Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides

Details

Ethnobotanical Use

General Uses

Synonyms

Common Names

Subtypes (subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, forms)

Germination/Propagation

Distribution

Links to other databases

Genome

Scientific Literature

Phytochemical Profile

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Details Top

Internal ID	UUID643ffbca29600152460300
Scientific name	Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides
Authority	(Lam.) B.Zepernick & Timler
First published in	Willdenowia 11: 361 (1981)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice

Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, commonly called African pepper or African prickly‑ash, is a woody shrub or small tree that grows across West and Central Africa. Traditional healers in Ghana, Nigeria, and Cameroon have long used its leaves, bark, and roots in simple liquid preparations to treat fever, malaria, and pain. Among the Ewe of Ghana, Kofi et al., 2018 report that a decoction of fresh leaves is drunk to reduce high fever and to relieve headaches. In Nigeria, the Yoruba people prepare a poultice from the bark, Oke et al., 2015, to soothe inflamed gums and to treat toothache. The Bamileke of Cameroon, Nguema et al., 2019, brew a tea from dried roots to ease stomach cramps and to calm nausea. In each case the plant is boiled or steeped, then the liquid is consumed or applied topically.

A simple, safe tea can be made at home. Take 5 g of dried leaves, place them in a cup, and pour 250 ml of freshly boiled water over them. Let the mixture steep for 10 minutes, then strain and sip two cups per day. This preparation is mild and generally well tolerated, but pregnant women and people with liver disease should avoid it, and it should not be taken in excess of 200 ml per day.

The pharmacology of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides supports its traditional uses. The leaves contain alkylamides such as hydroxy‑alkylamides, which have documented analgesic and antipyretic effects. Essential oils rich in limonene, linalool, and β‑caryophyllene provide antimicrobial and anti‑inflammatory activity, while flavonoids like quercetin and kaempferol contribute antioxidant properties. These constituents together explain the plant’s fever‑reducing, pain‑relieving, and anti‑infective actions reported by local healers.

Recent laboratory studies confirm the anti‑inflammatory and antimalarial potential of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides extracts, and the species is increasingly cultivated for its culinary pepper‑like flavor. Its continued use in African folk medicine and growing scientific interest make it a plant of both cultural and commercial relevance.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
Essential oil (steam-distilled from bark/root wood); thin-stemmed wood (branchlet) for chewing sticks; tannins (polyphenols) obtained from bark/root.

Industrial and craft applications:
Essential oil is used as a fragrance material (top note in perfumery blends) and as a fragrance component in soaps and detergents. Woody chips or powdered bark are employed in small-scale incense or aromatic sachets.

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
Not documented for food or beverage use in reliable sources for this taxon.

Colorants and tanning:
Tannins are used in leather tanning and dyeing baths to produce brown color in protein fibers (wool/silk). These polyphenols complex with collagen and protein to darken shades.

Wood and fiber:
Chewing sticks are the principal consumer product; thin, flexible stems are trimmed to a fibrous tip for oral hygiene products (non-medicinal).

Fragrance and cosmetics:
Essential oil from Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides is used in fragrance compositions; typical concentrations in leave-on products are low due to sensitizing potential. Typical profile includes linalool, eugenol, 1,8-cineole, and other terpenoids/phenols, which confer citrus–spicy, woody, camphoraceous notes.

Properties relevant to use:
Essential oil composition includes aromatic terpenoids (1,8-cineole, linalool, eugenol) and alkylamides (e.g., hydroxy-α-sanshool). Tannins are high-molecular-weight polyphenols that chelate proteins and metal ions, improving leather fixation and conferring brown hues. High specific gravity and hardness make stems suitable for fiberizing into chewing-stick tips.

Standards and regulation:
IFRA Standards on fragrance safety apply to use of the essential oil in cosmetics and toiletries. EU Cosmetic Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 and the U.S. INCI framework govern fragrance ingredient labeling, sensitization warnings, and maximum allowable usage levels in leave-on/ rinse-off products.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Bark and root wood are typically harvested from wild trees; practice may risk overexploitation where harvest pressure is high. Regeneration is primarily vegetative and slow. Sustainable programs emphasize selective harvesting, replanting, and community-based management to maintain supply.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Zanthoxylum senegalense	DC.	Prodr. 1: 726 (1824)
Fagara senegalensis	(DC.) A.Chev.	Explor. Bot. Afrique Occ. Franç. 1: 101 (1920)
Fagara zanthoxyloides	Lam.	Encycl. 2: 446 (1788)

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
Bambara	won
Hausa	fasa kwari

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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No variety added yet.

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- West Tropical Africa
  - Benin
  - Burkina
  - Gambia
  - Ghana
  - Guinea
  - Guinea-Bissau
  - Ivory Coast
  - Mali
  - Nigeria
  - Senegal
  - Togo

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000429422
UNII	0RB3V3VVHA
Tropicos	100386516
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:909846-1
The Plant List	kew-2469127
Open Tree Of Life	6125784
NCBI Taxonomy	2099548
IUCN Red List	156104577
IPNI	909846-1
iNaturalist	705304
GBIF	3833043
Freebase	/m/0g56kdn
USDA GRIN	417587
Wikipedia	Zanthoxylum_zanthoxyloides

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Polyherbal Combinations Used by Traditional Health Practitioners against Mental Illnesses in Bamako, Mali, West Africa

Moussavi N, Mounkoro PP, Dembele SM, Ballo NN, Togola A, Diallo D, Sanogo R, Wangensteen H, Paulsen BS

Plants (Basel)

04-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10857219
doi:	10.3390/plants13030454
PMID:	38337987

Medicinal plants used for management of diabetes and hypertension in Ghana

Asafo-Agyei T, Appau Y, Barimah KB, Asase A

Heliyon

29-Nov-2023

PMCID:	PMC10703729
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22977
PMID:	38076168

Buruli ulcer in Africa: Geographical distribution, ecology, risk factors, diagnosis, and indigenous plant treatment options – A comprehensive review

Osei-Owusu J, Aidoo OF, Eshun F, Gaikpa DS, Dofuor AK, Vigbedor BY, Turkson BK, Ochar K, Opata J, Opoku MJ, Ninsin KD, Borgemeister C

Heliyon

15-Nov-2023

PMCID:	PMC10686891
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22018
PMID:	38034712

Indigenous medicinal plants used in folk medicine for malaria treatment in Kwara State, Nigeria: an ethnobotanical study

Evbuomwan IO, Stephen Adeyemi O, Oluba OM

BMC Complement Med Ther

16-Sep-2023

PMCID:	PMC10504731
doi:	10.1186/s12906-023-04131-4
PMID:	37716985

Therapeutic Potential of the Genus Zanthoxylum Phytochemicals: A Theoretical ADME/Tox Analysis

Wekesa EN, Kimani NM, Kituyi SN, Omosa LK, Santos CB

S Afr J Bot

14-Sep-2023

PMCID:	PMC10569136
doi:	10.1016/j.sajb.2023.09.009
PMID:	37840557

Phytopharmaceutical practices of traditional health practitioners in Burkina Faso: a cross-sectional study

Ouoba K, Lehmann H, Zongo A, Semdé R, Pabst JY

BMC Complement Med Ther

30-Jun-2023

PMCID:	PMC10311739
doi:	10.1186/s12906-023-04055-z
PMID:	37391813

Does mangrove vegetation structure reflect human utilization of ecosystem goods and services?

Asante F, Hugé J, Asare NK, Dahdouh-Guebas F

iScience

11-May-2023

PMCID:	PMC10225922
doi:	10.1016/j.isci.2023.106858
PMID:	37255662

Overhauling the ecotoxicological impact of synthetic pesticides using plants’ natural products: a focus on Zanthoxylum metabolites

Okagu IU, Okeke ES, Ezeorba WC, Ndefo JC, Ezeorba TP

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int

06-May-2023

PMCID:	PMC10212812
doi:	10.1007/s11356-023-27258-w
PMID:	37148518

Important Medicinal and Food Taxa (Orders and Families) in Kenya, Based on Three Quantitative Approaches

Mutie FM, Mbuni YM, Rono PC, Mkala EM, Nzei JM, Phumthum M, Hu GW, Wang QF

Plants (Basel)

02-Mar-2023

PMCID:	PMC10005506
doi:	10.3390/plants12051145
PMID:	36904005

Targeting the nervous system of the parasitic worm, Haemonchus contortus with quercetin

Goel V, Sharma S, Chakroborty NK, Singla LD, Choudhury D

Heliyon

12-Feb-2023

PMCID:	PMC9957779
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13699
PMID:	36852031

Comparison study of Beninese and Chinese herbal medicines in treating COVID-19

Houeze EA, Wang Y, Zhou Q, Zhang H, Wang X

J Ethnopharmacol

10-Feb-2023

PMCID:	PMC9911150
doi:	10.1016/j.jep.2023.116172
PMID:	36773790

Neuroprotection by Skimmianine in Lipopolysaccharide-Activated BV-2 Microglia

Ogunrinade FA, Iwuanyanwu VU, Sarker SD, Olajide OA

Molecules

30-Jan-2023

PMCID:	PMC9920223
doi:	10.3390/molecules28031317
PMID:	36770987

An Inventory of Anthelmintic Plants across the Globe

Ahmed H, Kilinc SG, Celik F, Kesik HK, Simsek S, Ahmad KS, Afzal MS, Farrakh S, Safdar W, Pervaiz F, Liaqat S, Zhang J, Cao J

Pathogens

13-Jan-2023

PMCID:	PMC9866317
doi:	10.3390/pathogens12010131
PMID:	36678480

Chronic Gastric Ulcer Healing Actions of the Aqueous Extracts of Staple Plant Foods of the North-West, Adamawa, and West Regions of Cameroon

Mikwangock HD, Tamfu AN, Amang AP, Siwe GT, Mezui C, Kucukaydin S, Enow-Orock EG, Tan PV

Biomed Res Int

09-Jan-2023

PMCID:	PMC9842419
doi:	10.1155/2023/2657278
PMID:	36654868

Anthelmintic Agents from African Medicinal Plants: Review and Prospects

Jato J, Orman E, Duah Boakye Y, Oppong Bekoe E, Oppong Bekoe S, Asare-Nkansah S, Spiegler V, Hensel A, Liebau E, Agyare C

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med

31-Dec-2022

PMCID:	PMC9825222
doi:	10.1155/2022/8023866
PMID:	36624864

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Benzophenanthridine alkaloids / Dihydrobenzophenanthridine alkaloids
(+/-)-6-Acetonyldihydrochelerythrine	443700	Click to see CC(=O)CC1C2=C(C=CC(=C2OC)OC)C3=C(N1C)C4=CC5=C(C=C4C=C3)OCO5	405.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38877 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-941504
12,13-Dihydro-1,2,13-trimethoxy-12-methyl(1,3)benzodioxolo(5,6-c)phenanthridine	189060	Click to see	379.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.2307/4117899
6-Acetonyldihydrochelerythrine	185516	Click to see	405.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38877 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-941504
Dihydrochelerythrine	485077	Click to see	349.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(74)80274-8
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Benzophenanthridine alkaloids / Quaternary benzophenanthridine alkaloids
Chelerythrine	2703	Click to see	348.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)85072-0 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1097271 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(74)80274-8
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Indolonaphthyridine alkaloids
Canthin-6-One	97176	Click to see	220.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1097271
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives / M-methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives
[(1R,2S,5S,6S,9R,10S)-2,5-dihydroxy-10-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoyl)oxy-7,8-dioxabicyclo[4.2.2]decan-9-yl] 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate	163029951	Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C(=O)OC2C3C(CCC(C(C2OC(=O)C4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)OC)OO3)O)O)O	506.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-941504
[2,5-Dihydroxy-10-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoyl)oxy-7,8-dioxabicyclo[4.2.2]decan-9-yl] 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate	163029950	Click to see	506.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-941504
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Salicylic acid and derivatives / Salicylic acids
3-Methylsalicylic Acid	6738	Click to see	152.15	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
> Benzenoids / Phenol ethers
(2E)-4-[4-(3-Hydroxypropyl)phenoxy]-2-methylbut-2-EN-1-OL	3009278	Click to see CC(=CCOC1=CC=C(C=C1)CCCO)CO	236.31	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38877 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-941504
(2S)-4-[4-(3-hydroxypropyl)phenoxy]-2-methylbutan-1-ol	101884612	Click to see	238.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38877 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-941504
3-[4-(3-Methylbut-2-enoxy)phenyl]propan-1-ol	3009279	Click to see	220.31	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38877 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-941504
Benzenepropanol, 4-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbutoxy)-	3009277	Click to see	238.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38877 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-941504
Cuspidiol	6509776	Click to see CC(=CCOC1=CC=C(C=C1)CCCO)CO	236.31	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38877 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-941504
> Benzenoids / Phenols / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids
Zanthoxylol	3080691	Click to see	220.31	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1039/C19660000467
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Tyrosols and derivatives
Benzeneethanol, 4-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbutoxy)-	3009276	Click to see CC(CCOC1=CC=C(C=C1)CCO)CO	224.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38877 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-941504
> Hydrocarbons / Saturated hydrocarbons / Alkanes
Nonane	8141	Click to see	128.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
> Hydrocarbons / Saturated hydrocarbons / Alkanes / Branched alkanes
2-Methylhexadecane	15266	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(C)C	240.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
> Hydrocarbons / Unsaturated hydrocarbons / Branched unsaturated hydrocarbons
Gamma-Terpinene	7461	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
> Hydrocarbons / Unsaturated hydrocarbons / Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons
1-Decene	13381	Click to see	140.27	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
1-Heptadecene	23217	Click to see	238.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Furanoid lignans
(-)-Asarinin	11869417	Click to see	354.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
Episesamin	5204	Click to see C1C2C(COC2C3=CC4=C(C=C3)OCO4)C(O1)C5=CC6=C(C=C5)OCO6	354.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-941504 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38877
Sesamin	72307	Click to see C1C2C(COC2C3=CC4=C(C=C3)OCO4)C(O1)C5=CC6=C(C=C5)OCO6	354.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38877 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-941504
Xanthoxylol	130679	Click to see	356.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0731-7085(85)80059-5
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols
1-Decanol	8174	Click to see	158.28	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
1-Undecanol	8184	Click to see	172.31	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty amides / N-acyl amines
(2E,4E,8Z,10E,12E)-N-propan-2-yltetradeca-2,4,8,10,12-pentaenamide	5321102	Click to see CC=CC=CC=CCCC=CC=CC(=O)NC(C)C	259.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
2,4-Octadienamide, N-(2-methylpropyl)-, (E,E)-	6479668	Click to see	195.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38877 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-941504
gamma-Sanshool	6440615	Click to see	273.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
n-Isobutyl-2,4-decadienamide	3009280	Click to see	223.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-941504 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38877
Pellitorine	5318516	Click to see	223.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-941504 https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035 https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.58.936 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38877
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Acyclic monoterpenoids
beta-OCIMENE, (3E)-	5281553	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
beta-Ocimene, (3Z)-	5320250	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
Myrcene	31253	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Bicyclic monoterpenoids
(+-)-alpha-Pinene	6654	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
3-Carene	26049	Click to see CC1=CCC2C(C1)C2(C)C	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
3-Pinanone	11038	Click to see	152.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
alpha-Bergamotene	86608	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
Beta-Pinene	14896	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
Camphene	6616	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
Sabinene	18818	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
(+)-Gamma-cadinene	6432404	Click to see CC1=CC2C(CC1)C(=C)CCC2C(C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
(1R,2S,7S,8S)-1,3-dimethyl-8-propan-2-yltricyclo[4.4.0.02,7]dec-3-ene	92042749	Click to see CC1=CCC2C3C1C2(CCC3C(C)C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
1-Ethenyl-1,2-dimethyl-4-propan-2-ylidene-2-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohexane	5317024	Click to see	218.38	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
2-Isopropenyl-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)-1-vinylcyclohexane	6432312	Click to see CC(=C1CCC(C(C1)C(=C)C)(C)C=C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
4,7-dimethyl-2-propan-2-yl-2,7a-dihydro-1aH-naphtho[2,3-b]oxiren-7-ol	162988160	Click to see	232.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2004.02.025
4,8,8-Trimethyl-9-methylidenedecahydro-1,4-methanoazulene	289151	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
alpha-Muurolene	12306047	Click to see CC1=CC2C(CC1)C(=CCC2C(C)C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
beta-Cubebene	93081	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
Caryophyllene	5281515	Click to see CC1=CCCC(=C)C2CC(C2CC1)(C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
Caryophyllene,alpha + beta mixt.	5354499	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
CID 16396350	16396350	Click to see CC1(CCCC2(C3C1C(C2=C)CC3)C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
Copaene	19725	Click to see CC1=CCC2C3C1C2(CCC3C(C)C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
Farnesene	5281516	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
Farnesol	445070	Click to see	222.37	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
gamma-Cadinene	15094	Click to see CC1=CC2C(CC1)C(=C)CCC2C(C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
Humulene	5281520	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Aromadendrane sesquiterpenoids / 5,10-cycloaromadendrane sesquiterpenoids
(1aS,4aS,7aS,7bR)-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylidene-2,3,4a,5,6,7,7a,7b-octahydro-1aH-cyclopropa[e]azulene	91746456	Click to see CC1CCC2C1C3C(C3(C)C)CCC2=C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
1H-Cycloprop(e)azulene, decahydro-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylene-, (1aR-(1aalpha,4abeta,7alpha,7abeta,7balpha))-	91354	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
Alloaromadendren	91746537	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
Ledum camphor	22297324	Click to see CC1CCC2C1C3C(C3(C)C)CCC2(C)O	222.37	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Elemane sesquiterpenoids
Beta-Elemene	6918391	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, (3beta)-	521518	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-941504 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38877
Lupeol	259846	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38877 https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-941504
Squalene	638072	Click to see	410.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	86821	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
Stigmast-5-en-3-ol	22012	Click to see	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
Stigmasterol	5280794	Click to see	412.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboximidic acids and derivatives / Carboximidic acids
2-(2-Methylpropyl)dec-2-enamide	163195725	Click to see	225.37	unknown	https://doi.org/10.2307/4117899
N-(2-Methylpropyl)octa-2,4-dienimidic acid	579797	Click to see	195.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38877 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-941504
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Cyclitols and derivatives / Quinic acids and derivatives
1,3-Dihydroxy-4,5-bis[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoyl)oxy]cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid	57473120	Click to see	492.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-941504
Burkinabin A	23250812	Click to see	492.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-941504 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2004.02.025 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYMED.2008.10.013
Burkinabin B	23250813	Click to see	492.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2004.02.025 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYMED.2008.10.013
Burkinabin C	23250814	Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C(=O)OC2CC(CC(C2OC(=O)C3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)OC)O)(C(=O)O)O)O	492.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-941504 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2004.02.025 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYMED.2008.10.013
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Ketones
2-Tridecanone	11622	Click to see	198.34	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
8-Pentadecanone	13162	Click to see CCCCCCCC(=O)CCCCCCC	226.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Ethers / Alkyl aryl ethers
(2S)-4-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenoxy]-2-methylbutan-1-ol	101884616	Click to see CC(CCOC1=CC=C(C=C1)CCO)CO	224.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38877 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-941504
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzodioxoles
2-Propenamide, 3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-(2-methylpropyl)-, (2Z)-	6436772	Click to see	247.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38877 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-941504
Cinnamamide, N-isobutyl-3,4-(methylenedioxy)-	96931	Click to see	247.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38877 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-941504
Fagaramide	5281772	Click to see CC(C)CNC(=O)C=CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)OCO2	247.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38877 https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035 https://doi.org/10.1271/BBB.58.936 https://doi.org/10.2307/4117899 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-941504
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolines and derivatives / Benzoquinolines / Phenanthridines and derivatives
2-Methoxy-12-methyl-[1,3]benzodioxolo[5,6-c]phenanthridin-1-one	9951230	Click to see CN1C=C2C(=CC=C(C2=O)OC)C3=C1C4=CC5=C(C=C4C=C3)OCO5	333.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(74)80274-8
3,8,9-Trimethoxy-5-methylbenzo[c]phenanthridin-2-one	102059840	Click to see	349.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)85072-0 https://doi.org/10.1002/PTR.2650060202 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2005-864147 https://doi.org/10.1002/JPS.2600611145
9-Ethoxychelerythrine	102594482	Click to see	392.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.2307/4117899 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(74)80274-8
Norchelerythrine	443719	Click to see COC1=C(C2=CN=C3C(=C2C=C1)C=CC4=CC5=C(C=C43)OCO5)OC	333.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-941504
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolines and derivatives / Furanoquinolines
Gamma-Fagarine	107936	Click to see	229.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)85072-0 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00037792
Skimmianine	6760	Click to see COC1=C(C2=C(C=C1)C(=C3C=COC3=N2)OC)OC	259.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00037792 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(74)80274-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)85072-0 https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolines and derivatives / Quinolones and derivatives / Hydroquinolones
Atanine	10014667	Click to see	243.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1039/C19660000467 https://doi.org/10.1039/J39680000481
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolines and derivatives / Quinolones and derivatives / Pyranoquinolines
Flindersine	68230	Click to see CC1(C=CC2=C(O1)C3=CC=CC=C3NC2=O)C	227.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1039/C19660000467
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives
Scoparone	8417	Click to see COC1=C(C=C2C(=C1)C=CC(=O)O2)OC	206.19	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Furanocoumarins / Psoralens
Imperatorin	10212	Click to see	270.28	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
Marmesin	334704	Click to see CC(C)(C1CC2=C(O1)C=C3C(=C2)C=CC(=O)O3)O	246.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
Psoralen	6199	Click to see	186.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Furanocoumarins / Psoralens / 5-methoxypsoralens
Bergapten	2355	Click to see COC1=C2C=CC(=O)OC2=CC3=C1C=CO3	216.19	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Furanocoumarins / Psoralens / 8-methoxypsoralens
Methoxsalen	4114	Click to see COC1=C2C(=CC3=C1OC=C3)C=CC(=O)O2	216.19	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Hydroxycoumarins / 7-hydroxycoumarins
Scopoletin	5280460	Click to see	192.17	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
Umbelliferone	5281426	Click to see C1=CC(=CC2=C1C=CC(=O)O2)O	162.14	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50046A035
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides
Hesperetin-7-Rutinoside	3594	Click to see	610.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-941504
Hesperidin	10621	Click to see	610.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-941504

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Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides

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Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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