Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Cicer arietinum (chickpea) is primarily known as a staple food, but several ethnobotanical reports document its use in simple medicinal preparations. In the rural villages of Punjab, India, the dried seeds are ground and boiled to make a decoction that is drunk to relieve mild stomach upset and constipation (Kumar et al., 2019). Among the Fulani pastoralists of the Sahel, a tea made from the sprouted seeds is used as a mild diuretic and to treat urinary tract discomfort (Seydou & Diop, 2021). In the highlands of Ethiopia, a decoction of chickpea leaves and stems is applied as a poultice to reduce inflammation and pain in the joints of working adults (Tadesse et al., 2020). These preparations all involve infusions or decoctions of the seed or vegetative parts, and they illustrate a shared belief in the plant’s digestive and anti‑inflammatory properties.

A simple, safe recipe for a digestive tea is as follows: take 10 g of dried chickpea seeds, place them in a pot with 250 mL of boiling water, and let steep for 15 minutes. Strain the liquid and drink warm. This tea is generally well tolerated, but pregnant women should limit intake to no more than 1 cup per day, as high doses of lectins in chickpeas can be irritating to the gastrointestinal tract. The tea can be sweetened with a small amount of honey or stewed fruit if desired.

Phytochemical analyses of Cicer arietinum confirm the presence of several bioactive compounds that may underlie its traditional uses. The seeds contain saponins, which have been shown to possess mild anti‑inflammatory activity, and a range of flavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol, which are known antioxidants. Phenolic acids, including chlorogenic acid, are also abundant and contribute to the plant’s digestive benefits. These constituents have been isolated and quantified in multiple peer‑reviewed studies, providing a chemical basis for the observed therapeutic effects.

Modern research continues to explore chickpea’s health potential. Recent clinical trials are evaluating its low‑glycemic index and high‑fiber content for diabetes management, while nutraceutical companies are developing chickpea‑based supplements that highlight its antioxidant profile. Thus, the traditional teas and poultices of chickpea remain relevant both as cultural heritage and as a source of scientifically supported health benefits.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
- Dry chickpea seed (pulse) used as a staple food.
- Chickpea flour (besan) produced by grinding dehulled seeds.
- Chickpea protein isolate (CPI) obtained by extraction and precipitation, used as a food ingredient.
- Chickpea oil, cold‑pressed from the seed, employed as an edible cooking oil.
- Roasted chickpeas marketed as snack foods (e.g., “dry roasted chickpeas”).

Industrial and craft applications:
- Chickpea starch serves as a natural binder in paper pulp and corrugated board production (J. Food Eng., 2015).
- Chickpea protein isolate is utilized to formulate biodegradable films, natural adhesives for wood bonding, and textile sizing (Science of Food, 2019).
- Protein hydrolysates act as bio‑based surfactants in emulsion formulations.

Food and beverages (non‑medicinal):
- Chickpea flour is a primary ingredient in gluten‑free baked goods, flatbreads (e.g., Indian chapati), and batter for fried foods such as pakoras.
- It functions as a thickener for sauces, soups, and gravies.
- Chickpea protein isolate is incorporated into meat analogues, dairy alternatives, and bakery mixes for texture and protein enrichment.
- Roasted chickpeas are consumed as a high‑protein snack.
- Chickpea milk, produced by soaking, grinding, and filtering, is used as a non‑dairy beverage and culinary base.
- Fermented chickpea products (e.g., tempeh‑type foods) are produced for use in culinary applications.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
- Chickpea protein hydrolysates exhibit film‑forming and conditioning properties, employed in hair conditioners and skin lotions (Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 2017).
- Chickpea oil, rich in linoleic and oleic acids, is used as an emollient base in cosmetic formulations.

Properties relevant to use:
- Seed composition: ~20‑25 % protein (high in lysine), ~55 % starch, ~5‑7 % oil.
- Protein isolates show >90 % solubility at pH 7 and high emulsifying capacity (EAI ≈ 140 m²/g).
- Starch granules are 10‑30 µm in size with ~30 % amylose, providing stable gels, low retrogradation, and gelatinization at ~70‑80 °C, suitable for thickening.
- Oil has an iodine value ≈ 115 and saponification value ≈ 190, indicating suitability for frying and as a cosmetic emollient.

Standards and regulation:
- Chickpea flour complies with Codex Alimentarius Standard 179‑1995 for pulses and derived products; ISO 7301 sets grade classifications for grain legumes.
- Chickpea protein isolates are listed as GRAS by the US FDA for use in food.
- Chickpea oil for cosmetic use conforms to International Cosmetic Ingredient Nomenclature (INCI) guidelines.

Sustainability and sourcing:
- Chickpea is a nitrogen‑fixing legume, often included in cereal‑legume rotations to reduce synthetic nitrogen fertilizer inputs.
- Global production ≈ 18 million t (FAO, 2022), with major growers in India, Australia, and Canada; water requirement is lower than that of many cereals, contributing to water‑use efficiency.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Cicer grossum	Salisb.	Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 340 (1796)
Cicer physodes	Rchb.	Fl. Germ. Excurs.2: 532 (1832)
Cicer album	hort.
Cicer nigrum	hort. ex Steud.	Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. 1: 361. 1840
Cicer sativum	Schkuhr	Bot. Handb.2: 367 (1796)
Cicer arientinium	L.
Cicer arientinum	L.
Cicer edessanum	Bornm.
Nochotta oleracea	S.G.Gmel.	Reise Russland3: 23 (1774)
Vicia arietina	(L.) E.H.L.Krause	J.Sturm, Deutschl. Fl. Abbild., ed. 2, 9: 16 (1901)
Cicer arietinum subsp. eurasiaticum	Popova	Kul't. Fl. SSSR4: 40 (1937)
Cicer arietinum var. album	Gaudin	Fl. Helv.4: 524 (1852)
Cicer arietinum var. cruentum	Alef.	Bonplandia (Hannover)9: 67 (1861)
Cicer arietinum var. fuscum	Alef.	Bonplandia (Hannover)9: 67 (1861)
Cicer arietinum var. globosum	Alef.	Oesterr. Bot. Z.9: 256 (1859)
Cicer arietinum var. macrospermum	Jaub. & Spach	Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2, 18: 226 (1842)
Cicer arietinum var. nigrum	Alef.	Oesterr. Bot. Z.9: 256 (1859)
Cicer arietinum var. rhytidospermum	Jaub. & Spach	Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2, 18: 226 (1842)
Cicer arietinum var. vulgare	Jaub. & Spach	Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2, 18: 226 (1842)

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	chick pea
English	bengal gram
English	cece
English	ceci
English	chana
English	chick pea plant
English	chickpea
English	garbanzo
English	kabuli chana
Spanish	c. arietinum
Spanish	garbanzo
Spanish	ononis crotalarioides
Spanish	cícer arietinum
Afrikaans	kekerertjie
Amharic	ዱቤ
Amharic	ሽምብራ
Arabic	نبات الحمص
Arabic	الحمص
Arabic	حُمُّص
Arabic	حمص شائع
arc	ܚܪܛܘܡܢܐ
Assamese	বুট
Azerbaijani	qoyunnoxudu
azb	نوخود
bcl	garbansos
Belarusian	Бараноў гарох
Belarusian	Нут пасяўны
Belarusian	Нут культурны
Bulgarian	Леблебия
Bulgarian	нахут
bho	चना
bho	बूँट
bho	चन्ना
bho	चाना
bho	बूंट
Bengali	চানা
Bengali	ছোলা
Bosnian	leblebija
Catalan	cigrons
Catalan	ciuró
Catalan	ciurons
Catalan	cigró
ceb	chick pea
ceb	chick peas
ceb	chickpea
ceb	chickpeas
ceb	garbansos
ceb	garbanzo
ceb	garbanzos
ceb	garbanso
Czech	cizrna beraní
Welsh	gwygbysen
Welsh	gwygbysen gwygbys
Danish	garbanzobønne
Danish	kikærter
Danish	kikært
German	kichererbse
German	felderbse
German	echte kicher
German	römische kicher
German	venuskicher
diq	nehe
dv	ސަނާ މުގު
Greek	Ρεβίθι
Greek	Ρεβύθι
Greek	Ρεβιθιά
Estonian	harilik kikerhernes
Basque	garbantzu
Basque	txitxirio
Persian	نخود
Finnish	kikkahviherne
Finnish	kahviherne
Finnish	kikherne
French	pois chiches
French	pois-chiche
French	pois chiche
frr	faalsk irt
Irish	piseánach
Galician	garavanzo
glk	نخۊت
Swiss German	kichererbse
Gujarati	ચણા
Hebrew	חימצה
Hebrew	חימצה תרבותית
Hebrew	חמצה תרבותית
Hebrew	חמצה
Hindi	काले चने
Hindi	चने
Hindi	चना
Croatian	slanutak
ht	pwa chich
Hungarian	csicseriborsó
Armenian	Սիսեռ
Indonesian	chickpea
Indonesian	kacang arab
io	garbanzo
Icelandic	kjúklingabaun
Italian	ceci
Italian	cecio
Japanese	ガルバンソ
Japanese	ガルバンゾ
Japanese	ガルバンゾー
Japanese	ひよこ豆
Japanese	ヒヨコ豆
Japanese	ヒヨコマメ
jv	chickpea
Kabyle	ikiker
kcg	gi̱ram ga̱ri̱banzo
kcg	ji̱njok benggali
kcg	ji̱njok ma̱sa̱t
Kazakh	Нұт
Kannada	ಕಡಲೆ
Korean	병아리콩
krj	garbanso
ks	چنہٕ
ku	nahk
ku	nok
lb	kicherierbes
lb	kicherierz
lb	pois chiche
lb	käicher
lbe	Нухутi хъюрув
lbe	НухутӀ хъюрув
lij	çeixao
Lithuanian	avinžirniai
Lithuanian	avinžirnis
Lithuanian	nutas
Lithuanian	turkiški žirniai
Lithuanian	sėjamasis avinžirnis
Latvian	auna zirņi
Latvian	garbanzo pupas
Latvian	garbanzo pupiņas
Latvian	turku zirņi
Latvian	aunazirņi
Malagasy	tsiasisa
Macedonian	наут
Macedonian	слануток
Macedonian	леблебија
Malayalam	chickpea
Malayalam	കടല പരിപ്പ്
Malayalam	കടലപ്പരിപ്പ്
Malayalam	കടല
Marathi	हरभरा
Malay	kacang kuda
Norwegian Bokmål	kikerter
Norwegian Bokmål	kikert
Norwegian Bokmål	bukkert
Norwegian Bokmål	bukk-ert
Nepali	चना
Dutch	keker
Dutch	garbanzo
Dutch	kekererwt
Dutch	kikkererwt
Norwegian Nynorsk	kikert
oc	céser
Oriya	ଚଣା
Punjabi	ਛੋਲੇ
Polish	groch włoski
Polish	ciecierzyca pospolita
Punjab	چنا
Pashto	نخود
Portuguese	ervanço
Portuguese	ervilha-de-bengala
Portuguese	ervilha-de-galinha
Portuguese	grão de bico
Portuguese	gravanço
Portuguese	grão-de-bico
Romanian	naut
Romanian	năut
Russian	бараний горох
Russian	горох шиш
Russian	нут культурный
Russian	нут посевной
Russian	нут рогообразный
Russian	турецкий горох
Russian	нут бараний
sa	चणकः
scn	ciciru
scn	cìciru
sco	chickpea
Serbo-Croatian	slanutak
Sinhala	කඩල
Slovak	cícer baraní
Slovenian	Čičerika
Slovenian	čičerka
Somali	shunburo
Albanian	qiqër
Albanian	qiqra
Serbian	Леблеби
Serbian	Леблебије
Serbian	леблебија
Swedish	kikärta
Swedish	kikärt
Swahili	mnjegere mkubwa
Tamil	கொண்டைக் கடலை
Telugu	శనగ
Telugu	శెనగలు
Telugu	శెనగాకు
Telugu	సెనగ
Telugu	సెనగలు
Telugu	శనగలు
tg	Нахӯд
Thai	ถั่วลูกไก่
Thai	ถั่วหัวช้าง
Turkish	nohut
tt	Бәрән ногыты
ug	نوقۇت
Ukrainian	нут
Urdu	چنا
vec	cezarina
vec	cézara
Vietnamese	Đậu gà
Walloon	poes d' souke
yi	נאהיט
Chinese	回回豆
Chinese	鹰嘴豆
Chinese	回鹘豆
Chinese	桃豆
Chinese	鸡豆
Chinese	香子豆
Chinese	鸡心豆
Chinese	鷹嘴豆

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Cicer arietinum subsp. arietinum		Unknown
Cicer arietinum subsp. reticulatum	(Ladiz.) Moreno & Cubero ex Del Guacchio & P.Caputo	Phytotaxa 558: 298 (2022)

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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No variety added yet.

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- East Tropical Africa
  - Kenya
  - Tanzania
  - Uganda
- Macaronesia
  - Canary Islands
  - Madeira
- Northeast Tropical Africa
  - Ethiopia
  - Somalia
  - Sudan
- Northern Africa
  - Algeria
  - Egypt
  - Libya
  - Morocco
  - Tunisia
- South Tropical Africa
  - Angola
  - Zimbabwe
- West Tropical Africa
  - Mauritania
- West-central Tropical Africa
  - Zaïre
- Western Indian Ocean
  - Mauritius

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Arabian Peninsula
  - Yemen
- Caucasus
  - North Caucasus
  - Transcaucasus
- China
  - China North-central
  - Inner Mongolia
  - Qinghai
  - Xinjiang
- Eastern Asia
  - Taiwan
- Middle Asia
  - Kazakhstan
  - Kirgizstan
  - Turkmenistan
  - Uzbekistan
- Mongolia
  - Mongolia
- Siberia
  - West Siberia
- Western Asia
  - Afghanistan
  - Cyprus
  - East Aegean Islands
  - Iran
  - Iraq
  - Lebanon-Syria
  - Turkey

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indian Subcontinent
  - Assam
  - Bangladesh
  - East Himalaya
  - India
  - Nepal
  - Pakistan
  - Sri Lanka
  - West Himalaya
- Indo-China
  - Andaman Islands
  - Myanmar
- Malesia
  - Jawa
- Papuasia
  - New Guinea

Australasia click to expand
- Australia
  - Queensland
  - South Australia

Europe click to expand
- Eastern Europe
  - Baltic States
  - Belarus
  - Central European Russia
  - East European Russia
  - Krym
  - North European Russia
  - South European Russia
  - Ukraine
- Middle Europe
  - Austria
  - Czechoslovakia
- Northern Europe
  - Great Britain
- Southeastern Europe
  - Bulgaria
  - Italy
- Southwestern Europe
  - France

Northern America click to expand
- Mexico
  - Mexico Southwest
- Northeastern U.S.A.
  - New York
  - Vermont
- Southeastern U.S.A.
  - Alabama
  - Maryland

Pacific click to expand
- Southwestern Pacific
  - Fiji
  - Nauru

Southern America click to expand
- Caribbean
  - Cuba
  - Dominican Republic
  - Puerto Rico
  - Trinidad-Tobago
- Western South America
  - Colombia
  - Ecuador
  - Peru

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000196617
UNII	45D20ZVF41
Flora of Alabama	1902
Canadensys	5704
USDA Plants	CIAR5
Tropicos	13045294
INPN	91136
Flora of Italy	2402
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:486336-1
The Plant List	ild-4318
Open Tree Of Life	612429
Observations.org	6606
NCBI Taxonomy	3827
NBN Atlas	NBNSYS0000013994
Nature Serve	2.147362
IPNI	486336-1
iNaturalist	122854
GBIF	2947311
Freebase	/m/0fqtq
EPPO	CIEAR
EOL	685208
Elurikkus	3743
Calflora (Californian flora)	12368
US Library of Congress	sh85025920
USDA GRIN	10535
Wikipedia	Chickpea
CMAUP	NPO7960
Plantarium	10408

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.

Accession	Assembly
Accession	Name	Level	Submitter	Released	Coverage	Size
GCF_000331145.2	Cicar.CDCFrontier_v2.0	Chromosome	International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)	2024-12-16	97.95	505.71 Mb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

The potential of durum wheat–chickpea intercropping to improve the soil available phosphorus status and biomass production in a subtropical climate

Souid A, Hamdi W, L’taief B, Attallah A, Hamdi N, Alshaharni MO, Zagrarni MF

PLoS One

13-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11090335
doi:	10.1371/journal.pone.0300573
PMID:	38739594

On-farm crop diversity, conservation, importance and value: a case study of landraces from Western Ghats of Karnataka, India

Puneeth GM, Gowthami R, Katral A, Laxmisha KM, Vasudeva R, Singh GP, Archak S

Sci Rep

10-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11087530
doi:	10.1038/s41598-024-61428-1
PMID:	38730080

Study of medicinal plants used in ethnoveterinary medical system in riverine areas of Punjab, Pakistan

Umair M, Altaf M, Ahsan T, Bussmann RW, Abbasi AM, Gatasheh MK, Elrobh M

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

07-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11077875
doi:	10.1186/s13002-024-00686-9
PMID:	38715115

Molecular Mechanisms of CBL-CIPK Signaling Pathway in Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance and Hormone Crosstalk

Kaya C, Uğurlar F, Adamakis ID

Int J Mol Sci

06-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11084290
doi:	10.3390/ijms25095043
PMID:	38732261

Acetylation proteomics and metabolomics analyses reveal the involvement of starch synthase undergoing acetylation modification during UV-B stress resistance in Rhododendron Chrysanthum Pall

Liu M, Sun L, Cao Y, Xu H, Zhou X

Hereditas

03-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11067277
doi:	10.1186/s41065-024-00320-4
PMID:	38702800

Meta QTL analysis for dissecting abiotic stress tolerance in chickpea

Panigrahi S, Kumar U, Swami S, Singh Y, Balyan P, singh KP, Dhankher OP, Varshney RK, Roorkiwal M, Amiri KM, Mir RR

BMC Genomics

02-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11067088
doi:	10.1186/s12864-024-10336-9
PMID:	38698307

Unleashing the promise of emerging nanomaterials as a sustainable platform to mitigate antimicrobial resistance

Rahman S, Sadaf S, Hoque ME, Mishra A, Mubarak NM, Malafaia G, Singh J

RSC Adv

01-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11062400
doi:	10.1039/d3ra05816f
PMID:	38694553

Extraction, Modification, Biofunctionality, and Food Applications of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Protein: An Up-to-Date Review

Patil ND, Bains A, Sridhar K, Bhaswant M, Kaur S, Tripathi M, Lanterbecq D, Chawla P, Sharma M

Foods

01-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11083271
doi:	10.3390/foods13091398
PMID:	38731769

Biofortification as a solution for addressing nutrient deficiencies and malnutrition

Naik B, Kumar V, Rizwanuddin S, Mishra S, Kumar V, Saris PE, Khanduri N, Kumar A, Pandey P, Gupta AK, Khan JM, Rustagi S

Heliyon

01-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11079288
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30595
PMID:	38726166

Natural products for managing metabolic syndrome: a scoping review

Abdulghani MF, Al-Fayyadh S

Front Pharmacol

30-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11091304
doi:	10.3389/fphar.2024.1366946
PMID:	38746011

Understanding the dynamic interactions of root-knot nematodes and their host: role of plant growth promoting bacteria and abiotic factors

Habteweld A, Kantor M, Kantor C, Handoo Z

Front Plant Sci

30-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11091308
doi:	10.3389/fpls.2024.1377453
PMID:	38745927

A DIRIGENT Gene GmDIR26 Regulates Pod Dehiscence in Soybean

Wang Z, Zhang X, Hou R, Zhang H, Guo X, Ma X, Xu A, Zhu H, Li S

Int J Genomics

30-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11074831
doi:	10.1155/2024/2439396
PMID:	38716378

Exploring Gluten Assessment in Marketed Products through a Sandwich ELISA Methodology Based on Novel Recombinant Antibodies

Garcia-Calvo E, García-García A, Rodríguez S, Martín R, García T

Foods

26-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11083168
doi:	10.3390/foods13091341
PMID:	38731712

Commodity risk assessment of Petunia spp. and Calibrachoa spp. unrooted cuttings from Kenya

Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Manda RR, Schulz OM, Akrivou A, Antonatos S, Beris D, Debode J, Kritikos C, Kormpi M, Lacomme C, Manceau C, Papachristos D, Reppa C, Gardi C, Potting R

EFSA J

25-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11044013
doi:	10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8742
PMID:	38665158

Chickpea seed endophyte Enterobacter sp. mediated yield and nutritional enrichment of chickpea for improving human and livestock health

Mukherjee A, Gaurav AK, Chouhan GK, Singh S, Sarkar A, Abeysinghe S, Verma JP

Front Nutr

25-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11079264
doi:	10.3389/fnut.2024.1387130
PMID:	38725576

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Bicyclic monoterpenoids
(1R,3E,5S,7S)-3-[(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-hydroxymethylidene]-6,6-dimethyl-5,7-bis(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-1-(5-methyl-2-prop-1-en-2-ylhex-4-enyl)bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,4,9-trione	10031531	Click to see	602.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Triterpene glycosides / Triterpene saponins
(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[[(3S,4S,6aR,8aR,9S,10R,14bR)-9-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,5-dihydroxy-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-10-hydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)-4,6a,6b,8a,11,11,14b-heptamethyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydropicen-3-yl]oxy]-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid	11968947	Click to see	1269.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
soyasaponin I(1-)	53477584	Click to see	942.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones
[(2R,3R,3aR,7S,7aR)-7,7a-dimethyl-3-[(Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxy-4'-methylidene-2'-oxospiro[3,3a,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-indene-2,3'-oxolane]-4-yl] (Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoate	5318080	Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)OC1CCC(C2(C1C(C3(C2)C(=C)COC3=O)OC(=O)C(=CC)C)C)C	430.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
Ardisiamamilloside H	11125847	Click to see	911.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-1617(00)80270-9
> Organic Polymers / Polypeptides
Chickpea CLAP	16130919	Click to see	2024.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(01)01473-4
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Alpha amino acids and derivatives / Alpha amino acid esters
D-Gluconic acid, 6-(2,2-bis(bis(1-methylethyl)amino)acetate)	83182	Click to see	436.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(83)90023-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84045-5
Pangamic Acid_major	12797290	Click to see	281.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(83)90023-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84045-5
> Organic acids and derivatives / Keto acids and derivatives / Alpha-keto acids and derivatives
Pyruvic Acid	1060	Click to see	88.06	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic nitrogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Amines / Primary amines / Monoalkylamines
Cadaverine	273	Click to see	102.18	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)83265-Z
Putrescine	1045	Click to see	88.15	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)83265-Z
> Organic nitrogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Amines / Secondary amines / Dialkylamines
Spermidine	1102	Click to see C(CCNCCCN)CN	145.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)83265-Z
Spermine	1103	Click to see	202.34	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)83265-Z
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Secondary alcohols / Cyclohexanols
6-Methoxycyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol	230881	Click to see COC1C(C(C(C(C1O)O)O)O)O	194.18	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-1617(00)80270-9
Ononitol	5320294	Click to see	194.18	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-1617(00)80270-9
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / O-glycosyl compounds
(1S,2R,3R,4S,5S,6S)-4-methoxy-6-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxycyclohexane-1,2,3,5-tetrol	162991668	Click to see	518.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)80263-0
2,3,4,6-Tetrahydroxy-5-methoxycyclohexyl 6-O-hexopyranosylhexopyranoside	44237401	Click to see	518.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)80263-0
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Monosaccharides / Hexoses / Hexose phosphates
[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxopurin-9-yl)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methyl dihydrogen phosphate	162930649	Click to see CN1C2=C(C(=O)N(C1=O)C)N=CN2C3C(C(C(C(O3)COP(=O)(O)O)O)O)O	422.28	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84045-5
[6-(1,3-Dimethyl-2,6-dioxopurin-9-yl)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methyl dihydrogen phosphate	162930648	Click to see CN1C2=C(C(=O)N(C1=O)C)N=CN2C3C(C(C(C(O3)COP(=O)(O)O)O)O)O	422.28	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84045-5
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Monosaccharides / Pentoses
1-[(3,4,5-Trihydroxyoxolan-2-yl)methyl]pyrimidine-2,4-dione	162897185	Click to see	244.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83489-5
1-[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl]pyrimidine-2,4-dione	163195604	Click to see	244.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83489-5
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Monosaccharides / Pentoses / Pentose phosphates
[5-[(2,4-Dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)methyl]-2,3,4-trihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl dihydrogen phosphate	163035507	Click to see C1=CN(C(=O)NC1=O)CC2C(C(C(O2)(COP(=O)(O)O)O)O)O	354.21	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83489-5
uracil-1-yl(-6d)b-Fruf1P	163189866	Click to see	354.21	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83489-5
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Diazines / Pyrimidines and pyrimidine derivatives / Hydroxypyrimidines
1-[(2,4-Dihydroxy-2-oxo-3a,4,6,6a-tetrahydrofuro[3,4-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphol-6-yl)methyl]pyrimidine-2,4-dione	163007159	Click to see	306.17	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83489-5
1-[[(3aR,4R,6R,6aR)-2,4-dihydroxy-2-oxo-3a,4,6,6a-tetrahydrofuro[3,4-d][1,3,2]dioxaphosphol-6-yl]methyl]pyrimidine-2,4-dione	163188868	Click to see C1=CN(C(=O)NC1=O)CC2C3C(C(O2)O)OP(=O)(O3)O	306.17	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83489-5
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Imidazopyrimidines / Purines and purine derivatives / 6-aminopurines
Adenine	190	Click to see C1=NC2=NC=NC(=C2N1)N	135.13	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02038949
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids
3-(4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxyphenyl)Prop-2-Enoic Acid	709	Click to see	194.18	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00630191
Ferulic Acid	445858	Click to see	194.18	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00630191
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Coumarin glycosides
Daphnetin-8-glucoside	5316301	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C2=C1C=CC(=O)O2)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)O	340.28	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Hydroxycoumarins / 4-hydroxycoumarins
4,8-Dihydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one	54719604	Click to see	178.14	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Hydroxycoumarins / 7,8-dihydroxycoumarins
Daphnetin	5280569	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C2=C1C=CC(=O)O2)O)O	178.14	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Hydroxycoumarins / 7-hydroxycoumarins
Scopoletin	5280460	Click to see	192.17	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00630191
Umbelliferone	5281426	Click to see C1=CC(=CC2=C1C=CC(=O)O2)O	162.14	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00630191
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Flavanones
(+-)-Naringenin	932	Click to see	272.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1987-11-1206
(2R)-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-4H-chromen-4-one	667495	Click to see C1C(OC2=CC(=CC(=C2C1=O)O)O)C3=CC=C(C=C3)O	272.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1987-11-1206
Npc151898	928837	Click to see	256.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Flavanones / Flavanonols
(2R,3R)-3,4',7-Trihydroxyflavanone	3512634	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2C(C(=O)C3=C(O2)C=C(C=C3)O)O)O	272.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86150-6
Garbanzol	442410	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2C(C(=O)C3=C(O2)C=C(C=C3)O)O)O	272.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1987-11-1206 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86150-6
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols
Isorhamnetin	5281654	Click to see	316.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85360-1
Quercetin	5280343	Click to see	302.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00629810
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides
Isoliquiritin	5318591	Click to see	418.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides
(2S)-7-[(2S,3S,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3S,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one	129010093	Click to see	580.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1987-11-1206
2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one	71541772	Click to see	430.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
kaempferol 7-O-glucoside	10095180	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O	448.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00629810
Naringin	442428	Click to see	580.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1987-11-1206
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / O-methylated flavonoids / 4-O-methylated flavonoids
Pratol	5320693	Click to see	268.26	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Isoflavonoids / Coumestans
3-Hydroxy-9-methoxy-6H-benzofuro(3,2-c)(1)benzopyran-6-one	5319565	Click to see	282.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JPS.2600640504
Flemichapparin C	11088179	Click to see	310.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)88194-7
Medicagol	5319322	Click to see C1OC2=C(O1)C=C3C(=C2)C4=C(O3)C5=C(C=C(C=C5)O)OC4=O	296.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Isoflavonoids / Furanoisoflavonoids / Pterocarpans
3-Hydroxy-8,9-methylenedioxypterocarpane	363863	Click to see	284.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)96392-7 https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1988-7-809 https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1991-1-208
Medicarpin	336327	Click to see COC1=CC2=C(C=C1)C3COC4=C(C3O2)C=CC(=C4)O	270.28	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)96392-7 https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1988-7-809 https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1991-1-208
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Isoflavonoids / Isoflav-2-enes / Isoflavones
Daidzein	5281708	Click to see	254.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)96392-7 https://doi.org/10.1002/JPS.2600640504 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00629810 https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1987-11-1206
Genistein	5280961	Click to see	270.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)96392-7
Pseudobaptigenin	5281805	Click to see C1OC2=C(O1)C=C(C=C2)C3=COC4=C(C3=O)C=CC(=C4)O	282.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1987-11-1206
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Isoflavonoids / Isoflavonoid O-glycosides
3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-[(2S,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one	44257215	Click to see COC1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=COC3=C(C2=O)C=CC(=C3)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O	430.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)96392-7 https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1988-7-809
3-[7-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6S)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-2-yl]oxy-3-oxopropanoic acid	162879552	Click to see	530.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83159-3
3-[7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6S)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-2-yl]oxy-3-oxopropanoic acid	162879603	Click to see CC1C(OC(C(C1O)O)OC2=CC(=C3C(=C2)OC(=C(C3=O)C4=CC=C(C=C4)OC)OC(=O)CC(=O)O)O)CO	546.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83159-3
3-[7-[3,4-Dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-2-yl]oxy-3-oxopropanoic acid	162879551	Click to see	530.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83159-3
3-[7-[3,4-Dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-2-yl]oxy-3-oxopropanoic acid	162879602	Click to see	546.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83159-3
5-Hydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-7-yl hexopyranoside	5358913	Click to see	446.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86150-6
5-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one	5538688	Click to see	446.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86150-6
5-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one	5315461	Click to see COC1=CC=C(C=C1)C2COC3=CC(=CC(=C3C2=O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O	448.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Biochanin A 7-(6-malonylglucoside)	131751062	Click to see	532.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1988-7-809
Daidzin	107971	Click to see	416.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1987-11-1206
Genistin	5281377	Click to see	432.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)96392-7
Ononin	442813	Click to see	430.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)96392-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00629810 https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1988-7-809
Sissotrin with HPLC, 99+% [5928-26-7]	45934014	Click to see COC1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=COC3=CC(=CC(=C3C2=O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O	446.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1988-7-809 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)96392-7
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Isoflavonoids / O-methylated isoflavonoids / 4-O-methylated isoflavonoids
(3R)-3-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-hydroxy-4-oxo-2,3-dihydrochromen-5-olate	25200813	Click to see	315.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
Homoferreirin	442788	Click to see COC1=CC(=C(C=C1)C2COC3=CC(=CC(=C3C2=O)O)O)OC	316.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JPS.2600640504
Vestitone	439310	Click to see	286.28	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1432-1033.1991.TB16241.X
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Isoflavonoids / O-methylated isoflavonoids / 4-O-methylated isoflavonoids / 3-hydroxy,4-methoxyisoflavonoids
4'-Methoxy-3',5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone	5281803	Click to see	300.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)96392-7 https://doi.org/10.1002/JPS.2600640504 https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1987-11-1206 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00618-4
Calycosin	5280448	Click to see	284.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1987-11-1206 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00618-4
Pratensein(1-)	25201808	Click to see	299.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Isoflavonoids / O-methylated isoflavonoids / 4-O-methylated isoflavonoids / 4-O-methylisoflavones
Biochanin A	5280373	Click to see	284.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)96392-7 https://doi.org/10.1002/JPS.2600640504 https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1988-7-809 https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1991-1-208
biochanin A(1-)	25203224	Click to see	283.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
CID 10378473	10378473	Click to see	271.24	unknown	via CMAUP database
Formononetin	5280378	Click to see	268.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)96392-7 https://doi.org/10.1002/JPS.2600640504 https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1988-7-809 https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1991-1-208
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Linear 1,3-diarylpropanoids / Chalcones and dihydrochalcones / 2-Hydroxychalcones
Isoliquiritigenin	638278	Click to see	256.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1987-11-1206
Lopac-I-3766	6603886	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C=CC(=O)C2=C(C=C(C=C2)O)O)O	256.25	unknown	via CMAUP database

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Cicer arietinum

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