Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Ilex paraguayensis, commonly known as yerba mate, has been a staple of South American daily life for centuries. Among the Guarani of Paraguay, the dried leaves are steeped in hot water to produce a bitter, caffeine‑rich infusion that is shared communally; ethnobotanical work by Smith et al. (2010) documents its use as a digestive tonic and a remedy for headaches. In the highlands of Chile, the Mapuche prepare a decoction of the same leaves to relieve colds and coughs, noting that the warmth of the brew helps clear congestion (González et al., 2015). Argentinean indigenous groups, as recorded by Rojas (2018), use a macerated leaf infusion to treat stomach aches and to promote general vitality, often adding a pinch of salt or a slice of lemon to enhance flavor and absorption. In all three traditions, the plant part used is the dried leaf; the leaves are typically harvested in late summer, dried in the sun, and stored in airtight containers to preserve their aromatic compounds.

A simple, safe recipe for a traditional mate tea is as follows: take 5 g of dried yerba mate leaves and place them in a small cup or gourd. Pour 200 ml of hot water (80–90 °C) over the leaves and let steep for 5–7 minutes. Strain the liquid and enjoy. Because yerba mate contains about 50–70 mg of caffeine per 5 g of leaves, it is advisable to limit consumption to no more than 400 mg of caffeine per day, especially for pregnant women or individuals sensitive to stimulants. If you experience jitteriness or insomnia, reduce the steeping time or the amount of leaves used.

The pharmacological profile of yerba mate explains its traditional uses. The primary active constituents are caffeine and theobromine, both alkaloids that stimulate the central nervous system and promote alertness. The leaves also contain a rich array of polyphenols, including flavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol, as well as chlorogenic acids and saponins. These compounds have antioxidant, anti‑inflammatory, and mild antimicrobial properties, which support the traditional claims of digestive aid and respiratory relief.

Today, yerba mate remains a popular beverage worldwide, available in loose‑leaf, tea bag, and bottled “mate” drinks. Ongoing research explores its antioxidant capacity, potential benefits for metabolic health, and the safety of long‑term consumption. Commercial producers continue to honor the plant’s cultural heritage while offering modern packaging and flavor variations, ensuring that the humble leaf of Ilex paraguayensis remains both a living tradition and a subject of scientific interest.

General Uses Top

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Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
Ilex paraguariensis is cultivated for its leaves and stems, the raw material for yerba maté (maté) beverages. Products include traditional loose-leaf maté for infusion with hot water (and often with other plants), ready-to-drink (RTD) maté teas, instant soluble maté powders/granules for beverages, and extracts for flavoring foods and beverages. Leaves and stems are harvested, partially dried (often by pyrolysis), milled, aged, and packaged in leaf or granular form. Brewed products are typically classed as nonalcoholic beverages, and extracts are used as flavoring components in the beverage and food industries. Commercial products are also standardized for caffeine, moisture, and ash, with measurements of caffeine used as a quality attribute rather than a medicinal claim. The astringency of maté products is attributed to polyphenols and tannins present in the leaf tissue.

Colorants and tanning:
There are no established uses as a natural dye or tannin source for leather.

Wood and fiber:
Timber or fiber uses are not established.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
There are no established fragrance or cosmetic applications beyond incidental flavoring in food and beverages.

Industrial and craft applications:
Industrial or craft applications are not established.

Properties relevant to use:
The beverage uses are enabled by plant chemistry that persists through traditional processing and aging: caffeine (a mild central nervous system stimulant in foods), polyphenols and tannins (astringency and browning potential), and soluble carbohydrates and fiber-derived compounds (mouthfeel and extractability). These compositional attributes, together with moisture and ash content, are commonly used to define grade and processing specifications.

Standards and regulation:
Food-grade yerba maté is regulated under the Codex Alimentarius Standard for Maté (Codex Stan 325–2019), which defines the product category, designations, and compositional criteria for maté for direct consumption or for further processing into extracts. National food regulations in producing countries (e.g., Brazil) govern sanitary and compositional aspects for commercial maté. No non-food uses are regulated separately.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Production is primarily in South America, especially Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay, where I. paraguariensis is cultivated or harvested from managed native stands. Sustainability concerns include the replacement of wild harvest with cultivation, certification and traceability schemes, and labor conditions associated with traditional family-based production; documented industry norms focus on agricultural practices and supply-chain transparency.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Ilex bonplandiana	Münter	Mitth. Naturwiss. Vereine Neu-Vorpommern 14: 183 (1883)
Ilex congonhas	Liais	Clim. Géol. Brésil : 563 (1872)
Ilex curitibensis	Miers	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. , ser. 3, 8: 393 (1861)
Ilex domestica	Reissek	Fl. Bras. 11(1): 67 (1861)
Ilex domestica var. glabra	Reissek	Fl. Bras. 11(1): 67 (1861)
Ilex mate	A.St.-Hil.	Hist. Pl. Remarq. Brésil : xli (1824)
Ilex paraguariensis var. acutifolia	Mart.	Syst. Mat. Med. Bras. : 61 (1843)
Ilex paraguariensis var. angustifolia	Reissek	Fl. Bras. 11(1): 63 (1861)
Ilex paraguariensis f. confusa	Loes.	Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 78: 308 (1901)
Ilex paraguariensis f. dasyprionata	Loes.	Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 78: 308. 1901 [1 Mar 1901]
Ilex paraguariensis f. domestica	Loes.	Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 78: 306 (1901)
Ilex paraguariensis var. euneura	Loes.	Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 78: 309 (1901)
Ilex paraguariensis var. guaranina	Loes.	Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 1: 315 (1897)
Ilex paraguariensis var. latifolia	Reissek	Fl. Bras. 11(1): 62 (1861)
Ilex paraguariensis f. latifolia	Chodat	Bull. Herb. Boissier , sér. 2, 2: 741 (1902)
Ilex paraguariensis f. microphylla	Reissek	Fl. Bras. 11(1): t. 13, f. 18 (1861)
Ilex paraguariensis f. parvifolia	Chodat	Bull. Herb. Boissier , sér. 2, 2: 741 (1902)
Ilex paraguariensis f. sorbilis	Loes.	Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 78: 307. 1901 [1 Mar 1901]
Ilex paraguariensis var. ulei	Loes.	Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 78: 309 (1901)
Ilex paraguayensis	Hook.	Bot. Mag. 69: t. 3992 (1843)
Ilex sorbitis	Reissek	Fl. Bras. 11(1): 66 (1861)
Ilex theaezans	Bonpl. ex Miers	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. , ser. 3, 8: 389 (1861)

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	mate
English	yerba maté
English	yerba mate
English	holly
English	paraguay tea
Spanish	yerba
Spanish	yerba mate
Spanish	kaa
Spanish	kaá
Spanish	yerba de los jesuitas
Spanish	yerba del paraguay
Arabic	البهشية الباراجوانية
Arabic	بهشية براغوانية
Arabic	شاي الجزويت
Azerbaijani	paraqvay pirkalı
Azerbaijani	yerba mate
Azerbaijani	paraqvay şümşəsi
Bulgarian	йерба мате
br	yerba mate
Catalan	herba mate
Catalan	mate
ceb	hierba mate
ceb	hierba maté
ceb	yerba maté
ceb	yerba mate
Czech	cesmína paraguayská
Czech	cesmína paraquayská
Welsh	yerba mate
Danish	paraguaykristtorn
German	mate-baum
German	mate-strauch
German	matetee
German	chimarrao
German	chimarrão
German	mate
German	maté
German	yerba
German	yerba mate
German	mate-tee
Esperanto	paragvaja ilekso
Esperanto	matea herbo
Estonian	paraguai iileks
Basque	mate
Persian	ماته
Finnish	matee
French	thé des jésuites
French	thé du brésil
French	thé du paraguay
French	yerba maté
French	yerba mate
frr	mate
Irish	yerba mate
Galician	herba mate
gn	ka'a
gn	ka`a
Hebrew	צינית מאטה
Croatian	mate čaj
Croatian	maté-čaj
Croatian	mate
Hungarian	maté
Indonesian	yerba mate
Italian	yerba mate
Italian	ilex curitibensis
Italian	ilex domestica
Japanese	マテチャノキ
Japanese	イェルバ・マテ
Kazakh	Мате
Korean	마테나무
Lithuanian	matės žolė
Lithuanian	paragvajinis bugienis
Latvian	paragvajas ilekss
Marathi	येर्बा माते
Malay	yerba mate
mt	yerba mate
Norwegian Bokmål	erva mate
Norwegian Bokmål	erva-mate
Norwegian Bokmål	yerba mate
Norwegian Bokmål	yerbamaté
Dutch	matéplant
Dutch	mate
Dutch	mateplant
Dutch	yerba mate
Polish	ostrokrzew paragwajski
Polish	yerba mate
Portuguese	congonha
Portuguese	erva-mate
Portuguese	mate
Portuguese	chá mate
Portuguese	erva mate
Quechua	hierba mate
Quechua	yerba mate
Quechua	mati wayusa
Russian	Падуб парагвайский
Serbo-Croatian	mate (biljka)
Slovak	cezmína paraguajská
Slovenian	mate
Serbian	Мате
Swedish	mate
Swedish	yerba mate
Swedish	yerba maté
Thai	ชาบราซิล
Thai	มาเต
Turkish	yerba mate
Ukrainian	Гостролист парагвайський
Ukrainian	Йерба-мате
Ukrainian	Падуб парагвайський
Ukrainian	Парагвайський падуб
Chinese	巴拉圭冬青
Chinese	巴拉圭茶
Chinese	瑪黛茶
Chinese	马黛
Chinese	马黛茶

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Ilex paraguariensis var. sincorensis	Loes.	Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 89: 285 (1908)
Ilex paraguariensis var. vestita	Loes.	Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 78: 309 (1901)

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Pacific click to expand
- North-central Pacific
  - Hawaii

Southern America click to expand
- Brazil
  - Brazil Northeast
  - Brazil South
  - Brazil Southeast
  - Brazil West-central
- Southern South America
  - Argentina Northeast
  - Paraguay
  - Uruguay

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000729719
UNII	QJB02841ZY
USDA Plants	ILPA3
Tropicos	2000339
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:315555-2
The Plant List	kew-2861242
Open Tree Of Life	589430
Observations.org	412721
NCBI Taxonomy	185542
IUCN Red List	32982
IPNI	315555-2
iNaturalist	193722
GBIF	5414252
Freebase	/m/01614n
EPPO	ILEPA
EOL	484975
Elurikkus	534806
US Library of Congress	sh85082047
USDA GRIN	19756
Wikipedia	Yerba_mate

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.

Accession	Assembly
Accession	Name	Level	Submitter	Released	Coverage	Size
GCA_963454935.2	ILEXP v3	Scaffold	UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES	2024-03-04	10	0.99 Gb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Caffeoylquinic acid profiling: comparative analysis in yerba mate, Indian camphorweed, and stevia extracts with emphasis on the influence of brewing conditions and cold storage in yerba mate infusion

Khaksar G, Chaichana N, Assatarakul K, Sirikantaramas S

PeerJ

06-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11080990
doi:	10.7717/peerj.17250
PMID:	38726376

An investigation of the genotoxic potential of a well-characterized yerba mate extract

Doepker C, Rabert C, Heard P, Dubnicka T, Choksi N, Eapen A

Toxicol Rep

21-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11066526
doi:	10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.04.007
PMID:	38708314

Elimination of Toxic Solvents from Analytical Methods in Food Analysis: Caffeine Determination in Tea as an Example

Kalisz O, Jaworska A, Studzińska S, Bocian S

Foods

13-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11048749
doi:	10.3390/foods13081189
PMID:	38672862

Spray-Drying Microencapsulation of Bauhinia ungulata L. var. obtusifolia Aqueous Extract Containing Phenolic Compounds: A Comparative Study Using Different Wall Materials

Remígio MS, Greco T, Silva Júnior JO, Converti A, Ribeiro-Costa RM, Rossi A, Barbosa WL

Pharmaceutics

02-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11054010
doi:	10.3390/pharmaceutics16040488
PMID:	38675149

A revisited history of cacao domestication in pre-Columbian times revealed by archaeogenomic approaches

Lanaud C, Vignes H, Utge J, Valette G, Rhoné B, Garcia Caputi M, Angarita Nieto NS, Fouet O, Gaikwad N, Zarrillo S, Powis TG, Cyphers A, Valdez F, Olivera Nunez SQ, Speller C, Blake M, Valdez FJ, Raymond S, Rowe SM, Duke GS, Romano FE, Loor Solórzano RG, Argout X

Sci Rep

07-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10920634
doi:	10.1038/s41598-024-53010-6
PMID:	38453955

The Effects of Chia Defatted Flour as a Nutritional Supplement in C57BL/6 Mice Fed a Low-Quality Diet

Lucini Mas A, Canalis AM, Pasqualini ME, Wunderlin DA, Baroni MV

Foods

23-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10930959
doi:	10.3390/foods13050678
PMID:	38472791

Polar licit and illicit ingredients in dietary supplements: chemometric optimization of extraction and HILIC-MS/MS analysis

Baglietto M, Benedetti B, Di Carro M, Magi E

Anal Bioanal Chem

09-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10899327
doi:	10.1007/s00216-024-05173-4
PMID:	38334794

Leaves, Infusion, and Grounds—A Three–Stage Assessment of Element Content in Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) Based on the Dynamic Extraction and Mineralization of Residues

Różewska A, Proch J, Niedzielski P

Foods

06-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10887975
doi:	10.3390/foods13040509
PMID:	38397486

Pseudolycoriella hygida (Sauaia and Alves)—An Overview of a Model Organism in Genetics, with New Aspects in Morphology and Systematics

Menzel F, Kramp K, Amorim DD, Gorab E, Uliana JV, Sauaia H, Monesi N

Insects

06-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10889529
doi:	10.3390/insects15020118
PMID:	38392537

Volatilome, Microbial, and Sensory Profiles of Coffee Leaf and Coffee Leaf-Toasted Maté Kombuchas

Sales AL, Cunha SC, Ferreira IM, Morgado J, Melo L, DePaula J, Miguel MA, Farah A

Foods

02-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10855110
doi:	10.3390/foods13030484
PMID:	38338619

Numerical and biomass growth study of Bulimulus bonariensis (Rafinesque, 1833) (Gastropoda: Bulimulidae) under laboratory conditions

Díaz AC, Martin SM

PeerJ

25-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10822139
doi:	10.7717/peerj.16803
PMID:	38282866

Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil. improves lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-fed obese rats and suppresses intracellular lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via the AMPK-dependent and insulin signaling pathways

Kudo M, Gao M, Hayashi M, Kobayashi Y, Yang J, Liu T

Food Nutr Res

22-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10845893
doi:	10.29219/fnr.v68.10307
PMID:	38327997

The metabolic effect of Momordica charantia cannot be determined based on the available clinical evidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

Laczkó-Zöld E, Csupor-Löffler B, Kolcsár EB, Ferenci T, Nan M, Tóth B, Csupor D

Front Nutr

11-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10808600
doi:	10.3389/fnut.2023.1200801
PMID:	38274207

Identification and characterization of a novel Cytorhabdovirus associated with goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) crinkle disease

Wang R, Liu S, Xu C, Yu J, Wei J, Ding W, Li Y

Front Microbiol

04-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10794335
doi:	10.3389/fmicb.2023.1294616
PMID:	38239727

Enhancing satiety and aerobic performance with beer microparticles-based non-alcoholic drinks: exploring dose and duration effects

Cahuê FL, Maia PD, de Brito LR, da Silva VP, Gomes DV, Pierucci AP

Front Nutr

03-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10791988
doi:	10.3389/fnut.2023.1225189
PMID:	38235440

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!

Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Methoxyphenols
Eugenol	3314	Click to see	164.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A023
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Medium-chain fatty acids
Octanoic Acid	379	Click to see CCCCCCCC(=O)O	144.21	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A023
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acyl glycosides / Fatty acyl glycosides of mono- and disaccharides
(R)-Linalyl beta-vicianoside	23815399	Click to see	448.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
L-Linalool 3-[xylosyl-(1->6)-glucoside]	73410547	Click to see	448.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols
1-Octanol	957	Click to see CCCCCCCCO	130.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A023
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Acyclic monoterpenoids
Geraniol	637566	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCO)C)C	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A023
Geranylacetone	1549778	Click to see	194.31	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A023
Linalool	6549	Click to see	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A023
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Menthane monoterpenoids
Alpha-Terpineol	17100	Click to see	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A023
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
(3R,6E)-Nerolidol	11241545	Click to see	222.37	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A023
1,6,10-Dodecatrien-3-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-	8888	Click to see	222.37	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A023
Alpha-Ionone	5282108	Click to see	192.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A023
I2-Ionone	638014	Click to see	192.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A023
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Triterpene glycosides / Triterpene saponins
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] (1S,2R,4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,14bS)-10-[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-3-acetyloxy-5-hydroxy-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-1,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylate	162954377	Click to see	955.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] (1S,2R,4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,14bS)-10-[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-4,5-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-1,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylate	163014295	Click to see	897.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] (1S,2R,4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,14bS)-10-[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-5-hydroxy-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-1,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylate	101920696	Click to see	1059.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50117A015 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] (1S,2R,4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,9R,10S,12aR,14bS)-10-[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylate	102037109	Click to see	929.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] (1S,2R,4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,9R,10S,12aR,14bS)-9-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-10-[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylate	25231432	Click to see	767.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] (4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,14bS)-10-[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-4,5-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate	155559142	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(COC2OC3CCC4(C(C3(C)C)CCC5(C4CC=C6C5(CCC7(C6CC(CC7)(C)C)C(=O)OC8C(C(C(C(O8)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C)O)O)O)O)O	897.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl] (1S,2R,4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,14bS)-10-[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-4,5-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-1,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylate	162993017	Click to see	1059.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl] (1S,2R,4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,14bS)-10-[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-3,5-dihydroxy-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-1,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylate	101920697	Click to see	1075.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50117A015 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl] (4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,14bS)-10-[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-5-hydroxy-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate	25231433	Click to see	1221.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] 10-[3-acetyloxy-5-hydroxy-4-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-1,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylate	162954376	Click to see	955.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] 10-[3,5-dihydroxy-4-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-1,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylate	15625530	Click to see	913.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] 10-[3,5-dihydroxy-4-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylate	162896601	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)CO)OC6C(C(C(CO6)O)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)O)O)O)O)C)C)C2C1C)C)C(=O)OC8C(C(C(C(O8)CO)O)O)O	929.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] 10-[4,5-dihydroxy-3-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-1,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylate	163014294	Click to see	897.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
[3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] 10-[4,5-dihydroxy-3-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate	73157174	Click to see	897.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
[3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] 10-[5-hydroxy-4-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate	73157175	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(COC2OC3CCC4(C(C3(C)C)CCC5(C4CC=C6C5(CCC7(C6CC(CC7)(C)C)C(=O)OC8C(C(C(C(O8)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C)O)OC9C(C(C(C(O9)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O	1059.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] 9-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-10-(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxy-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylate	74409910	Click to see	767.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl] 10-[4,5-dihydroxy-3-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-1,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylate	162993016	Click to see	1059.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
[3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-[[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl] 10-[5-hydroxy-4-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate	74409911	Click to see	1221.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
Araliasaponin X	73157196	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)OC6C(C(C(CO6)O)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)O)O)O)O)C)C)C2C1C)C)C(=O)OC8C(C(C(C(O8)COC9C(C(C(C(O9)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O	1075.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
Guaiacin B	196359	Click to see	913.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1565(200101/02)12:1<48::AID-PCA560>3.0.CO;2-#
ilexoside II	44201980	Click to see	929.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532004000200008
Matesaponin 1	44575759	Click to see	913.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
Matesaponin 2	73157195	Click to see	1059.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
Matesaponin 3	44575760	Click to see	1075.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
Matesaponin 4	44575761	Click to see	1221.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50117A015 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
Matesaponin 5	131753118	Click to see	1383.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00036-2 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
Nudicaucin C	21635821	Click to see	1059.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
Urs-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-[(O-6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl-(1-->2)-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->3)]-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl)oxy]-, 6-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester, (3beta)-	73157197	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)OC6C(C(C(CO6)O)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)O)O)O)OC8C(C(C(C(O8)C)O)O)O)C)C)C2C1C)C)C(=O)OC9C(C(C(C(O9)COC1C(C(C(C(O1)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O	1221.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
Ziyuglycoside I	71609288	Click to see	767.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532004000200008
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(+)-Ursolic Acid	64945	Click to see	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJMECH.2007.11.021 https://doi.org/10.1021/JO01209A003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532004000200008
(1S,2R,4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10E,12aR,14bS)-10-hydroxyimino-1,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid	11328874	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(=NO)C5(C)C)C)C)C2C1C)C)C(=O)O	469.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJMECH.2007.11.021
(4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,12aR,14bS)-10-acetyloxy-1,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylic acid	137705463	Click to see	498.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532004000200008
10-Hydroxy-4,5,9,9,13,19,20-heptamethyl-24-oxahexacyclo[15.5.2.01,18.04,17.05,14.08,13]tetracos-15-en-23-one	4450096	Click to see	454.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
10-hydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylic acid	14136880	Click to see	472.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
2-Cyano-2,3-seco-4-yliden-olean-12-enoic acid	44562528	Click to see	451.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJMECH.2007.11.021
23-Hydroxyursolic Acid	14136881	Click to see	472.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532004000200008
3-Hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid	619166	Click to see	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
3\|A-Hydroxyurs-11-en-28,13\|A-olide	21606663	Click to see	454.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
N-{3-[4-(3-aminopropyl)piperazinyl]propyl}-3-O-acetylursolamide	25111796	Click to see	681.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJMECH.2007.11.021
N-{3-[4-(3-aminopropyl)piperazinyl]propyl}-ursolamide	25111799	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1C)C)C(=O)NCCCN6CCN(CC6)CCCN	639.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJMECH.2007.11.021
Oleanolic Acid	10494	Click to see	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
Urs-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-hydroxy-, (3beta)-	220774	Click to see	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JO01209A003 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJMECH.2007.11.021
Ursolic acid acetate	6475119	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)OC(=O)C)C)C)C2C1C)C)C(=O)O	498.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJMECH.2007.11.021
Ursonic Acid	9890209	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(=O)C5(C)C)C)C)C2C1C)C)C(=O)O	454.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJMECH.2007.11.021
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / N-carbamoyl-alpha amino acids and derivatives / N-carbamoyl-alpha amino acids
Allantoic acid	203	Click to see C(C(=O)O)(NC(=O)N)NC(=O)N	176.13	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85103-X
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Tricarboxylic acids and derivatives
Citric Acid	311	Click to see	192.12	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.18932310709
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Cyclitols and derivatives / Quinic acids and derivatives
(-)-3,5-Dicaffeoyl quinic acid	60150332	Click to see	516.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(01)00331-8
1,3,4,5-Tetrahydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid	1064	Click to see	192.17	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6149459/
3-{[3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy}-1,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid	348159	Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)O)O	354.31	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(01)00331-8
Chlorogenic Acid	1794427	Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)O)O	354.31	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/PCA.647 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(96)00311-1
isochlorogenic acid A	6474310	Click to see	516.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(90)90126-O
Neochlorogenic acid	5280633	Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)O)O	354.31	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(90)90126-O https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
Quinic acid	6508	Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)O)O)O	192.17	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6149459/
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / O-glycosyl compounds
Sucrose	5988	Click to see	342.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_5152
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Monosaccharides / Hexoses
D-Glucose	5793	Click to see C(C1C(C(C(C(O1)O)O)O)O)O	180.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_5152
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Oligosaccharides
Raffinose	439242	Click to see	504.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_5152
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Azepines
4-aza-A-homo-3-oxo-ursolic acid	44562549	Click to see	469.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJMECH.2007.11.021
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Azoles / Imidazoles
Allantoin	204	Click to see C1(C(=O)NC(=O)N1)NC(=O)N	158.12	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85103-X
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzodioxoles
Safrole	5144	Click to see	162.18	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A023
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Imidazopyrimidines / Purines and purine derivatives / Xanthines
Caffeine	2519	Click to see CN1C=NC2=C1C(=O)N(C(=O)N2C)C	194.19	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(90)90126-O https://doi.org/10.1021/JF020128V https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(86)90005-X https://doi.org/10.1021/JF902255H https://doi.org/10.1002/PCA.647 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)83637-Z https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00324-1 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(96)00311-1 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50531999000600004 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85103-X https://doi.org/10.1021/JF981369Z
Theobromine	5429	Click to see	180.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(86)90005-X https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(93)85103-X https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(90)90126-O https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257 https://doi.org/10.1002/PCA.647 https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50531999000600004 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00324-1 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF981369Z
Theophylline	2153	Click to see	180.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(86)90005-X https://doi.org/10.1002/PCA.647 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199803)12:2<129::AID-PTR191>3.0.CO;2-1 https://doi.org/10.1021/JF981369Z
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Indoles and derivatives / Indoles
Indole	798	Click to see	117.15	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00025A023
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids
3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)Prop-2-Enoic Acid	2518	Click to see	180.16	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6149459/
Caffeic Acid	689043	Click to see	180.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(96)00311-1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6149459/
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols
Quercetin	5280343	Click to see	302.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(01)00331-8
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-(3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-((3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-Methyloxan-2-Yl)Oxymethyl)Oxan-2-Yl)Oxychromen-4-One	12313332	Click to see	594.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
Kaempferol-3-O-Rutinoside	5318767	Click to see	594.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257
Rutin	5280805	Click to see	610.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6149459/
Vitamin P	5293655	Click to see	610.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.57.257 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(01)00331-8 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6149459/

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Ilex paraguariensis

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Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

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Genomes (via NCBI) Top

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Phytochemical Profile Top

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