Common products:
Roots and root-derived extracts are the principal commercial products of Arnebia euchroma, supplied as dried root, powdered material, hydroalcoholic or oil-based extracts, and isolated alkannin/shikonin derivatives for use as natural colorants.

Industrial and craft applications:
A. euchroma is used as a source of red dyes in artisan crafts and artist materials (watercolor and oil pigments) and as a natural color in limited-value technical products such as marking inks and wood stains where fade resistance is not critical.

Colorants and tanning:
The roots contain naphthoquinones—primarily alkannin and shikonin and their derivatives—that produce red hues on protein fibers (wool, silk) and cotton after mordanting, especially with alum or iron, and can also color cellulose-based papers and wood. The pigment functions as an acid dye class, adsorbing via ionic and chelation interactions at mordant sites. The material is also used as a leather surface colorant/stain. It is not employed as a leather tannin.

Wood and fiber:
The plant is not used for timber, cordage, bast fiber, or papermaking.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
Root extract and derivatives (e.g., standardized alkannin/shikonin) are used in small proportions as colorants in leave-on and rinse-off cosmetic formulations; the commercial ingredient appears in the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI) as Arnebia euchroma root extract. The use is as a coloring component rather than as a fragrance or active ingredient.

Properties relevant to use:
The colorants are naphthoquinone pigments with pH-dependent hue (reddish at acidic pH, purplish at neutral to alkaline), moderate lightfastness, and a tendency to fade under prolonged UV exposure and alkaline conditions. Pigments exhibit low water solubility but are soluble in alcohols, esters, and oils, enabling use in both aqueous and lipid systems.

Standards and regulation:
Cosmetic colorants must comply with the safety and labeling requirements of the importing jurisdiction. In the European Union, colorants in cosmetics are governed by Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 (Cosmetic Products Regulation); in the United States, cosmetics are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration under the FD&C Act. Use of Arnebia-derived pigments in food coloring is not a major commercial application and is regulated as a color additive where permitted; establishments must ensure compliance with national rules for natural colorants.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Wild-harvested roots are slow to regenerate, and species-level conservation attention is required. Demand is met through a combination of sustainable wild collection, cultivation trials, and controlled-harvest protocols; processors often indicate traceability and country/region of origin.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Lithospermum cyanochroum	Boiss.	Diagn. Pl. Orient. 7: 33 (1846)
Lithospermum euchromon	Royle	Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. [Royle] 305. 1836 [Apr 1835 publ. May 1836]
Munbya cyanochroa	Boiss.	Diagn. Pl. Orient. 11: 115 (1849)
Munbya perennis	Boiss.	Diagn. Pl. Orient. 11: 115 (1849)
Macrotomia onosmoides	Regel & Smirnow	Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 5: 624 (1877)
Macrotomia grandis	Bornm.	Oesterr. Bot. Z. 47: 289 (1897)
Macrotomia cyanochroa	(Boiss.) Boiss.	Fl. Orient. 4: 212 (1875)
Macrotomia endochroma	Hook.f. & Thomson ex Henders. & Hume	Yarkand : 328 (1873)
Macrotomia euchromon	Paulsen	Bot. Tidsskr. 27: 216 (1906)
Stenosolenium perenne	Schrenk	Enum. Pl. Nov. 1: 34 (1841)
Arnebia endochroma	Aitch.	J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 18: 81 (1880)
Arnebia euchroma var. grandis	(Borum.) Kazmi	J. Arnold Arbor. 52(3): 488. 1971
Arnebia perennis	A.DC.	Prodr. 10: 95 (1846)
Arnebia tingens	A.DC.	Prodr. 10: 96 (1846)
Macrotomia perennis	(A.DC.) Boiss.	Fl. Orient. 4: 212 (1875)
Macrotomia oginoi	Kitam.	Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 19: 104 (1963)

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	zi cao
Kazakh	Бояу қызылтамыры
Chinese	紫草
Chinese	新疆紫草
Chinese	软紫草
Chinese	软紫草（新疆紫草）
Chinese	軟紫草

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Arnebia euchroma subsp. afghanica	Sadat	Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 28: 151 (1989)
Arnebia euchroma subsp. andarabica	Sadat	Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 28: 152 (1989)

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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No variety added yet.

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Asia-temperate click to expand
- China
  - Tibet
  - Xinjiang
- Middle Asia
  - Kazakhstan
  - Kirgizstan
  - Tadzhikistan
  - Turkmenistan
  - Uzbekistan
- Western Asia
  - Afghanistan
  - Iran

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indian Subcontinent
  - Nepal
  - Pakistan
  - West Himalaya

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000549472
UNII	LJG642C0AI
Tropicos	4002133
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:113456-1
The Plant List	kew-2652979
PFAF	Arnebia euchroma
Open Tree Of Life	914167
NCBI Taxonomy	373122
IPNI	113456-1
GBIF	7295249
USDA GRIN	423317
CMAUP	NPO11421

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Microsatellite marker-based analysis of the genetic diversity and population structure of three Arnebiae Radix in western China

Zhao J, Wang Y, Ding W, Xu H

J Genet Eng Biotechnol

03-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11087955
doi:	10.1016/j.jgeb.2024.100379
PMID:	38797554

Pharmacological Significance of Boraginaceae with Special Insights into Shikonin and Its Potential in the Food Industry

Gautam S, Lapčík L, Lapčíková B

Foods

27-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11082953
doi:	10.3390/foods13091350
PMID:	38731721

Obacunone, a Promising Phytochemical Triterpenoid: Research Progress on Its Pharmacological Activity and Mechanism

Zhou Y, Gu J, Li J, Zhang H, Wang M, Li Y, Wang T, Wang J, Shi R

Molecules

15-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11054759
doi:	10.3390/molecules29081791
PMID:	38675611

Phytochemicals against Osteoarthritis by Inhibiting Apoptosis

Kong H, Han JJ, Dmitrii G, Zhang XA

Molecules

27-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC11013217
doi:	10.3390/molecules29071487
PMID:	38611766

Cross-cultural ethnobotany of the Baltis and Shinas in the Kharmang district, Trans-Himalaya India-Pakistan border

Hussain B, Abbas Z, Alam J, Harun N, Khan SM, Ahmad Z, Han H, Yoo S, Raposo A

Heliyon

27-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10998220
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28613
PMID:	38586350

Harmony in nature: understanding the cultural and ecological aspects of plant use in Ladakh

Angmo K, Adhikari BS, Bussmann RW, Rawat GS

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

14-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10938689
doi:	10.1186/s13002-024-00670-3
PMID:	38486266

Traditional Chinese medicine treats ulcerative colitis by regulating gut microbiota, signaling pathway and cytokine: Future novel method option for pharmacotherapy

Wang T, Liu X, Zhang W, Wang J, Wang T, Yue W, Ming L, Cheng J, Sun J

Heliyon

06-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10945194
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27530
PMID:	38501018

Inhibitory and preventive effects of Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst. root extract on Streptococcus mutans and dental caries in rats

Wu Z, Song J, Zhang Y, Yuan X, Zhao J

BDJ Open

02-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10908817
doi:	10.1038/s41405-024-00196-6
PMID:	38431610

The dual effect of endoplasmic reticulum stress in digestive system tumors and intervention of Chinese botanical drug extracts: a review

Zhang J, Chen Y, Chen B, Sun D, Sun Z, Liang J, Liang J, Xiong X, Yan H

Front Pharmacol

21-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10917068
doi:	10.3389/fphar.2024.1339146
PMID:	38449811

Healing of diabetic foot ulcer with topical and oral administrations of herbal products: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials

Zamanifard M, Nasiri M, Yarahmadi F, Zonoori S, Razani O, Salajegheh Z, Imanipour M, Mohammadi SM, Jomehzadeh N, Asadi M

Int Wound J

14-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10867296
doi:	10.1111/iwj.14760
PMID:	38356150

The development of prognostic gene markers associated with disulfidptosis in gastric cancer and their application in predicting drug response

Liu X, Ou J

Heliyon

13-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10878937
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26013
PMID:	38384541

Endophytic fungi from Himalayan silver birch as potential source of plant growth enhancement and secondary metabolite production

Dasila K, Pandey A, Sharma A, Samant SS, Singh M

Braz J Microbiol

24-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10920537
doi:	10.1007/s42770-024-01259-4
PMID:	38265571

Therapeutic Potential and Mechanisms of Rosmarinic Acid and the Extracts of Lamiaceae Plants for the Treatment of Fibrosis of Various Organs

Boo YC

Antioxidants (Basel)

24-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10886237
doi:	10.3390/antiox13020146
PMID:	38397744

A critical overview of challenging roles of medicinal plants in improvement of wound healing technology

Pathak D, Mazumder A

Daru

15-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC11087437
doi:	10.1007/s40199-023-00502-x
PMID:	38225520

The silicon regulates microbiome diversity and plant defenses during cold stress in Glycine max L.

Ahmad W, Coffman L, Weerasooriya AD, Crawford K, Khan AL

Front Plant Sci

10-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10805835
doi:	10.3389/fpls.2023.1280251
PMID:	38269137

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!

Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Alkaloids and derivatives
[(7R)-7-hydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-pyrrolizin-1-yl]methyl (E)-2-methylbut-2-enoate	5318830	Click to see	237.29	unknown	via CMAUP database
7-Angelylretronecine	6440943	Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)OC1CCN2C1C(=CC2)CO	237.29	unknown	via CMAUP database
9-Angeloylretronecine	638872	Click to see	237.29	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives
(R)-1-phenylethanol	637516	Click to see CC(C1=CC=CC=C1)O	122.16	unknown	via CMAUP database
1-Phenylethanol, (S)-	443135	Click to see	122.16	unknown	via CMAUP database
Phenylethyl Alcohol	6054	Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)CCO	122.16	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives
14,16-Dihydroxy-3-oxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-2-one	5316596	Click to see	264.32	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Methoxybenzenes / Dimethoxybenzenes
3,5-Dimethoxytoluene	77844	Click to see CC1=CC(=CC(=C1)OC)OC	152.19	unknown	via CMAUP database
Methyleugenol	7127	Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)CC=C)OC	178.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Phenylacetaldehydes
Phenylacetaldehyde	998	Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)CC=O	120.15	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Naphthalenes / Naphthols and derivatives
Shikometabolin A	10460360	Click to see	556.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Naphthalenes / Naphthoquinones
,-Dimethylacrylalkannin	91668469	Click to see CC(=CC(C)(C)C(C1=CC(=O)C2=C(C=CC(=C2C1=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=C)C	370.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
((1R)-1-(5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4-Dioxonaphthalen-2-Yl)-4-Methylpent-3-Enyl) Propanoate	153984	Click to see	344.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(+-)-Shikonin	5208	Click to see	288.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.19.233 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959718 https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010599W
(2-Methylbutyryl)shikonin	10429346	Click to see	372.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010599W
(R)-Alpha-Methylbutyryl Alkannin	21603524	Click to see	372.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010599W
(S)-alpha-Methylbutyryl alkannin	637472	Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC(CC=C(C)C)C1=CC(=O)C2=C(C=CC(=C2C1=O)O)O	372.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010599W
[1-(5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4-dioxonaphthalen-2-yl)-4-methylpent-3-enyl] 3,4-dimethylpent-3-enoate	5321814	Click to see CC(=CCC(C1=CC(=O)C2=C(C=CC(=C2C1=O)O)O)OC(=O)CC(=C(C)C)C)C	398.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959718
[3,5,5,5-Tetradeuterio-1-(5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-dioxonaphthalen-2-yl)-4-(trideuteriomethyl)pent-3-enyl] acetate	131674214	Click to see	337.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959718 https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.19.233
1,4-Naphthoquinone	8530	Click to see C1=CC=C2C(=O)C=CC(=O)C2=C1	158.15	unknown	via CMAUP database
2-[(6Z)-2,9-dimethyldeca-2,6,8-trien-5-yl]-5,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione	5318957	Click to see	352.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
2-Methyl-n-butyrylshikonin	101409383	Click to see	386.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Acetylalkannin	9967285	Click to see	330.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010599W
Acetylshikonin	32464	Click to see CC(=CCC(C1=CC(=O)C2=C(C=CC(=C2C1=O)O)O)OC(=O)C)C	330.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010599W https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959718
Acetylshikonin	479501	Click to see	330.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010599W https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959718
Alkannin	72521	Click to see	288.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1218(83)90182-9 https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.19.233 https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010599W
Alkannin beta,beta-dimethylacrylate	442720	Click to see CC(=CCC(C1=CC(=O)C2=C(C=CC(=C2C1=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=C(C)C)C	370.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010599W
alpha-Methyl-n-butylshikonin	139246677	Click to see CCCCC1(C(C(=O)C2=C(C=CC(=C2C1=O)O)O)C)C(CC=C(C)C)O	360.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.19.233
Anhydroalkannin	101626182	Click to see CC(=CC=CC1=CC(=O)C2=C(C=CC(=C2C1=O)O)O)C	270.28	unknown	via CMAUP database
Arnebin I	32465	Click to see	370.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010599W https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959718
beta-Acetoxyisovalerylshikonin	69295815	Click to see	430.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Beta-Hydroxyisovalerylshikonin	479502	Click to see	388.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
beta,beta-Dimethylacrylshikonin	479499	Click to see CC(=CCC(C1=CC(=O)C2=C(C=CC(=C2C1=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=C(C)C)C	370.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959718
Butanoic acid, 3-(acetyloxy)-3-methyl-, 1-(1,4-dihydro-5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-dioxo-2-naphthalenyl)-4-methyl-3-pentenyl ester, (S)-	155245	Click to see	430.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Bvryltbigiaadd-uhfffaoysa-	269324	Click to see	358.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010599W
Deoxyshikonin	98914	Click to see CC(=CCCC1=CC(=O)C2=C(C=CC(=C2C1=O)O)O)C	272.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.19.233
Echinone	157629	Click to see	344.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Isobutylalkannin	5318520	Click to see	358.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010599W
Isobutyrylshikonin	479500	Click to see	358.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Isovalerylalkannin	5318685	Click to see CC(C)CC(=O)OC(CC=C(C)C)C1=CC(=O)C2=C(C=CC(=C2C1=O)O)O	372.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010599W
Isovalerylshikonin	335426	Click to see	372.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010599W
Isovalerylshikonin	479497	Click to see CC(C)CC(=O)OC(CC=C(C)C)C1=CC(=O)C2=C(C=CC(=C2C1=O)O)O	372.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Shikonin	479503	Click to see	288.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.19.233 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959718 https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010599W
Teracrylshikonin	15931504	Click to see	398.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959718
> Benzenoids / Phenanthrenes and derivatives
Phenanthrene	995	Click to see C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C=CC3=CC=CC=C32	178.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Phenol ethers / Anisoles
Anethole	637563	Click to see	148.20	unknown	via CMAUP database
Anethole, (Z)-	1549040	Click to see CC=CC1=CC=C(C=C1)OC	148.20	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Benzenediols / Hydroquinones
[(1R)-1-[5-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)furan-3-yl]-4-methylpent-3-enyl] (2R)-2-methylbutanoate	162879130	Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC(CC=C(C)C)C1=COC(=C1)C2=C(C=CC(=C2)O)O	358.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.2956
[(1R)-1-[5-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)furan-3-yl]-4-methylpent-3-enyl] 3-methylbutanoate	163019972	Click to see	358.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.2956
Ethyl 9-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)nonanoate	91544169	Click to see	294.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10286021003743861
Shikonofuran B	5321287	Click to see	358.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(00)88147-2 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.2956
Shikonofuran C	5321288	Click to see	358.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.2956 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(00)88147-2
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Methoxyphenols
Eugenol	3314	Click to see	164.20	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Hydrocarbons / Polycyclic hydrocarbons
African-5-ene	91750055	Click to see	204.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Aryltetralin lignans
(2R)-2-[(1R,2S)-3-[(1R)-1-carboxylato-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]carbonyl-1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-2-carbonyl]oxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate	5320234	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1CC(C(=O)[O-])OC(=O)C2C(C3=CC(=C(C=C3C=C2C(=O)OC(CC4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)C(=O)[O-])O)O)C5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O	716.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
(2R)-2-[(1R)-3-[(1R)-1-carboxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]carbonyl-1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-2-carbonyl]oxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid	5316938	Click to see	718.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50117A007
Hiv-IN-8	472056	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1CC(C(=O)O)OC(=O)C2C(C3=CC(=C(C=C3C=C2C(=O)OC(CC4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)C(=O)O)O)O)C5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O	718.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50117A007
Rabdosiin	471121	Click to see	718.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-894X(95)00138-J https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(90)85204-S
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Lignan glycosides
(2R)-2-[(1R)-3-[(1R)-1-carboxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]carbonyl-1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-6-hydroxy-7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-2-carbonyl]oxy-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid	44575680	Click to see	880.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50117A007
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acid esters
(S)-Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate	6429107	Click to see	130.18	unknown	via CMAUP database
Ethyl 2-methylbutyrate	24020	Click to see	130.18	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acid esters / Fatty acid methyl esters
Methyl Decanoate	8050	Click to see	186.29	unknown	via CMAUP database
Methyl elaidate	5280590	Click to see	296.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Methyl heptanoate	7826	Click to see CCCCCCC(=O)OC	144.21	unknown	via CMAUP database
Methyl hexanoate	7824	Click to see CCCCCC(=O)OC	130.18	unknown	via CMAUP database
Methyl Oleate	5364509	Click to see	296.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Methyl Palmitate	8181	Click to see	270.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Methyl palmitoleate	643801	Click to see	268.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Methyl Stearate	8201	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC	298.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Methyl Tetradecanoate	31284	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC	242.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Branched fatty acids / Methyl-branched fatty acids
(R)-2-Methylbutanoic acid	6950479	Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)O	102.13	unknown	via CMAUP database
(S)-2-methylbutanoic acid	448893	Click to see	102.13	unknown	via CMAUP database
2-Ethyl-2-methylbutanoate	21434475	Click to see CCC(C)(CC)C(=O)[O-]	129.18	unknown	via CMAUP database
2-Methylbutanoic Acid	8314	Click to see	102.13	unknown	via CMAUP database
2,3-Dimethylacrylic acid, (E)-	125468	Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)O	100.12	unknown	via CMAUP database
2,3-Dimethylacrylic acid, (Z)-	643915	Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)O	100.12	unknown	via CMAUP database
Isovaleric Acid	10430	Click to see	102.13	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Long-chain fatty acids
Palmitic Acid	985	Click to see	256.42	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Medium-chain fatty acids
2-Methylhexanoate	22173957	Click to see CCCCC(C)C(=O)[O-]	129.18	unknown	via CMAUP database
Capric Acid	2969	Click to see CCCCCCCCCC(=O)O	172.26	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Straight chain fatty acids
Pentanoic Acid	7991	Click to see	102.13	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Lineolic acids and derivatives
CID 5462988	5462988	Click to see CCCCCC=CCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC	294.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Methyl 9,12-octadecadienoate	8203	Click to see	294.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Methyl linoleate	5284421	Click to see	294.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Methyl linolelaidate	5362793	Click to see CCCCCC=CCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC	294.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Methyl Linolenate	5319706	Click to see	292.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Hopanoids
(5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13aS,13bR)-5a,5b,8,8,11a,13b-hexamethyl-3-propan-2-yl-2,4,5,6,7,7a,10,11,11b,12,13,13a-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-one	21603525	Click to see	424.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010599W
5a,5b,8,8,11a,13b-hexamethyl-3-propan-2-yl-2,4,5,6,7,7a,10,11,11b,12,13,13a-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-one	12310628	Click to see	424.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010599W
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Aromatic monoterpenoids
P-Cymene	7463	Click to see	134.22	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Bicyclic monoterpenoids
(-)-(1S,4S)-Borneol	6850744	Click to see CC1(C2CCC1(C(C2)O)C)C	154.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
(-)-3-Carene	442461	Click to see CC1=CCC2C(C1)C2(C)C	136.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
(+)-3-Carene	443156	Click to see	136.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1R,2R,5S)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-3-one	10329459	Click to see CC1C2CC(C2(C)C)CC1=O	152.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10286021003743861
(1R,2S,4S)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo(2.2.1)heptan-2-ol	10492	Click to see	154.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1R,4S)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol	12242824	Click to see	154.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1R)-Camphor	230921	Click to see	152.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1S,2S)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol	12242815	Click to see CC1(C2CCC1(C(C2)O)C)C	154.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
(5R,8R)-8-ethenyl-2,3-dimethoxy-8-methyl-5-prop-1-en-2-yl-6,7-dihydro-5H-naphthalene-1,4-dione	163052493	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC(C2=C1C(=O)C(=C(C2=O)OC)OC)(C)C=C	302.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(01)81620-8 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.2962
3-Carene	26049	Click to see CC1=CCC2C(C1)C2(C)C	136.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
5-Ethenyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-8-(1-methylethenyl)-1,4-naphthalenedione	135906	Click to see	302.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(01)81620-8 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.2962 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.2956 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(00)88147-2
Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol, 1,7,7-trimethyl-, exo-	439569	Click to see CC1(C2CCC1(C(C2)O)C)C	154.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
Borneol	64685	Click to see	154.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
Borneol, (-)-	1201518	Click to see CC1(C2CCC1(C(C2)O)C)C	154.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
Camphor	2537	Click to see	152.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
Camphor, (-)-	444294	Click to see	152.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
Camphor, (1S)-	10050	Click to see	152.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
CID 44630107	44630107	Click to see CC1(C2CCC1(C(C2)O)C)C	154.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
D-Borneol	6552009	Click to see	154.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
D-Camphor	159055	Click to see	152.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
Npc189036	10049	Click to see	154.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
Npc308218	439568	Click to see	154.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
Npc54264	9543187	Click to see	152.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
Sumatra camphor	657014	Click to see CC1(C2CCC1(C(C2)O)C)C	154.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Quinone and hydroquinone lipids / Prenylquinones
Echinofuran B	13850221	Click to see CC(=CCCC1=COC(=C1)C2=CC(=O)C=CC2=O)C	256.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Quinone and hydroquinone lipids / Prenylquinones / Ubiquinones
5-[(2E,6Z,7Z)-6-ethylidene-2-methylnona-2,7-dienyl]-2,3-dimethoxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione	5320195	Click to see CC=CC(=CC)CCC=C(C)CC1=CC(=O)C(=C(C1=O)OC)OC	330.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(01)81620-8 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.2962
5-[(E)-5-(furan-3-yl)-2-methylpent-2-enyl]-2,3-dimethoxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione	6505036	Click to see	316.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(01)81620-8
5-[5-(Furan-3-yl)-2-methylpent-2-enyl]-2,3-dimethoxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione	125243	Click to see CC(=CCCC1=COC=C1)CC2=CC(=O)C(=C(C2=O)OC)OC	316.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(01)81620-8 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.2962
Arnebifuranone	6438590	Click to see	316.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(01)81620-8 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.2962
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
(1R,4R,5R,9S)-4,5-epoxycaryophyllan-8(13)-ene	1742211	Click to see	220.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
(Z)-caryophyllene	6429301	Click to see	204.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
4,11,11-Trimethyl-8-methylene-5-oxatricyclo(8.2.0.0(4,6))dodecane, (1R,4R,6R,10S)-	6604672	Click to see CC1(CC2C1CCC3(C(O3)CCC2=C)C)C	220.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
4,12,12-Trimethyl-9-methylene-5-oxatricyclo(8.2.0.04,6)dodecane	14350	Click to see	220.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
Caryophyllene	5281515	Click to see CC1=CCCC(=C)C2CC(C2CC1)(C)C	204.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
Caryophyllene oxide	1742210	Click to see	220.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
Caryophyllene,alpha + beta mixt.	5354499	Click to see	204.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
I2-Ionone	638014	Click to see	192.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
Naphthalene, decahydro-4a-methyl-1-methylene-7-(1-methylethylidene)-, (4aR-trans)-	6432497	Click to see CC(=C1CCC2(CCCC(=C)C2C1)C)C	204.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
Npc16157	13240188	Click to see	220.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
Npc294136	14757966	Click to see	204.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
Selina-4(15),7(11)-diene	10655819	Click to see CC(=C1CCC2(CCCC(=C)C2C1)C)C	204.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Eudesmane, isoeudesmane or cycloeudesmane sesquiterpenoids
2-Naphthalenemethanol, 1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydro-alpha,alpha,4a,8-tetramethyl-, (2R-(2alpha,4aalpha,8abeta))-	5317269	Click to see	222.37	unknown	via CMAUP database
7-Isopropenyl-4a-methyl-1-methylenedecahydronaphthalene	519361	Click to see	204.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
Beta-Selinene	442393	Click to see	204.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
Npc289143	521242	Click to see	204.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Triquinane sesquiterpenoids / Angular triquinanes
beta-Isocomene	10910652	Click to see CC1CCC2(C13CCCC3(CC2=C)C)C	204.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Quassinoids
(4,16-Dihydroxy-2,6,14,17-tetramethyl-3,11-dioxo-10-oxatetracyclo[7.7.1.02,7.013,17]heptadecan-15-yl) acetate	5321291	Click to see	408.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Tetraterpenoids / Carotenoids / Carotenes
2-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E,19E,21Z)-3,7,12,16,20,24-hexamethylpentacosa-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19,21,23-dodecaenyl]-1,3,3-trimethylcyclohexene	10218186	Click to see	534.90	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
Corosolic acid	6918774	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CC(C(C5(C)C)O)O)C)C)C2C1C)C)C(=O)O	472.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-961439
Tormentic acid	73193	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CC(C(C5(C)C)O)O)C)C)C2C1(C)O)C)C(=O)O	488.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-961439
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Ergostane steroids / Ergosterols and derivatives
17-(5,6-Dimethylhept-3-en-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,9,11,12,15,16,17-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one	622723	Click to see	392.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010599W
Ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one	6441416	Click to see CC(C)C(C)C=CC(C)C1CCC2=C3C=CC4=CC(=O)CCC4(C3CCC12C)C	392.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010599W
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
Stigmast-4-ee-3,6-dione	14308881	Click to see	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010599W
Stigmast-4-ene-3,6-dione	5490007	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC(=O)C4=CC(=O)CCC34C)C)C(C)C	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010599W
> Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues / Pyrimidine nucleosides
Uridine	6029	Click to see	244.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50117A007
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids
Isobutyric Acid	6590	Click to see	88.11	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic acids and derivatives / Peptidomimetics / Depsipeptides / Cyclic depsipeptides
Nostoweipeptin W2	146683676	Click to see	1199.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10286021003743861
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Aldehydes / Aryl-aldehydes
Furfural	7362	Click to see C1=COC(=C1)C=O	96.08	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Aldehydes / Medium-chain aldehydes
Hexanal	6184	Click to see	100.16	unknown	via CMAUP database
Nonanal	31289	Click to see CCCCCCCCC=O	142.24	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Aryl ketones / Aryl alkyl ketones
2-Acetylfuran	14505	Click to see	110.11	unknown	via CMAUP database
2-Acetylpyrrole	14079	Click to see	109.13	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Phenylketones / Alkyl-phenylketones
Paeonol	11092	Click to see CC(=O)C1=C(C=C(C=C1)OC)O	166.17	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Ethers / Alkyl aryl ethers
(4E,8E)-4,8-Dimethyl-2-oxabicyclo(9.3.1)pentadeca-1(15),4,8,11,13-pentaen-12-ol	5281558	Click to see	244.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.2956 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(00)81939-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(01)81620-8
(E,E)-4,8-Dimethyl-2-oxabicyclo(9.3.1)pentadeca-1(15),4,8,11,13-pentaen-12-ol	6439807	Click to see	244.33	unknown	via CMAUP database
4,8-Dimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),4,8,11,13-pentaen-12-ol	135859	Click to see	244.33	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(01)81620-8 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.2956
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Heteroaromatic compounds
2-Pentylfuran	19602	Click to see	138.21	unknown	via CMAUP database
Thiophene	8030	Click to see C1=CSC=C1	84.14	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / 2-arylbenzofuran flavonoids
(+)-Lithospermic acid	6123454	Click to see	538.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
(2S,3S)-4-[(E)-3-[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-3-oxoprop-1-enyl]-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-3-carboxylic acid	95359683	Click to see	538.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
2-((2S,3S)-4-((E)-3-((R)-1-carboxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy)-3-oxoprop-1-enyl)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]furan-3-carbonyloxy)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid	6449855	Click to see	718.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
4-[(E)-3-[(1R)-1-Carboxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-3-oxoprop-1-enyl]-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-3-carboxylic acid	5281302	Click to see	538.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Lithospermic Acid	6441498	Click to see	538.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Salvianolic Acid B	6451084	Click to see	718.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamaldehydes
Cinnamaldehyde	637511	Click to see	132.16	unknown	via CMAUP database
cis-Cinnamaldehyde	6428995	Click to see	132.16	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Coumaric acids and derivatives
(R)-rosmarinate	25245604	Click to see	359.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
2-Propenoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-, octacosyl ester, (E)-; Erythrinasinate B	20981236	Click to see	586.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010599W
Ferulate	54691413	Click to see	193.18	unknown	via CMAUP database
Hexacosyl (E)-ferulate	5318033	Click to see	558.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010599W
Hexacosyl 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	20980932	Click to see	558.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010599W
Octacosyl ferulate	5743442	Click to see	586.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010599W
Octyl 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	54180964	Click to see	306.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10286021003743861
Octyl ferulate	15875260	Click to see	306.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10286021003743861
Rosmarinic Acid	5281792	Click to see	360.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
Tetracosyl 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate	54412038	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)C=CC1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)OC	530.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010599W
Tetracosyl ferulate	14238617	Click to see	530.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010599W
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides
3,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-[(3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one	10434572	Click to see	464.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Macrolides and analogues
(R)-de-O-methyllasioplodin	14562694	Click to see	278.34	unknown	via CMAUP database
14,16-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-3-oxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-2-one	14562693	Click to see	278.34	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(01)81620-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(00)81939-5 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.2956
De-O-Methyllasiodiplodin	14562695	Click to see CC1CCCCCCCC2=C(C(=CC(=C2)O)O)C(=O)O1	278.34	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(01)81620-8 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.2956
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Tannins
[(1R,18R,19R,21S,22S)-6,8,11,12,13-pentahydroxy-3,7,16-trioxo-21,22-bis[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]-2,17,20-trioxatetracyclo[16.3.1.04,9.010,15]docosa-5,8,10,12,14-pentaen-19-yl]methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate	54742219	Click to see	938.70	unknown	via CMAUP database

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Arnebia euchroma

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