
(-)-Matairesinol	119205	Click to see	358.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)83490-C
Arctigenin	64981	Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)CC2COC(=O)C2CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)OC)OC	372.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83113-1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)83490-C
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acyl glycosides / Fatty acyl glycosides of mono- and disaccharides
(Z)-3-phenyl-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyprop-2-enoic acid	53385591	Click to see	326.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols
1-Hexanol	8103	Click to see	102.17	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00071A004
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty aldehydes
6,8,10,12-Pentadecatetraenal	5283373	Click to see CCC=CC=CC=CC=CCCCCC=O	218.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/CBER.19660991121
Pentadeca-6,8,10,12-tetraenal	78382191	Click to see	218.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/CBER.19660991121
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Acyclic monoterpenoids
beta-OCIMENE, (3E)-	5281553	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00071A004
Myrcene	31253	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00071A004
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Aromatic monoterpenoids
P-Cymene	7463	Click to see	134.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00071A004
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Menthane monoterpenoids
Limonene, (+/-)-	22311	Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1)C(=C)C	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00071A004
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
(1R,2S,7S,8S)-1,3-dimethyl-8-propan-2-yltricyclo[4.4.0.02,7]dec-3-ene	92042749	Click to see CC1=CCC2C3C1C2(CCC3C(C)C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00071A004
beta-Farnesene	5281517	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=C)C=C)C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00071A004
Caryophyllene	5281515	Click to see CC1=CCCC(=C)C2CC(C2CC1)(C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00071A004
Caryophyllene,alpha + beta mixt.	5354499	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00071A004
Copaene	19725	Click to see CC1=CCC2C3C1C2(CCC3C(C)C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00071A004
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Bicyclogermacrane and isolepidozane sesquiterpenoids
(+)-Bicyclogermacrene	5315347	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00071A004
(1S,2E,10R)-3,7,11,11-tetramethylbicyclo[8.1.0]undeca-2,6-diene	44583886	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00071A004
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Germacrane sesquiterpenoids
(S,1Z,6Z)-8-Isopropyl-1-methyl-5-methylenecyclodeca-1,6-diene	91723653	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00071A004
Germacrene D	5317570	Click to see CC1=CCCC(=C)C=CC(CC1)C(C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00071A004
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Sesquiterpene lactones / Germacranolides and derivatives
Stizolicin	15089249	Click to see	378.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)85084-4
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Sesquiterpene lactones / Guaianolides and derivatives
(2a(2)R,3aR,4S,6aR,8S,9aS,9bS)-Decahydro-8-hydroxy-3,6-bis(methylene)-2-oxospiro[azuleno[4,5-b]furan-9(2H),2a(2)-oxiran]-4-yl (2S)-3-chloro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate	13943202	Click to see	398.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83113-1
(8-Hydroxy-3,6-dimethylidene-2-oxospiro[3a,4,5,6a,7,8,9a,9b-octahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-9,2'-oxirane]-4-yl) 2-(hydroxymethyl)prop-2-enoate	182407	Click to see C=C1CC(C2C(C3C1CC(C34CO4)O)OC(=O)C2=C)OC(=O)C(=C)CO	362.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83113-1
(8-Hydroxy-3,6-dimethylidene-2-oxospiro[3a,4,5,6a,7,8,9a,9b-octahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-9,2'-oxirane]-4-yl) 2-methyloxirane-2-carboxylate	14466526	Click to see CC1(CO1)C(=O)OC2CC(=C)C3CC(C4(C3C5C2C(=C)C(=O)O5)CO4)O	362.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83113-1
(8-Hydroxy-3,6,9-trimethylidene-2-oxo-3a,4,5,6a,7,8,9a,9b-octahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-4-yl) 2-methylprop-2-enoate	13996678	Click to see	330.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)83490-C
(8-Hydroxy-3,6,9-trimethylidene-2-oxo-3a,4,5,6a,7,8,9a,9b-octahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-4-yl) 3-chloro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate	71439502	Click to see	382.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83113-1 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2007-969197
[(3aR,4S,6aR,8S,9R,9aS,9bS)-8-hydroxy-3,6-dimethylidene-2-oxospiro[3a,4,5,6a,7,8,9a,9b-octahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-9,2'-oxirane]-4-yl] (2S)-2-methyloxirane-2-carboxylate	14466529	Click to see	362.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83113-1
[(3aR,4S,6aR,8S,9S,9aS,9bS)-8-hydroxy-3,6-dimethylidene-2-oxospiro[3a,4,5,6a,7,8,9a,9b-octahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-9,2'-oxirane]-4-yl] 2-methyloxirane-2-carboxylate	5320928	Click to see CC1(CO1)C(=O)OC2CC(=C)C3CC(C4(C3C5C2C(=C)C(=O)O5)CO4)O	362.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/NT.2620010602 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2007-969197 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83113-1
[(3aR,4S,6aR,8S,9S,9aS,9bS)-9-(chloromethyl)-8,9-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethylidene-2-oxo-3a,4,5,6a,7,8,9a,9b-octahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-4-yl] (2R)-2-methyloxirane-2-carboxylate	101285196	Click to see CC1(CO1)C(=O)OC2CC(=C)C3CC(C(C3C4C2C(=C)C(=O)O4)(CCl)O)O	398.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83113-1
[(3aR,4S,6aR,8S,9S,9aS,9bS)-9-(chloromethyl)-8,9-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethylidene-2-oxo-3a,4,5,6a,7,8,9a,9b-octahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-4-yl] (2S)-2-methyloxirane-2-carboxylate	101285197	Click to see	398.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83113-1 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2007-969197
[(3R,3aR,6aR,9S,9aR,9bR)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-9-methyl-6-methylidene-2,8-dioxo-3a,4,5,6a,7,9,9a,9b-octahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-3-yl] acetate	15127110	Click to see CC1C2C(CC1=O)C(=C)CCC3C2OC(=O)C3(CO)OC(=O)C	322.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)83490-C
[(4S,8R,9S,9bS)-9-(chloromethyl)-8,9-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethylidene-2-oxo-3a,4,5,6a,7,8,9a,9b-octahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-4-yl] (2S)-3-chloro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoate	118701337	Click to see	435.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2007-969197 https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50004A013 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83113-1
[3-(Hydroxymethyl)-9-methyl-6-methylidene-2,8-dioxo-3a,4,5,6a,7,9,9a,9b-octahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-3-yl] acetate	163025258	Click to see CC1C2C(CC1=O)C(=C)CCC3C2OC(=O)C3(CO)OC(=O)C	322.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)83490-C
[9-(Chloromethyl)-8,9-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethylidene-2-oxo-3a,4,5,6a,7,8,9a,9b-octahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-4-yl] 2-methyloxirane-2-carboxylate	162978147	Click to see	398.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83113-1
2-[(3R,3aR,6aR,8R,9aR,9bR)-3,8-dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6,9-dimethylidene-2-oxo-4,5,6a,7,9a,9b-hexahydro-3aH-azuleno[4,5-b]furan-8-yl]acetic acid	101626736	Click to see C=C1CCC2C(C3C1CC(C3=C)(CC(=O)O)O)OC(=O)C2(CO)O	338.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3908(92)90177-Q
8-Hydroxy-3,6-dimethylidene-2-oxodecahydro-2H-spiro[azuleno[4,5-b]furan-9,2'-oxiran]-4-yl 3-chloro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoatato(2-)	93586	Click to see	398.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83113-1
Acroptilin	442140	Click to see	398.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2007-969197 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83113-1
Aguerin B	155102	Click to see	330.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)83490-C
Cynaropicrin	119093	Click to see	346.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2007-969197 https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3908(92)90177-Q https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83113-1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)83490-C
Janerin	14021480	Click to see C=C1CC(C2C(C3C1CC(C34CO4)O)OC(=O)C2=C)OC(=O)C(=C)CO	362.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83113-1
Repin	91567	Click to see	362.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/NT.2620010602 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2007-969197 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83113-1
Saupirin	181128	Click to see	346.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)83490-C https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2007-969197 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83113-1
Solstitialin	100715	Click to see	280.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83113-1
Solstitialin A 13-acetate	100716	Click to see	322.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83113-1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)83490-C https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3908(92)90177-Q
Solstitialin deriv 4700	336809	Click to see	280.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83113-1
Subluteolide	14466528	Click to see	362.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83113-1 https://doi.org/10.1002/NT.2620010602
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
[(3R,4aR,6aR,6aR,6bR,8R,8aS,12S,12aR,14aR,14bR)-8-hydroxy-4,4,6a,6b,8a,12,14b-heptamethyl-11-methylidene-1,2,3,4a,5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,12,12a,13,14,14a-hexadecahydropicen-3-yl] acetate	162885921	Click to see	484.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)94180-3
3,16-Dihydroxytaraxene-3-acetate	321965	Click to see CC1C2C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC(C2(CCC1=C)C)O)C)C)(C)C)OC(=O)C)C	484.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)94180-3
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Alpha amino acids and derivatives / Alpha amino acids / L-alpha-amino acids
L-Ndelta-acetylornithine	90658764	Click to see	174.20	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Alpha amino acids and derivatives / Aspartic acid and derivatives
D-Aspartic Acid	83887	Click to see	133.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/NT.2620030309
L-Aspartic Acid	5960	Click to see	133.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/NT.2620030309
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Alpha amino acids and derivatives / Glutamic acid and derivatives
L-Glutamic Acid	33032	Click to see	147.13	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/NT.2620030309
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Cyclitols and derivatives / Quinic acids and derivatives
3-p-Coumaroylquinic acid	9945785	Click to see	338.31	unknown	via CMAUP database
3-p-Coumaroylquinic acid, (Z)-	92135690	Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC=C(C=C2)O)O)O	338.31	unknown	via CMAUP database
5-p-Coumaroylquinic acid, (Z)-	90478782	Click to see	338.31	unknown	via CMAUP database
Chlorogenic Acid	1794427	Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)O)O	354.31	unknown	via CMAUP database
trans-5-O-(4-coumaroyl)-D-quinic acid	6441280	Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC=C(C=C2)O)O)O	338.31	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / O-glycosyl compounds
Sucrose	5988	Click to see	342.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / Phenolic glycosides
4-O-beta-D-glucosyl-4-coumaric acid	9840292	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C=CC(=O)O)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O	326.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
4'-O-beta-D-glucosyl-cis-p-coumaric acid	10604651	Click to see	326.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
Arbutin	440936	Click to see	272.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
Caffeic acid 4-O-glucoside	11382279	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C=CC(=O)O)O)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O	342.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
cis-Ferulic acid 4-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside	9820054	Click to see	356.32	unknown	via CMAUP database
Trans-4-O-Beta-D-Glucopyranosylferulic Acid	13916049	Click to see	356.32	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Heteroaromatic compounds
Perillene	68316	Click to see	150.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00071A004
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Indoles and derivatives / Indolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives
(2S)-2-ammonio-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoate	6923516	Click to see	204.22	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / 2-arylbenzofuran flavonoids
2-(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-6-methoxy-5-benzofuranol	185034	Click to see	286.28	unknown	via CMAUP database
Methylsainfuran	44260111	Click to see	300.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acid esters / Coumaric acid esters
(2R)-2-[(E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxybutanedioic acid	26176222	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C=CC(=O)OC(CC(=O)O)C(=O)O)O	280.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methoxyoxan-2-yl]methyl (E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	15048037	Click to see	340.32	unknown	via CMAUP database
2-[(1S,3R,4R,5R)-1,3,4-trihydroxy-5-[(E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxycyclohexyl]acetic acid	10569992	Click to see	352.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
Methyl 6-O-[(Z)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propenoyl]-beta-D-glucopyranoside	102371158	Click to see COC1C(C(C(C(O1)COC(=O)C=CC2=CC=C(C=C2)O)O)O)O	340.32	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Hydroxycoumarins / 7-hydroxycoumarins
Umbelliferone	5281426	Click to see C1=CC(=CC2=C1C=CC(=O)O2)O	162.14	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00630089
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Flavanones / Flavanonols
Garbanzol	442410	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2C(C(=O)C3=C(O2)C=C(C=C3)O)O)O	272.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols
Kaempferol	5280863	Click to see	286.24	unknown	via CMAUP database
Quercetin	5280343	Click to see	302.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides
[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-[4-(5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxochromen-2-yl)-2-methoxyphenoxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methyl acetate	102371159	Click to see CC(=O)OCC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2=C(C=C(C=C2)C3=CC(=O)C4=C(C=C(C=C4O3)O)O)OC)O)O)O	504.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
5,7-dihydroxy-2-[3-methoxy-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyphenyl]chromen-4-one	14406834	Click to see	462.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-6-[5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-3-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-4,5-dihydroxy-6-methyloxan-3-yl] (E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	101781229	Click to see	916.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6S)-6-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxochromen-3-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-3-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-2-methyloxan-3-yl] (E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	101781227	Click to see	962.90	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6S)-6-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-3-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-3-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-2-methyloxan-3-yl] (E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	101781228	Click to see	916.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxochromen-3-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-3-yl] (E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	101781232	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OC3=C(OC4=CC(=CC(=C4C3=O)O)O)C5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC6=CC(=C(C=C6)O)OC)O)O)O)O)O	786.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxochromen-3-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-3-yl] (E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	101781230	Click to see	816.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-3-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-3-yl] (E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	101781231	Click to see	770.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-3-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-3-yl] (E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	101781233	Click to see	800.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
5,7,3',4'-Tetrahydroxyflavone-3-yl 2-O-[4-O-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-trans-cinnamoyl)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl]-6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside	101781226	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OC3=C(OC4=CC(=CC(=C4C3=O)O)O)C5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)C)OC(=O)C=CC7=CC(=C(C=C7)O)OC)O)O)O)O)O)O)O	932.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
Amurenoside A	10653411	Click to see	932.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
Amurenoside B	11803929	Click to see	932.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
Clitorin	11592917	Click to see	740.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Kaempferol-3-O-Rutinoside	5318767	Click to see	594.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Manghaslin	11498684	Click to see	756.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Myricetin-3-O-rutinoside	21577860	Click to see	626.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Narcissin	5481663	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OC3=C(OC4=CC(=CC(=C4C3=O)O)O)C5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)OC)O)O)O)O)O)O	624.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Rutin	5280805	Click to see	610.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides
Quercetin 3-rutinoside-7-glucoside	10190763	Click to see	772.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Isoflavonoids / O-methylated isoflavonoids / 4-O-methylated isoflavonoids
(3S)-vestitone	44446897	Click to see COC1=CC(=C(C=C1)C2COC3=C(C2=O)C=CC(=C3)O)O	286.28	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Linear 1,3-diarylpropanoids / Chalcones and dihydrochalcones / 2-Hydroxychalcones
Isoliquiritigenin	638278	Click to see	256.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Tannins / Hydrolyzable tannins
4-(beta-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-3-methoxybenzoic acid	14132337	Click to see	330.29	unknown	via CMAUP database

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Centaurea solstitialis

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