Details Top

Internal ID UUID643fe28cda87b835495914
Scientific name Manihot esculenta
Authority Crantz
First published in Inst. Rei Herb. 1: 167 (1766)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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General Uses Top

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Common products:
Commercial products derived from Manihot esculenta roots include cassava starch (tapioca), cassava flour, and dried cassava chips/pellets. Starch is the primary commercial product, valued for its neutral flavor and high purity.

Industrial and craft applications:
Cassava starch is utilized in the paper industry as a sizing agent and surface coating component due to its adhesive properties and ability to improve paper smoothness and printability. It serves as an adhesive in corrugated board manufacturing and the production of plywood and laminated wood products. In the textile industry, starch is used for warp sizing. The starch is also a feedstock for producing bioethanol and bioplastics, particularly polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), leveraging its fermentable carbohydrate content.

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
Cassava flour, produced by drying and grinding roots, is a staple gluten-free flour used in breads, cakes, crackers, and noodles. Fermented cassava pulp (gari) and chips are consumed as staple foods. Cassava starch (tapioca) is used as a thickener in soups, sauces, and puddings. Small spherical pearls (boba/tapioca pearls) are produced from starch and serve as a chewable component in sweetened beverages (e.g., bubble tea).

Colorants and tanning:
No significant documented non-medicinal uses as a colorant or tannin source exist for this species.

Wood and fiber:
No significant documented non-medicinal uses of wood or bast fiber derived from the cultivated species exist; while the shrub produces stems, they are not valued for timber or fiber.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
No significant documented non-medicinal uses in fragrance or cosmetics exist for this species.

Properties relevant to use:
Cassava starch possesses high purity with low protein and lipid content, facilitating its use in food and industrial applications requiring neutral flavor and color. It has a relatively low gelatinization temperature and forms stable, clear pastes beneficial for adhesives and textile sizing. Cassava chips/pellets contain readily fermentable carbohydrates suitable for animal feed.

Standards and regulation:
ISO 5396:2022 specifies requirements for native cassava starch intended for industrial use. National food safety regulations (e.g., Codex Alimentarius standards for cassava flour and starch) and limits for cyanide content in food products derived from the roots apply.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Cassava thrives on marginal soils with low fertility and limited rainfall, making it a resilient staple crop. Commercial production occurs extensively across tropical regions of South America, Africa, and Asia, providing economic importance for smallholder farmers in these areas.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Jatropha aipi (Pohl) Göpp. Offiz. Pfl. Gaert. Bot. Gart. Breslau : 113 (1857)
Jatropha diffusa Steud. Nomencl. Bot. , ed. 2, 1: 799 (1840)
Jatropha digitiformis Steud. Nomencl. Bot. , ed. 2, 1: 799 (1840)
Jatropha dulcis [J.F.Gmel.] Onomat. Bot. 5: 7 (1773)
Jatropha flabellifolia Steud. Nomencl. Bot. , ed. 2, 1: 799 (1840)
Jatropha glauca A.Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. 2: 250 (1850)
Jatropha janipha Lour. Fl. Cochinch. : 585 (1790)
Jatropha lobata var. richardiana Müll.Arg. Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1086. 1866
Jatropha loureiroi Steud. Nomencl. Bot. , ed. 2, 1: 799 (1840)
Jatropha manihot L. Sp. Pl. : 1007 (1753)
Jatropha mitis Sessé & Moc. Pl. Nov. Hisp. : 167 (1890)
Jatropha mitis Rottb. Acta Lit. Univ. Hafn. 1: 301 (1778)
Jatropha paniculata Ruiz & Pav. ex Pax Pflanzenr. , IV, 147, II: 71 (1910)
Jatropha silvestris Vell. Fl. Flumin. 10: t. 83 (1831)
Jatropha stipulata Vell. Fl. Flumin. 10: 82 (1831)
Manihot aipi Pohl Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 29 (1827)
Manihot aipi var. lanceolata Pohl Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 31. 1827
Manihot aipi var. latifolia Pohl Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 31. 1827
Manihot aipi var. lutescens Pohl Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 31. 1827
Manihot aypi Spruce J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 5: 10 (1861)
Manihot cannabina Sweet Hort. Brit. , ed. 2: 458 (1830)
Manihot cassava O.F.Cook & G.N.Collins Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 8: 184 (1903)
Manihot diffusa Pohl Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 55 (1827)
Manihot digitiformis Pohl Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 36 (1827)
Manihot dulcis Baill. Traité Bot. Méd. Phan. 2: 932 (1884)
Manihot dulcis var. aipi Pax Pflanzenr. , IV, 147, II: 71 (1910)
Manihot dulcis var. diffusa Pax Pflanzenr. , IV, 147, II: 71 (1910)
Manihot dulcis var. flabellifolia Pax Pflanzenr. , IV, 147, II: 72 (1910)
Manihot edule A.Rich. Hist. Fis. Cuba, Bot. 11: 208 (1850)
Manihot esculenta var. argentea Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. coalescens Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. debilis Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. digitifolia Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942)
Manihot esculenta subsp. flabellifolia (Pohl) Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. flavicaulis Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. fuscescens Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942)
Manihot esculenta subsp. grandifolia Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. nodosa Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. sprucei Lanj. Euphorb. Surinam : 33 (1931)
Manihot flabellifolia Pohl Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 35 (1827)
Manihot flexuosa Pax & K.Hoffm. Pflanzenr. , IV, 147, XVI: 195 (1924)
Manihot guyanensis Klotzsch ex Pax Pflanzenr. , IV, 147, II: 84 (1910)
Manihot loureiroi Pohl Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 55 (1827)
Manihot manihot H.Karst. Deut. Fl. : 588 (1882)
Manihot melanobasis Müll.Arg. Linnaea 34: 206 (1865)
Manihot palmata var. aipi (Pohl) Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1062 (1866)
Manihot palmata var. diffusa (Pohl) Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1062 (1866)
Manihot palmata var. digitiformis (Pohl) Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1063 (1833)
Manihot palmata var. flabellifolia (Pohl) Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1062 (1866)
Manihot sprucei Pax Pflanzenr. , IV, 147, I: 71 (1910)
Manihot utilissima Pohl Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 32 (1827)
Manihot utilissima var. castellana Pohl Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 34. 1827
Manihot utilissima var. sutinga Pohl Pl. Bras. Icon. Descr. 1: 34. 1827
Janipha aipi (Pohl) J.Presl Wšobecný Rostl. 2: 1342 (1846)
Janipha manihot Kunth Nov. Gen. Sp. 2: 108 (1817)
Mandioca aipi Pohl ex Link Handbuch 2: 436 (1831)
Mandioca dulcis Parodi Anales Soc. Ci. Argent. 4: 127 (1877)
Mandioca utilissima Pohl ex Link Handbuch 2: 436 (1831)
Manihot edulis A.Rich. Hist. Fís. Cuba, Bot. 2: 208 1850
Manihot esculenta var. grandifolia Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 1942
Manihot esculenta var. communis Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 32 (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. domingensis Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 32 (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. fertilis Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 32 (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. hispaniolensis Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. jamaicensis Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 32 (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. luteola Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. mutabilis Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 32 (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. pohlii Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 32 (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. ramosissima Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. rufescens Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 32 (1942)
Manihot esculenta var. zimmermannii Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 32 (1942)
Manihot dulcis (J.F.Gmel.) Pax Pflanzenr. 147,2(Heft 44): 71 1912
Manihot esculenta subsp. diffusa Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 32 (1942)
Manihot esculenta subsp. alboerecta Cif. Arch. Bot. (Forlì) 18: 31 (1942)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
English cassava
English cassava plant
English mandioca
English manioc
Spanish yuca
Spanish yuka
Spanish mandioca
Spanish almidon de mandioca
Spanish almidón de mandioca
Spanish casava
Spanish cassava
Spanish harina de mandioca
Afrikaans broodwortel
Akan bankyi
Arabic البفرة
Arabic الكاسافا
Arabic الكسافا
Arabic المنيهوت
Arabic كسافا
Arabic بفرة
Arabic منهوت
Azerbaijani maniok
ban kaséla
bcl balinghoy
Belarusian Маніёт
Belarusian Маніёк
Bulgarian маниока
bi maniok
bjn jawaw
Bambara banaku
Bengali শিমুল আলু
Catalan yuca
Catalan mandioca
Catalan cassava
Catalan tapioca
ceb kamoteng kahoy
Czech maniok jedlý
Czech tapioka
Czech kasava
Czech kasave
Czech yuca
Danish cassava
Danish maniok
Danish tapioka
Danish kassava
dag banchi
German cassava
German cassave
German kassava
German kassave
German kassawa
German mandioka
German manioka
German manjok
German maniok
dga baŋkyēɛ
dga baŋkyēē
din bafora
dtp mundok
Ewe agbeli
Greek κασσάβα
Greek μανιόκα
Greek Κασάβα
Esperanto manioko
Basque mandioka
Basque tapioka
Basque manioka
Persian مانیوک
Finnish kassava
Finnish tapioka
Finnish maniokki
French magnoc
French saka-saka
French manioc
frr maniok
Irish casabhach
Galician mandioca
gn mandi'o
Gujarati મોગો
guc ai
Hausa rogo
Hebrew מנדיוקה
Hebrew מניהוט
Hebrew מניוק
Hebrew מניוקה
Hebrew קסאבה
Hebrew קסאווה
Hebrew מניהוט מצוי
Hindi kappa
Croatian kasava
Croatian manioka
Upper Sorbian prawy maniok
ht manyòk dous
Hungarian kasszáva
Hungarian tápióka
Hungarian manióka
Armenian կասավա
iba empasa
Indonesian kaspe
Indonesian menyok
Indonesian ubi kayu
Indonesian singkong
ilo balinghoy
io manioko
Icelandic kassavarót
Italian cassava
Italian yuca
Italian manioca
Japanese ユカ
Japanese カサーバ
Japanese キャサバ
Japanese キャッサバ芋
Japanese マニオク
Japanese マンジョーカ
Japanese マンジョカ
Japanese マンジョッカ
Japanese ユカイモ
Japanese キャッサバ
jv bodhin
jv jéndal
jv kaspa
jv kaspe
jv kaspé
jv ketela pohung
jv pohong
jv pohung
jv tela
jv téla
jv téla jéndal
jv téla kaspa
jv téla pohung
jv telo
jv ketéla pohung
kcg rogo
kg mandioko
kge hubi kayu
Kikuyu mĩanga
Kannada ಮರಗೆಣಸು
Korean 유카
Korean 마니옥
Korean 만디오카
Korean 매니옥
Korean 카사바
la iucca
la mandioca
ln nsɔngɔ́
ln manyɔ́kɔ
lo ມັນຕົ້ນ
Lithuanian kasava
Lithuanian valgomasis manijokas
Latvian manioka
mad sabbhrâng
mcn da᷅wgùnà
Malagasy mangahazo
Malagasy mahôgo
min ubi parancih
Malayalam കപ്പ
Malayalam കൊള്ളി
Malayalam പൂള
Malayalam മരച്ചീനി
mos bãnda-ku
Malay pokok ubi kayu
Malay ubi kayu
Burmese ပီလောပီနံ
nah cuauhcamohtli
nan chhiū-chû
nan chhiū-chî
Norwegian Bokmål cassava
Norwegian Bokmål kassava
Norwegian Bokmål maniokrot
Norwegian Bokmål maniok
nia gowirio
Dutch yuca
Dutch casave
Dutch manioc
Dutch maniok
Dutch cassave
Norwegian Nynorsk maniok
Norwegian Nynorsk maniokplante
nqo ߓߊ߬ߣߊ߲ߞߎ߫
ny chinangwa
oc manioc
Polish kassawa
Polish maniok gorzki
Polish podpłomycz najużyteczniejszy
Polish maniok jadalny
Portuguese aipim
Portuguese cassava
Portuguese macaxeira
Portuguese mandioca brava
Portuguese maniva
Portuguese maniveira
Portuguese mandioca
Quechua lumu
Quechua mandioca
Quechua maniok
Quechua q'utuy
Quechua yuca
Quechua yuka
Quechua rumu
Romanian manioc
Russian Юка
Russian Маниот
Russian Маниок съедобный
Russian Маниока
Russian Маниок
Russian кассава
sco cassava
Sango gozo
Serbo-Croatian kasava
Serbo-Croatian manioka
Slovak maniok jedlý
Slovenian manioka
Slovenian kasava
Shona mufarinya
Serbian tapioka
su sampeu
Swedish cassava
Swedish kassava
Swedish tapioca
Swedish tapioka
Swedish maniok
Swahili muhogo
Tamil கப்பைக்கிழங்கு
Tamil குச்சிக்கிழங்கு
Tamil மரவள்ளிக் கிழங்கு
Tamil மரவள்ளிக்கிழங்கு
Tamil மரவள்ளி
Telugu కర్ర పెండలం
Thai มันสำปะหลัง
Tonga mānioke
Turkish manyok
ty māniota
Ukrainian Кассава
Ukrainian Маніок
Urdu کاساوا
Vietnamese sắn
Vietnamese củ sắn
Vietnamese khoai mì
Vietnamese khoai mỳ
war bilanghoy
wo Ñambi
xmf იუკა
xmf მანიოკა
xmf მანიოტი
xmf ოჭკომალი მანიოკი
xmf მანიოკი
yi מאניאק
Yoruba cassava
Yoruba Ẹ̀gẹ́
za moegsawz
Chinese 木薯
Chinese 樹薯
Chinese 红薯
Chinese 树葛
Chinese cassava
Chinese 一种维管植物

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Africa
    • Northeast Tropical Africa
      • Chad
      • Ethiopia
      • Sudan
    • South Tropical Africa
      • Angola
      • Mozambique
    • West Tropical Africa
      • Benin
      • Burkina
      • Gambia
      • Guinea-Bissau
      • Senegal
      • Togo
    • West-central Tropical Africa
      • Central African Republic
      • Gabon
      • Gulf Of Guinea Islands
      • Rwanda
      • Zaïre
    • Western Indian Ocean
      • Comoros
      • Madagascar
  • Asia-temperate
    • China
      • China South-central
      • China Southeast
      • Hainan
    • Eastern Asia
      • Taiwan
  • Asia-tropical
    • Indian Subcontinent
      • Bangladesh
      • East Himalaya
      • India
    • Indo-China
      • Andaman Islands
      • Cambodia
      • Nicobar Nicobar
      • Thailand
    • Malesia
      • Christmas Island
      • Jawa
      • Sulawesi
    • Papuasia
      • Bismarck Archipelago
  • Northern America
    • Mexico
      • Mexico Central
      • Mexico Gulf
      • Mexico Southeast
      • Mexico Southwest
    • South-central U.S.A.
      • Texas
    • Southeastern U.S.A.
      • Alabama
      • Florida
  • Pacific
    • North-central Pacific
      • Hawaii
    • Northwestern Pacific
      • Caroline Islands
      • Marianas
      • Marshall Islands
    • South-central Pacific
      • Cook Islands
      • Line Islands
      • Marquesas
      • Society Islands
      • Tuamotu
      • Tubuai Islands
    • Southwestern Pacific
      • Fiji
      • Gilbert Islands
      • Nauru
      • Niue
      • Samoa
      • Tonga
      • Vanuatu
      • Wallis-Futuna Islands
  • Southern America
    • Brazil
      • Brazil North
      • Brazil Northeast
      • Brazil South
      • Brazil Southeast
      • Brazil West-central
    • Caribbean
      • Bahamas
      • Bermuda
      • Cuba
      • Dominican Republic
      • Haiti
      • Jamaica
      • Leeward Islands
      • Puerto Rico
      • Trinidad-Tobago
      • Venezuelan Antilles
      • Windward Islands
    • Central America
      • Belize
      • Costa Rica
      • El Salvador
      • Guatemala
      • Honduras
      • Nicaragua
      • Panamá
    • Northern South America
      • Venezuela
    • Western South America
      • Bolivia
      • Colombia
      • Ecuador
      • Peru

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!
Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000235507
UNII Y2SFA289II
Florida Plant Atlas 1813
USDA Plants MAES
Tropicos 12800237
INPN 447153
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:351790-1
The Plant List kew-119804
Missouri Botanical Garden 280113
PFAF Manihot esculenta
Open Tree Of Life 339369
NCBI Taxonomy 3983
Nature Serve 2.139193
IPNI 351790-1
iNaturalist 165138
GBIF 3060998
Freebase /m/0fm0p
EPPO MANES
EOL 1154718
USDA GRIN 431678
Wikipedia Cassava
CMAUP NPO21582
Plantarium 54482

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.
Accession Assembly
Name Level Submitter Released Coverage Size
GCF_001659605.2 M.esculenta_v8 Chromosome DOE-Joint Genome Institute 2021-08-13 97 609.96 Mb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Comparative analysis of infected cassava root transcriptomics reveals candidate genes for root rot disease resistance Hohenfeld CS, de Oliveira SA, Ferreira CF, Mello VH, Margarido GR, Passos AR, de Oliveira EJ Sci Rep 08-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11078935
doi:10.1038/s41598-024-60847-4
PMID:38719851
A high-affinity potassium transporter (MeHKT1) from cassava (Manihot esculenta) negatively regulates the response of transgenic Arabidopsis to salt stress Luo M, Chu J, Wang Y, Chang J, Zhou Y, Jiang X BMC Plant Biol 07-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11075273
doi:10.1186/s12870-024-05084-7
PMID:38714917
Molecular Mechanisms of CBL-CIPK Signaling Pathway in Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance and Hormone Crosstalk Kaya C, Uğurlar F, Adamakis ID Int J Mol Sci 06-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11084290
doi:10.3390/ijms25095043
PMID:38732261
Application of Developmental Regulators for Enhancing Plant Regeneration and Genetic Transformation Xu P, Zhong Y, Xu A, Liu B, Zhang Y, Zhao A, Yang X, Ming M, Cao F, Fu F Plants (Basel) 04-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11085514
doi:10.3390/plants13091272
PMID:38732487
Knowledge and practices of traditional management of child malnutrition and associated pathologies in Benin Vissoh AC, Klotoé JR, Fah L, Agbodjento E, Koudokpon H, Togbe E, Saïdou S, Dougnon V J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 02-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11064319
doi:10.1186/s13002-024-00684-x
PMID:38693543
Comparative transcriptomics analysis reveals defense mechanisms of Manihot esculenta Crantz against Sri Lanka Cassava MosaicVirus Chaowongdee S, Vannatim N, Malichan S, Kuncharoen N, Tongyoo P, Siriwan W BMC Genomics 02-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11067156
doi:10.1186/s12864-024-10315-0
PMID:38698332
Medicinal ethnoveterinary plants used for treating livestock ailments in the omo-gibe and rift valley basins of Ethiopia Wendimu A, Bojago E, Abrham Y BMC Vet Res 30-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11059770
doi:10.1186/s12917-024-04019-6
PMID:38689300
Risk assessment of Retithrips syriacus for the EU Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, van der Werf W, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Bezerra Lima ÉF, Makowski D, Crotta M, Gobbi A, Golic D, Maiorano A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Rossi E, Terzidou A, Vicent Civera A EFSA J 29-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11056851
doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8741
PMID:38686341
Plant Cyanogenic-Derived Metabolites and Herbivore Counter-Defences Martinez M, Diaz I Plants (Basel) 29-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11085660
doi:10.3390/plants13091239
PMID:38732453
Exploring Gluten Assessment in Marketed Products through a Sandwich ELISA Methodology Based on Novel Recombinant Antibodies Garcia-Calvo E, García-García A, Rodríguez S, Martín R, García T Foods 26-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11083168
doi:10.3390/foods13091341
PMID:38731712
Functional Characterization of the MeSSIII-1 Gene and Its Promoter from Cassava Lu XH, Wang YJ, Zhen XH, Yu H, Pan M, Fu DQ, Li RM, Liu J, Luo HY, Hu XW, Yao Y, Guo JC Int J Mol Sci 26-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11083483
doi:10.3390/ijms25094711
PMID:38731930
Commodity risk assessment of Petunia spp. and Calibrachoa spp. unrooted cuttings from Kenya Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Manda RR, Schulz OM, Akrivou A, Antonatos S, Beris D, Debode J, Kritikos C, Kormpi M, Lacomme C, Manceau C, Papachristos D, Reppa C, Gardi C, Potting R EFSA J 25-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11044013
doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8742
PMID:38665158
Phenotypic Variability in Resistance to Anthracnose, White, Brown, and Blight Leaf Spot in Cassava Germplasm Nascimento JH, de Andrade LR, de Oliveira SA, de Oliveira EJ Plants (Basel) 25-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11085178
doi:10.3390/plants13091187
PMID:38732402
Characterization, mathematical modeling of moisture sorption isotherms and bioactive compounds of Andean root flours Acurio L, Salazar D, García ME, García-Segovia P, Martínez-Monzó J, Igual M Curr Res Food Sci 25-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11067363
doi:10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100752
PMID:38708101
Genetic Variation and Heritability for Hydrogen Cyanide in Fresh Cassava Roots: Implications for Low-Cyanide Cassava Breeding Kanaabi M, Settumba MB, Nuwamanya E, Muhumuza N, Iragaba P, Ozimati A, Namakula FB, Kayondo IS, Baguma JK, Nanyonjo AR, Esuma W, Kawuki RS Plants (Basel) 24-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11085877
doi:10.3390/plants13091186
PMID:38732401

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Aporphines
(6As)-11-hydroxy-1,2,10-trimethoxy-6,6-dimethyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4h-dibenzo[de,g]quinolinium 161487 Click to see 356.40 unknown via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives
Protocatechuic Acid 72 Click to see 154.12 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2011.600249
> Benzenoids / Phenanthrenes and derivatives / Aristolochic acids and derivatives
Aristolochic acid 2236 Click to see COC1=CC=CC2=C3C(=C(C=C21)[N+](=O)[O-])C(=CC4=C3OCO4)C(=O)O 341.27 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Endocannabinoids
1,3-Dihydroxypropan-2-yl 3,8-diacetyloxyicosanoate 163021367 Click to see 502.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00398-Q
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Lineolic acids and derivatives
Catalpic acid 5385589 Click to see CCCCC=CC=CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)O 278.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2011.600249
e-Eleostearic acid 129717446 Click to see 278.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2011.600249
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Glycerolipids / Glycosylglycerols / Glycosyldiacylglycerols / 1,2-diacyl-3-O-beta-D-galactosyl-sn-glycerols
[(2S)-2-[(9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl]oxy-3-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxypropyl] (Z)-octadec-9-enoate 10509461 Click to see CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(COC1C(C(C(C(O1)CO)O)O)O)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CCC=CCCCCC 781.10 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids
(1R,2R,4bR,6R,7R,8aS)-2-ethenyl-1,6,7-trihydroxy-2,4b,8,8-tetramethyl-1,5,6,7,8a,9-hexahydrophenanthren-3-one 56954823 Click to see CC1(C2CC=C3C(C(C(=O)C=C3C2(CC(C1O)O)C)(C)C=C)O)C 332.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2011.600249
(1R,4S,6S,9S,10S,13S)-6-hydroxy-5,5,9,13-tetramethyltetracyclo[11.2.1.01,10.04,9]hexadec-14-ene-7,12-dione 5352023 Click to see CC1(C2CCC34CC(C=C3)(C(=O)CC4C2(CC(=O)C1O)C)C)C 316.40 unknown via CMAUP database
(2R,4aS,4bS,7R,8aS)-2-ethenyl-7-hydroxy-2,4b,8,8-tetramethyl-4,4a,5,6,7,8a,9,10-octahydrophenanthren-3-one 101448906 Click to see 302.50 unknown via CMAUP database
(4aS,4bS,7R,10aS)-7-ethenyl-2,6-dihydroxy-1,1,4a,7-tetramethyl-2,4,4b,5,6,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthren-3-one 138113975 Click to see 318.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)83015-2
17-Norkaur-15-ene-3,12-dione, 13-methyl-, (8beta,13beta)- 100926172 Click to see 300.40 unknown via CMAUP database
2-ethenyl-1,7-dihydroxy-2,4b,8,8-tetramethyl-5,7,8a,9-tetrahydro-1H-phenanthrene-3,6-dione 14191202 Click to see 330.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2011.600249
2beta,3alpha-Dihydroxybeyer-15-en-12-one 44448252 Click to see 318.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)83015-2
Beyerene 107412 Click to see 272.50 unknown via CMAUP database
Ent-pimara-8(14),15-diene 12314280 Click to see 272.50 unknown via CMAUP database
Stachene 12304253 Click to see 272.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)83015-2
yucalexin P-15 44448251 Click to see CC1(C2CC=C3C(C(C(=O)C=C3C2(CC(=O)C1O)C)(C)C=C)O)C 330.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2011.600249
https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)83015-2
yucalexin P-17 44448241 Click to see 318.40 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids / Kaurane diterpenoids
Ent-Kaurene 11966109 Click to see 272.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)83015-2
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids / Villanovane, atisane, trachylobane or helvifulvane diterpenoids / Atisane diterpenoids
Atis-13-en-3-one, 16-hydroxy-, (5beta,8alpha,9beta,10alpha,12alpha)- 100926173 Click to see 302.50 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesterterpenoids / Scalarane sesterterpenoids
(2R,4aR,6aR,6bR,8aR,10R,12aR,14aS,14bR)-10-hydroxy-2,4a,6b,9,9,12a,14a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14,14b-tetradecahydropicene-2-carboxylic acid 163004535 Click to see CC1(C2CCC3(C(C2(CCC1O)C)CCC4(C3=CCC5(C4CC(CC5)(C)C(=O)O)C)C)C)C 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38488
(2R,4aR,6aR,6bR,8aR,12aR,14aS,14bR)-2,4a,6b,9,9,12a,14a-heptamethyl-10-oxo-3,4,5,6a,7,8,8a,11,12,13,14,14b-dodecahydro-1H-picene-2-carboxylic acid 102134163 Click to see CC1(C2CCC3(C(C2(CCC1=O)C)CCC4(C3=CCC5(C4CC(CC5)(C)C(=O)O)C)C)C)C 454.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38488
(3S,4aS,6aR,6aS,8aR,12aR,14aR,14bR)-4,4,6a,6a,8a,11,11,14b-octamethyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,8,9,10,12,12a,13,14,14a-tetradecahydropicen-3-ol 11876269 Click to see 426.70 unknown via CMAUP database
(4aR,6aR,6aS,8aR,12aS,14aR,14bR)-4,4,6a,6a,8a,11,11,14b-octamethyl-2,4a,5,6,8,9,10,12,12a,13,14,14a-dodecahydro-1H-picen-3-one 392170 Click to see CC1(CCC2(CC=C3C4(CCC5C(C(=O)CCC5(C4CCC3(C2C1)C)C)(C)C)C)C)C 424.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38488
(4aS,6aR,6aS,8aR,12aR,14aR,14bR)-4,4,6a,6a,8a,11,11,14b-octamethyl-2,4a,5,6,8,9,10,12,12a,13,14,14a-dodecahydro-1H-picen-3-one 11877466 Click to see 424.70 unknown via CMAUP database
2,4a,6b,9,9,12a,14a-heptamethyl-10-oxo-3,4,5,6a,7,8,8a,11,12,13,14,14b-dodecahydro-1H-picene-2-carboxylic acid 85141808 Click to see 454.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38488
4,4,6a,8a,11,11,12b,14b-Octamethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12a,12b,13,14,14a,14b-icosahydropicen-3-ol 344467 Click to see 426.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38488
D-Friedoolean-14-en-3-one 500344 Click to see 424.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38488
Isotaraxerol 12443227 Click to see CC1(CCC2(CC=C3C4(CCC5C(C(CCC5(C4CCC3(C2C1)C)C)O)(C)C)C)C)C 426.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38488
Taraxerol 92097 Click to see 426.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38488
Taraxerone 92785 Click to see 424.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38488
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Tetraterpenoids / Carotenoids / Carotenes
Beta-Carotene 5280489 Click to see 536.90 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13aS)-3a,5a,5b,8,8,11a-hexamethyl-1-propan-2-yl-3,4,5,6,7,7a,10,11,11b,12,13,13a-dodecahydro-2H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-one 17751023 Click to see 424.70 unknown via CMAUP database
(4aS,6aR,6bS,8aR,12aR,14aS,14bR)-4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,11,14b-octamethyl-2,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14,14a-dodecahydro-1H-picen-3-one 38359273 Click to see 424.70 unknown via CMAUP database
4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,11,14b-Octamethyl-1,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12a,14,14a,14b-octadecahydro-2H-picen-3-one 612782 Click to see 424.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38488
beta-Amyrenol 225689 Click to see 426.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38488
Beta-Amyrin 73145 Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C)C 426.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38488
beta-Amyrone 12306160 Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(=O)C5(C)C)C)C)C2C1)C)C)C 424.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38488
Lup-20(29)-en-3-one 323075 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(=O)C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)C)C 424.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38488
Lupenone 92158 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(=O)C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)C)C 424.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38488
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
(3S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14R,17R)-17-[(E,1R,4S)-4-ethyl-1,5-dimethyl-hex-2-enyl]-8,10,13-trimethyl-1,2,3,4,7,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol 23246947 Click to see 426.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38488
(8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(2R,5R)-5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one 12943207 Click to see 410.70 unknown via CMAUP database
17-(5-Ethyl-6-methylhept-3-en-2-yl)-8,10,13-trimethyl-1,2,3,4,7,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol 74028111 Click to see 426.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38488
Npc196776 50930798 Click to see 410.70 unknown via CMAUP database
Sitogluside 5742590 Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C 576.80 unknown via CMAUP database
Stigmasterol 5280794 Click to see 412.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38488
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Alpha amino acids and derivatives / Tyrosine and derivatives
L-Tyrosine 6057 Click to see 181.19 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(93)80301-N
> Organic acids and derivatives / Hydroxy acids and derivatives / Beta hydroxy acids and derivatives
Malic Acid 525 Click to see 134.09 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(93)80301-N
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / Cyanogenic glycosides
(2RS)-Lotaustralin 23638286 Click to see 261.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00118A027
https://doi.org/10.3891/ACTA.CHEM.SCAND.49-0540
https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00398-Q
https://doi.org/10.3891/ACTA.CHEM.SCAND.48-0178
2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6S)-6-[[(2S,3S)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-hydroxymethyl]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2-methylbutanenitrile 163190440 Click to see CCC(C)(C#N)OC1C(C(C(C(O1)C(C2C(C(CO2)(CO)O)O)O)O)O)O 393.39 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00398-Q
2(R)-Hydroxy-2-methylbutyronitrile-beta-D-glucopyranoside 4626626 Click to see 261.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.3891/ACTA.CHEM.SCAND.48-0178
alpha-Hydroxyisobutyronitrile beta-D-glucose 4457489 Click to see 247.24 unknown https://doi.org/10.3891/ACTA.CHEM.SCAND.48-0178
Epilotaustralin 185818 Click to see CCC(C)(C#N)OC1C(C(C(C(O1)CO)O)O)O 261.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.3891/ACTA.CHEM.SCAND.48-0178
Linamarin 11128 Click to see 247.24 unknown https://doi.org/10.3891/ACTA.CHEM.SCAND.49-0540
https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00398-Q
https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(92)90062-2
https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)00878-W
https://doi.org/10.3891/ACTA.CHEM.SCAND.48-0178
Linustatin 119301 Click to see 409.39 unknown https://doi.org/10.3891/ACTA.CHEM.SCAND.48-0178
https://doi.org/10.3891/ACTA.CHEM.SCAND.49-0540
Lotaustralin 441467 Click to see 261.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.3891/ACTA.CHEM.SCAND.49-0540
https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00398-Q
https://doi.org/10.3891/ACTA.CHEM.SCAND.48-0178
Neolinustatin 119533 Click to see CCC(C)(C#N)OC1C(C(C(C(O1)COC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O 423.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.3891/ACTA.CHEM.SCAND.48-0178
https://doi.org/10.3891/ACTA.CHEM.SCAND.49-0540
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / O-glycosyl compounds
2-((6-O-(beta-D-apiofuranosyl)beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)propane 10316099 Click to see 354.35 unknown via CMAUP database
ethyl beta-D-glucopyranoside 121667 Click to see CCOC1C(C(C(C(O1)CO)O)O)O 208.21 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Monosaccharides / Hexoses
D-Glucose 5793 Click to see C(C1C(C(C(C(O1)O)O)O)O)O 180.16 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(93)80301-N
D(+)-Glucose 107526 Click to see C(C(C(C(C(C=O)O)O)O)O)O 180.16 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(93)80301-N
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Dihydrofurans / Furanones / Butenolides
L-Ascorbic Acid 54670067 Click to see 176.12 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(93)80301-N
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Indoles and derivatives / Pyridoindoles / Beta carbolines
12beta-hydroxyverruculogen TR-2 76318715 Click to see 429.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38488
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids
Caffeic Acid 689043 Click to see 180.16 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(93)80301-N
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Coumarin glycosides
Esculin 5281417 Click to see C1=CC(=O)OC2=CC(=C(C=C21)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)O 340.28 unknown https://doi.org/10.1006/ANBO.2000.1285
Scopolin 439514 Click to see COC1=C(C=C2C(=C1)C=CC(=O)O2)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O 354.31 unknown https://doi.org/10.1006/ANBO.2000.1285
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Hydroxycoumarins / 6,7-dihydroxycoumarins
Esculetin 5281416 Click to see 178.14 unknown https://doi.org/10.1006/ANBO.2000.1285
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Hydroxycoumarins / 7-hydroxycoumarins
Scopoletin 5280460 Click to see 192.17 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(93)80301-N
https://doi.org/10.1006/ANBO.2000.1285
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Biflavonoids and polyflavonoids
Amentoflavone 5281600 Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O2)C(=C(C=C3O)O)C4=C(C=CC(=C4)C5=CC(=O)C6=C(C=C(C=C6O5)O)O)O)O 538.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86949-6
Podocarpusflavone A 5320644 Click to see 552.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86949-6
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Catechins
Catechin 9064 Click to see 290.27 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols
Quercetin 5280343 Click to see 302.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(93)80301-N
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
Kaempferol-3-O-Rutinoside 5318767 Click to see 594.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00398-Q
Rutin 5280805 Click to see 610.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00398-Q

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