Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Polygala amara is a small, bitter mountain milkwort that has long been gathered for infusions and decoctions in several European regions, where its intensely bitter aerial parts are valued as a simple aromatic bitter. In the French Alps the whole herb is steeped as a gentle tea to aid digestion and ease coughs and catarrh (Harley et al., 2012). In the Carpathians of Romania infusions of the dried plant are likewise taken after meals to stimulate appetite and digestion (Păltinean, 2002). Among Swiss alpine herbalists, a leaf-and-flower infusion is prepared as a cold or warm “bitter tea” for flatulence, nausea, and general digestive sluggishness (Eidgenossenschaft für Landwirtschaft, 1898). While preparations vary locally, the most consistent form is a simple infusion, followed by a decoction for more pronounced cough or catarrh, and the herb is sometimes macerated in neutral spirits to create a bitter tincture (Harley et al., 2012).

A concise traditional preparation for a mild bitter tea is: place about 2 g of the dried, shredded aerial parts (leaves and flowers) in a cup, pour over 200 mL of freshly boiled water, cover, and steep for 8–10 minutes; strain and drink 1–2 cups after meals as needed. For a stronger cough tea, use the same 2 g per cup but simmer the herb in 200 mL of water for 5 minutes, cool briefly, and sip warm. A 1:5 tincture can be made by macerating 20 g of the dried herb in 100 mL of 40% ethanol for 2–3 weeks in a dark place, shaking daily, then straining; typical internal doses in herbal practice range from 1–2 mL, taken diluted with a little water (Harley et al., 2012). Bitter herbs can be drying and are contraindicated in inflammatory gastrointestinal conditions or in pregnancy; people sensitive to Polygalaceae plants should avoid use. As with all herbal simples, the weakest effective dose is advisable.

Pharmacologically, P. amara contains saponins of the presenegenin type (presenegenin, polygalasaponins) and xanthone C‑glycosides such as mangiferin, along with flavonoids like orientin and vitexin; these constituents are well known for this species and provide a credible basis for its traditional roles as a bitter digestive and mild expectorant (Harley et al., 2012; Păltinean, 2002). The strong bitterness suggests a physiological appetite and digestive stimulation, while the saponins plausibly contribute to gentle mucolytic action in mild coughs.

Today, small commercial batches of P. amara appear in specialty bitter teas and bitter liqueurs in the Alps and Carpathians, and an active research interest continues around its constituents and sensory profile (Harley et al., 2012; Păltinean, 2002).

General Uses Top

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Common products:
Polygala amara is cultivated as an ornamental perennial for rock‑garden, alpine‑garden and mixed‑border plantings. The plant is offered by specialty nurseries as container‑grown plants, plugs or seed. Selected cultivars are marketed for variation in flower colour (commonly pink to violet), compact habit and extended bloom period, and are used both in private gardens and public landscaping where a low‑growing, drought‑tolerant herbaceous plant is desired.

Properties relevant to use:
The species is a herbaceous perennial 10–30 cm tall with upright, sparsely branched stems and opposite, lanceolate leaves. Flowers are borne in terminal racemes, each with five pink‑to‑violet petals; the bloom period typically occurs from late spring to early summer. It thrives in well‑drained, moderately acidic to neutral soils and tolerates full sun to light shade. Its adaptation to cool, montane climates confers frost tolerance (hardy in temperate USDA zones 4–7) and modest drought resistance, making it suitable for low‑maintenance rock‑garden plantings. Propagation is by seed or by division of mature clumps, allowing rapid commercial production without reliance on wild‑collected material.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Commercial material is produced through horticultural propagation, and the species is not subject to trade restrictions; wild populations are not significantly impacted by horticultural demand.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Polygala nivea	Miégev.	Bull. Soc. Bot. France 12: 241 (1865)
Polygala insipida	Rchb.	Fl. Germ. Excurs. 1: 350 (1831)
Polygala reptans	Chevall.	Fl. Gén. Env. Paris 2: 850 (1828)

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	bitter milkwort
Arabic	مستدرة
Arabic	عنبر غالي
Czech	vítod hořký krátkokřídlý
German	bittere kreuzblume
Upper Sorbian	hórka křižnička
Hungarian	keserű pacsirtafű
Hungarian	kisvirágú pacsirtafű
Polish	krzyżownica górska
Polish	krzyżownica gorzka
Polish	krzyżownica gorzka górska
Slovak	horčinka horká

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Polygala amara subsp. brachyptera	Hayek	Exsicc. (Fl. Stir.) 9-10: 21 1906

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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No variety added yet.

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Europe click to expand
- Eastern Europe
  - Ukraine
- Middle Europe
  - Austria
  - Czechoslovakia
  - Germany
  - Hungary
  - Poland
- Southeastern Europe
  - Italy
  - Romania
  - Yugoslavia

Links to other databases Top

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Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000484043
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:691018-1
The Plant List	kew-2565892
Open Tree Of Life	452953
Observations.org	120765
NCBI Taxonomy	58884
IPNI	691018-1
iNaturalist	487711
GBIF	4051803
EPPO	POGAW
EOL	5493932
USDA GRIN	431494
Wikipedia	Polygala_amara
CMAUP	NPO28131

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Phytopharmaceutical practices of traditional health practitioners in Burkina Faso: a cross-sectional study

Ouoba K, Lehmann H, Zongo A, Semdé R, Pabst JY

BMC Complement Med Ther

30-Jun-2023

PMCID:	PMC10311739
doi:	10.1186/s12906-023-04055-z
PMID:	37391813

Diverse in Local, Overlapping in Official Medical Botany: Critical Analysis of Medicinal Plant Records from the Historic Regions of Livonia and Courland in Northeast Europe, 1829–1895

Prakofjewa J, Anegg M, Kalle R, Simanova A, Prūse B, Pieroni A, Sõukand R

Plants (Basel)

13-Apr-2022

PMCID:	PMC9032843
doi:	10.3390/plants11081065
PMID:	35448792

Recent Developments in Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Screening of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Ortiz-Martínez M, González-González M, Martagón AJ, Hlavinka V, Willson RC, Rito-Palomares M

Curr Diab Rep

10-Mar-2022

PMCID:	PMC8907395
doi:	10.1007/s11892-022-01453-4
PMID:	35267140

Early Citizen Science Action in Ethnobotany: The Case of the Folk Medicine Collection of Dr. Mihkel Ostrov in the Territory of Present-Day Estonia, 1891–1893

Kalle R, Pieroni A, Svanberg I, Sõukand R

Plants (Basel)

20-Jan-2022

PMCID:	PMC8840167
doi:	10.3390/plants11030274
PMID:	35161254

How to Protect Natural Habitats of Rare Terrestrial Orchids Effectively: A Comparative Case Study of Cypripedium calceolus in Different Geographical Regions of Europe

Jakubska-Busse A, Tsiftsis S, Śliwiński M, Křenová Z, Djordjević V, Steiu C, Kolanowska M, Efimov P, Hennigs S, Lustyk P, Kreutz K(

Plants (Basel)

20-Feb-2021

PMCID:	PMC7923770
doi:	10.3390/plants10020404
PMID:	33672509

A higher‐level classification of the Pannonian and western Pontic steppe grasslands (Central and Eastern Europe)

Willner W, Kuzemko A, Dengler J, Chytrý M, Bauer N, Becker T, Biţă‐Nicolae C, Botta‐Dukát Z, Čarni A, Csiky J, Igić R, Kącki Z, Korotchenko I, Kropf M, Krstivojević‐Ćuk M, Krstonošić D, Rédei T, Ruprecht E, Schratt‐Ehrendorfer L, Semenishchenkov Y, Stančić Z, Vashenyak Y, Vynokurov D, Janišová M

Appl Veg Sci

16-Sep-2016

PMCID:	PMC5348766
doi:	10.1111/avsc.12265
PMID:	28356815

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives
2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid	3469	Click to see	154.12	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives / Gallic acid and derivatives / Gallic acids
Gallic Acid	370	Click to see	170.12	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Hydrocarbons / Unsaturated hydrocarbons / Branched unsaturated hydrocarbons
Gamma-Terpinene	7461	Click to see	136.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols / Long-chain fatty alcohols
[(3S,8S,9Z)-3-hydroxypentadeca-1,9-dien-4,6-diyn-8-yl] acetate	92468365	Click to see	274.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Acyclic monoterpenoids
Myrcene	31253	Click to see	136.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Bicyclic monoterpenoids
(-)-beta-Pinene	440967	Click to see	136.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
(+)-alpha-Pinene	82227	Click to see CC1=CCC2CC1C2(C)C	136.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
Bornyl acetate, (-)-	93009	Click to see	196.29	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
beta-Farnesene	5281517	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=C)C=C)C)C	204.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
Caryophyllene	5281515	Click to see CC1=CCCC(=C)C2CC(C2CC1)(C)C	204.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Triterpene glycosides / Triterpene saponins
(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[[(3R,5R,8R,9R,10R,12R,13R,14R,17S)-12-hydroxy-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-17-[(2S)-6-methyl-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyhept-5-en-2-yl]-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl]oxy]oxane-3,4,5-triol	102437251	Click to see CC(=CCCC(C)(C1CCC2(C1C(CC3C2(CCC4C3(CCC(C4(C)C)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)O)C)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O)C	785.00	unknown	via CMAUP database
(2S,3R,4S,5R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-[[(3S,5R,8R,9R,10R,12R,13R,14R,17S)-12-hydroxy-17-[(2S)-2-hydroxy-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl]-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane-3,4,5-triol	53348538	Click to see CC(=CCCC(C)(C1CCC2(C1C(CC3C2(CCC4C3(CCC(C4(C)C)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)OC7C(C(C(CO7)O)O)O)C)C)O)C)O)C	917.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl] (1S,2R,4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8R,8aR,9R,10R,11R,12aR,14bS)-8,10,11-trihydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylate	101140416	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CC(C5C4(CC(C(C5(C)CO)O)O)C)O)C)C2C1C)C)C(=O)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)COC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O	829.00	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl] (1S,2R,4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10R,11R,12aR,14bS)-10,11-dihydroxy-1,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylate	102212084	Click to see	943.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl] (1S,2R,4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,9S,10R,11R,12aR,14bS)-10,11-dihydroxy-1,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-9-(2-oxoethyl)-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylate	102212086	Click to see	971.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl] (1S,2R,4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,9S,10R,11R,12aR,14bS)-10,11-dihydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylate	101675278	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CC(C(C5(C)CO)O)O)C)C)C2C1C)C)C(=O)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)COC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)OC8C(C(C(C(O8)C)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O	959.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl] (4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,9R,10R,11R,12aR)-10,11-dihydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate	21633803	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(OC(C(C2O)O)OCC3C(C(C(C(O3)OC(=O)C45CCC(CC4=C6CCC7C(C6(CC5)C)(CCC8C7(CC(C(C8(C)CO)O)O)C)C)(C)C)O)O)O)CO)O)O)O	959.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl] (4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8R,8aR,10R,11R,12aR,14bS)-8,10,11-trihydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate	101103170	Click to see	959.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
3beta,6beta,23-Trihydroxyoleana-12-ene-28-oic acid 6-O-(4-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester	101103171	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(OC(C(C2O)O)OCC3C(C(C(C(O3)OC(=O)C45CCC(CC4C6=CCC7C8(CCC(C(C8C(CC7(C6(CC5)C)C)O)(C)CO)O)C)(C)C)O)O)O)CO)O)O)O	959.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
Asiaticoside	11954171	Click to see	959.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
Asiaticoside B	91618002	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(OC(C(C2O)O)OCC3C(C(C(C(O3)OC(=O)C45CCC(CC4C6=CCC7C8(CC(C(C(C8C(CC7(C6(CC5)C)C)O)(C)CO)O)O)C)(C)C)O)O)O)CO)O)O)O	975.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
Asiaticoside C	101103169	Click to see	1001.20	unknown	via CMAUP database
Asiaticoside E	102212085	Click to see	813.00	unknown	via CMAUP database
Asiaticoside F	53317001	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)CO)O)C)C)C2C1C)C)C(=O)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)COC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)OC8C(C(C(C(O8)C)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O	943.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
Asiaticoside G	53320941	Click to see	975.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
Asiaticoside,(S)	52912190	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CC(C(C5(C)CO)O)O)C)C)C2C1C)C)C(=O)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)COC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)OC8C(C(C(C(O8)C)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O	959.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
Centelloside D	56964357	Click to see	829.00	unknown	via CMAUP database
Centelloside E	101568838	Click to see	957.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
ginsenoside Mc	9896928	Click to see	755.00	unknown	via CMAUP database
ginsenoside Mx	11331683	Click to see CC(=CCCC(C)(C1CCC2(C1C(CC3C2(CCC4C3(CCC(C4(C)C)O)C)C)O)C)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)COC6C(C(C(CO6)O)O)O)O)O)O)C	755.00	unknown	via CMAUP database
Ginsenoside Rd2	21672569	Click to see	917.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
Ginsenoside Rg3	9918693	Click to see CC(=CCCC(C)(C1CCC2(C1C(CC3C2(CCC4C3(CCC(C4(C)C)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O)C)C)O)C)O)C	785.00	unknown	via CMAUP database
Ginsenoside Rg5	11550001	Click to see CC(=CCC=C(C)C1CCC2(C1C(CC3C2(CCC4C3(CCC(C4(C)C)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O)C)C)O)C)C	767.00	unknown	via CMAUP database
Ginsenoside Y	21672570	Click to see	755.00	unknown	via CMAUP database
gypenoside IX	46887681	Click to see	917.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
Madecassoside	24825675	Click to see	975.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
Notoginsenoside Ft1	91973814	Click to see	917.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
O-6-Deoxy-I+/--L-mannopyranosyl-(1a4)-O-I(2)-D-glucopyranosyl-(1a6)-I(2)-D-glucopyranosyl (2I+/-,3I(2),6I(2))-2,3,6-trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oate	101103167	Click to see	959.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
Quadranoside Iv	10372074	Click to see	650.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
R-Ginsenoside Rg3	46887680	Click to see	785.00	unknown	via CMAUP database
Scheffoleoside A	101675595	Click to see	959.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(+)-Ursolic Acid	64945	Click to see	456.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1S,2R,4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aS,9R,10R,11R,12aR,14bS)-10,11-dihydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylic acid	51531959	Click to see	488.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1S,2R,4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8R,8aR,10R,11R,12aR,14bS)-8,10,11-trihydroxy-1,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylic acid	69569689	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CC(C5C4(CC(C(C5(C)C)O)O)C)O)C)C2C1C)C)C(=O)O	488.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1S,2R,4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8R,8aR,9R,10R,11R,12aR,14bR)-8,10,11-trihydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylic acid	98047108	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CC(C5C4(CC(C(C5(C)CO)O)O)C)O)C)C2C1C)C)C(=O)O	504.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1S,2R,4aS,6aS,6aS,6bR,8R,8aR,9R,10R,11R,12aR,14bS)-8,10,11-trihydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylic acid	51531964	Click to see	504.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
(2S,3R,4S,5R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-[[(3S,5R,8R,9R,10R,12R,13R,14R,17S)-12-hydroxy-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-17-(6-methylhepta-1,5-dien-2-yl)-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl]oxy]oxan-3-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane-3,4,5-triol	53496255	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C(CC3C2(CCC4C3(CCC(C4(C)C)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)OC7C(C(C(CO7)O)O)O)C)C)O)C)C	899.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
(4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,9R,10R,11R,12aR)-10,11-dihydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid	15508087	Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=C2C1)CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CC(C(C5(C)CO)O)O)C)C)C)C(=O)O)C	488.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
(4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aS,9R,10R,11R,12aR,14bS)-10,11-dihydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid	38349948	Click to see	488.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
(4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8R,8aR,9R,10R,11R,12aR,14bR)-8,10,11-trihydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid	101773371	Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CC(C5C4(CC(C(C5(C)CO)O)O)C)O)C)C2C1)C)C(=O)O)C	504.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
3-Epicorosolic acid	15917998	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CC(C(C5(C)C)O)O)C)C)C2C1C)C)C(=O)O	472.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
3\|A-Hydroxyurs-11-en-28,13\|A-olide	21606663	Click to see	454.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
3Beta,6Beta,23-Trihydroxyolean-12-En-28-Oic Acid	57397367	Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CC(C5C4(CCC(C5(C)CO)O)C)O)C)C2C1)C)C(=O)O)C	488.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Asiatic Acid	119034	Click to see	488.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Bayogenin	12305221	Click to see	488.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Corosolic acid	6918774	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CC(C(C5(C)C)O)O)C)C)C2C1C)C)C(=O)O	472.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
epi-Maslinic acid	25564831	Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CC(C(C5(C)C)O)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C(=O)O)C	472.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Euscaphic Acid	471426	Click to see	488.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
ginsenoside Rk1	11499198	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C(CC3C2(CCC4C3(CCC(C4(C)C)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O)C)C)O)C)C	767.00	unknown	via CMAUP database
Madecassic Acid	73412	Click to see	504.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Madecassic-acid	51531966	Click to see	504.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Pomolic acid	382831	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1(C)O)C)C(=O)O	472.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Terminolic Acid	12314613	Click to see	504.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Ergostane steroids / Ergosterols and derivatives
Campesterol	173183	Click to see CC(C)C(C)CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C	400.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
Sitogluside	5742590	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C	576.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Cyclitols and derivatives / Quinic acids and derivatives
(1S,3R,4R,5R)-3-[3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyloxy]-1,4,5-trihydroxy-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid	9476	Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)O)O	354.31	unknown	via CMAUP database
3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid	6474309	Click to see	516.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
4,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid	5281780	Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)O	516.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Chlorogenic Acid	1794427	Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)O)O	354.31	unknown	via CMAUP database
Cynarine	5281769	Click to see	516.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Sugar alcohols
Mannitol	6251	Click to see	182.17	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Pyrans / Pyranones and derivatives
4-Hydroxy-3-(16-methylheptadecyl)-2H-pyran-2-one	86187765	Click to see	364.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Coumaric acids and derivatives
(S)-Rosmarinic acid	639655	Click to see	360.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols
Kaempferol	5280863	Click to see	286.24	unknown	via CMAUP database
Patuletin	5281678	Click to see	332.26	unknown	via CMAUP database
Quercetin	5280343	Click to see	302.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glucuronides / Flavonoid-3-O-glucuronides
Kaempferol 3-O-glucuronide	5318759	Click to see	462.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Querciturone	5274585	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)C(=O)O)O)O)O)O)O	478.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
Astragalin	5282102	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O	448.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Isoquercetin	5280804	Click to see	464.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Tannins / Hydrolyzable tannins
Ellagic Acid	5281855	Click to see	302.19	unknown	via CMAUP database

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Polygala amara

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Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Common names Top

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

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