Haplophyllum obtusifolium

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Common products:
- Hydrodistilled essential oil from the aerial parts (leaves and young stems) of Haplophyllum obtusifolium, typically obtained in yields of 0.3–0.7 % (w/w). The oil is a pale yellow, mobile liquid.
- The dried herb is occasionally marketed as a raw fragrance material for small‑scale craft perfumery.

Industrial and craft applications:
- The essential oil is incorporated into scented soaps, detergents, and household air‑freshener formulations, where it provides a fresh, herbal note.
- Artisanal incense and potpourri blends also use the oil for its characteristic sweet‑herbaceous aroma.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
- In perfumery the oil is valued for its monoterpenes (linalool, citronellol, α‑pinene) and coumarin‑type compounds, which impart sweet, coumarinic and slightly woody tones.
- Cosmetic products such as creams, lotions, shampoos, and body sprays may list “Haplophyllum obtusifolium oil” as a fragrance component, usually at concentrations below 0.5 % of the total formulation.

Properties relevant to use:
- Chemical composition: coumarins (including scopoletin) 1–3 % of the oil; monoterpene hydrocarbons 20–30 % (α‑pinene, limonene, sabinene); oxygenated monoterpenes 30–40 % (linalool, terpinen‑4‑ol, citronellol).
- Physical properties: specific gravity 0.90–0.92 at 20 °C; refractive index 1.470–1.480; boiling range 150–200 °C; low water solubility (≈0.02 % w/w) and good solubility in ethanol and common fragrance carriers.
- Sensory profile: a fresh, slightly sweet‑herbaceous odor with a coumarin‑like undertone, suitable for top‑note applications.

Standards and regulation:
- The major constituents are listed in the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Standards, which set recommended usage limits for linalool, citronellol and coumarin in fragrance formulations.
- In the European Union, the Cosmetic Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 requires that any cosmetic product containing H. obtusifolium essential oil above 0.01 % declare it as a fragrance ingredient (“parfum”) and that coumarin be listed if present above the threshold.
- No dedicated ISO or ASTM standard for this oil exists; compliance is based on general quality criteria for natural essential oils (e.g., ISO 11014 for non‑dairy product safety is not applicable).

Sustainability and sourcing:
- Haplophyllum obtusifolium occurs naturally across the Irano‑Turanian region, recorded in regional floras such as “Flora Iranica”. It inhabits rocky slopes, steppes and open woodlands.
- Commercial supply is obtained by wild‑harvesting of aerial parts during the flowering period; the harvest volume remains limited and there are no reports of population decline.
- The species is not listed in the CITES appendices nor in the IUCN Red List, indicating that current exploitation is not considered to threaten the species.

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