Details Top

Internal ID UUID64405b98d389d033576029
Scientific name Cuscuta reflexa
Authority Roxb.
First published in Pl. Coromandel 2: 3 (1799)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice
  • Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
  • Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
  • Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
  • Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Ethnobotanical Uses

In the Chaurang Dhar Valley of the Western Himalaya, an infusion or decoction of the whole plant or aerial stems is taken as a diuretic and tonic according to Gaur (1999). Among healers in Madhya Pradesh, a warm decoction made from leaves and stems is given for fevers and respiratory complaints (Munda et al., 2018). In Kerala’s Mullaperiyar forests, the Murasi community prepares a leaf infusion for cough and cold; they also report a weak leaf decoction for fevers (Haridas et al., 2013). These records all involve water-based preparations, with the aerial stems and leaves most frequently specified.

A practical preparation for a mild, water-based winter tea is as follows: use 2–3 g (about 1 small handful) of dried stems and leaves, add 250–300 ml of water, bring to a gentle simmer for 10–12 minutes, then steep for 10 minutes and strain. Drink 1 small cup (about 150–200 ml) 1–2 times daily for cough or congestion, warm and not boiling hot. Do not exceed 3–4 g of dried material per day in water-based preparations, and avoid use during pregnancy or while nursing unless advised by a qualified practitioner. If any rash, nausea, or unusual symptoms occur, discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional.

The aerial stems and leaves contain flavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol glycosides, along with luteolin derivatives and occasional alkaloids, with variations likely influenced by host plants (Haridas et al., 2013). These constituents are well documented in Cuscuta reflexa and plausibly support the mild diuretic, anti‑inflammatory, and antioxidant activities attributed to the infusions.

Modern relevance remains modest: small‑scale field studies and local herbal practice continue in Kerala and central India (Munda et al., 2018; Haridas et al., 2013), with some commercial supply of dried stems and leaves in niche herbal markets, while scientific interest in species‑level chemistry and safe use continues to grow.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
Cuscuta reflexa is principally supplied to scientific institutions as a laboratory model organism for the study of obligate plant parasitism. Whole plants or sterile seedlings are provided by botanical culture collections for experiments on haustorial development, host‑parasite signaling, and comparative genomics. In addition, isolated stem segments and cultured callus are sold as experimental material for RNA interference, CRISPR/Cas‑mediated gene editing, and transcriptomic analyses of parasitic plants.

Properties relevant to use:
The species possesses several traits that make it amenable to laboratory manipulation. Its stems lack true roots, consist of highly reduced vascular tissue, and retain the ability to form functional haustoria on a broad range of host species, enabling controlled infection assays. C. reflexa exhibits rapid vegetative growth under controlled conditions, allowing multiple generations within weeks. The plant is readily regenerated from tissue culture, facilitating stable transformation and the production of transformed lines. Its relatively small nuclear genome (approximately 300–350 Mb) and the availability of a draft reference assembly in public databases (e.g., NCBI, Phytozome, EnsemblPlants) support comparative and functional genomics. The stem tissue contains high water content and a low lignin‑to‑cellulose ratio, which facilitates efficient protoplast isolation and enzyme treatments required for molecular work. These physical and genomic attributes enable the plant to serve as a standard experimental platform for investigating the mechanisms of plant parasitism.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Because C. reflexa is a parasitic weed, it is not harvested from natural populations for commercial purposes. Sustainable laboratory supply relies on greenhouse or growth‑chamber cultivation under controlled, aseptic conditions, with seed or vegetative material propagated from verified, disease‑free cultures. Major botanical repositories maintain authenticated accessions, ensuring traceability and genetic integrity for research use. No regulatory framework specifically governs the commercial trade of this species, as it is not listed among regulated plant imports; however, transport follows general phytosanitary guidelines for plant material.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Kadurias reflexa Raf. Fl. Tellur. 4: 91 (1838)
Monogynella reflexa (Roxb.) Holub Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 12: 429 (1977)
Cuscuta reflexa var. grandiflora Engelm. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 1: 518. 1859

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
English common dodder
English giant dodder
Arabic حامول منعكس
Bengali স্বর্নলতা
Malayalam ആകാശവല്ലി
Malayalam മൂടില്ലാത്താളി
Malayalam മൂടില്ലാതാളി
Marathi अमरवेल
Nepali आकाशबेली
Tamil கொடியார் கூந்தல்
Chinese 大花菟絲子
Chinese 菟丝
Chinese 黄藤草
Chinese 蛇系腰
Chinese 红无娘藤
Chinese 无根花
Chinese 云南菟丝子
Chinese 大花菟丝子
Chinese 金丝藤
Chinese 无娘藤
Chinese 菟丝子

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Name Authority First published in
Cuscuta reflexa var. anguina (Edgew.) C.B.Clarke Fl. Brit. India 4: 226. 1883
Cuscuta reflexa var. brachystigma Engelm. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 1: 519 (1859)
Cuscuta reflexa var. reflexa

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Asia-temperate
    • China
      • China South-central
      • China Southeast
      • Tibet
    • Western Asia
      • Afghanistan
  • Asia-tropical
    • Indian Subcontinent
      • Assam
      • Bangladesh
      • East Himalaya
      • India
      • Nepal
      • Pakistan
      • Sri Lanka
      • West Himalaya
    • Indo-China
      • Laos
      • Myanmar
      • Thailand
      • Vietnam
    • Malesia
      • Jawa

Links to other databases Top

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Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0001296658
UNII 7317415HFO
USDA Plants CURE
Tropicos 8500037
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:267630-1
The Plant List tro-8500037
Open Tree Of Life 1071026
NCBI Taxonomy 4129
IUCN Red List 174410762
IPNI 267630-1
iNaturalist 76554
GBIF 2927545
EPPO CVCRE
Calflora (Californian flora) 8536
USDA GRIN 318333
Wikipedia Cuscuta_reflexa
CMAUP NPO8884

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Study of medicinal plants used in ethnoveterinary medical system in riverine areas of Punjab, Pakistan Umair M, Altaf M, Ahsan T, Bussmann RW, Abbasi AM, Gatasheh MK, Elrobh M J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 07-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11077875
doi:10.1186/s13002-024-00686-9
PMID:38715115
Recognition of nonself is necessary to activate Drosophila’s immune response against an insect parasite Leitão AB, Arunkumar R, Day JP, Hanna N, Devi A, Hayes MP, Jiggins FM BMC Biol 22-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11034056
doi:10.1186/s12915-024-01886-1
PMID:38644510
Plant-Based Biostimulants for Seeds in the Context of Circular Economy and Sustainability Wazeer H, Shridhar Gaonkar S, Doria E, Pagano A, Balestrazzi A, Macovei A Plants (Basel) 31-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC11013454
doi:10.3390/plants13071004
PMID:38611532
Innovative ionic liquid pretreatment followed by wet disk milling treatment provides enhanced properties of sugar palm nano-fibrillated cellulose Norfarhana AS, Ilyas RA, Ngadi N, Dzarfan Othman MH Heliyon 07-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC10951586
doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27715
PMID:38509963
Exploring the benefits of wild plants in dietary nutrition: investigating perspectives, choices, health impacts and sustainable practices Anwar T, Qureshi H, Shahzadi S, Siddiqi EH, Ali HM, Abdelhamid MM, Nazim M BMC Complement Med Ther 14-Feb-2024
PMCID:PMC10865668
doi:10.1186/s12906-024-04379-4
PMID:38355544
An appraisal of traditional knowledge of plant poisoning of livestock and its validation through acute toxicity assay in rats Rasool F, Nizamani ZA, Ahmad KS, Parveen F, Khan SA, Sabir N Front Pharmacol 14-Feb-2024
PMCID:PMC10900104
doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1328133
PMID:38420196
Traditional utilization of bamboo in the Central Siwalik region, Nepal K. C. BM, Lamichhane J, Khanal SN, Gauchan DP PLoS One 30-Jan-2024
PMCID:PMC10826958
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0296886
PMID:38289942
Melatonin-Induced Stress Enhanced Biomass and Production of High-Value Secondary Cell Products in Submerged Adventitious Root Cultures of Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Naz B, Afzal A, Ali H, Ahmad N, Fazal H, Ullah R, Ali EA, Ali M, Ullah Z, Ali A, Dilbar S ACS Omega 26-Jan-2024
PMCID:PMC10851244
doi:10.1021/acsomega.3c07404
PMID:38343981
1H NMR-Based Metabolomics Profile of Green and Red Amaranthus Grown in Open Field versus Greenhouse Cultivation System Nemadodzi LE, Managa GM Metabolites 28-Dec-2023
PMCID:PMC10819972
doi:10.3390/metabo14010021
PMID:38248824
Ethnomedicinal plants in Champadevi rural municipality, Okhaldhunga district, Nepal Karki D, Khadka D, Kunwar RM, Aryal PC, Paudel HR, Bhatta S, Shi S J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 11-Dec-2023
PMCID:PMC10712033
doi:10.1186/s13002-023-00627-y
PMID:38072922
Fissistigma oldhamii (Hemsl.) Merr.: Ethnomedicinal, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Aspects Bailly C Plants (Basel) 07-Dec-2023
PMCID:PMC10748316
doi:10.3390/plants12244094
PMID:38140421
Large-scale interplant exchange of macromolecules between soybean and dodder under nutrient stresses Zhang J, Li S, Li W, Feng Z, Zhang S, Zheng X, Xu Y, Shen G, Zhao M, Cao G, Wu X, Wu J Plant Divers 03-Dec-2023
PMCID:PMC10851303
doi:10.1016/j.pld.2023.11.005
PMID:38343599
The local medicinal plant knowledge in Kashmir Western Himalaya: a way to foster ecological transition via community-centred health seeking strategies Manzoor M, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Gillani SW, Shaheen H, Pieroni A, Al-Ghamdi AA, Elshikh MS, Saqib S, Makhkamov T, Khaydarov K J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 30-Nov-2023
PMCID:PMC10688143
doi:10.1186/s13002-023-00631-2
PMID:38037066
Anti-malarial and haematological evaluation of the ethanolic, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of Chromolaena odorata Elebiyo TC, Oluba OM, Adeyemi OS BMC Complement Med Ther 09-Nov-2023
PMCID:PMC10634035
doi:10.1186/s12906-023-04200-8
PMID:37946127
Electrochemical and DFT studies of Terminalia bellerica fruit extract as an eco-friendly inhibitor for the corrosion of steel Abuelela AM, Kaur J, Saxena A, Bedair MA, Verma DK, Berdimurodov E Sci Rep 08-Nov-2023
PMCID:PMC10632492
doi:10.1038/s41598-023-45283-0
PMID:37938591

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
Alpha-Amyrin 73170 Click to see 426.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209209054017
Beta-Amyrin 73145 Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C)C 426.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209209054017
Lupeol 259846 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C 426.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209209054017
Oleanolic Acid 10494 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209209054017
Oleanolic acid acetate 6708573 Click to see CC(=O)OC1CCC2(C(C1(C)C)CCC3(C2CC=C4C3(CCC5(C4CC(CC5)(C)C)C(=O)O)C)C)C 498.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209209054017
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
Stigmasterol 5280794 Click to see 412.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209209054017
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Alpha amino acids and derivatives
Guanidinoacetic Acid 763 Click to see 117.11 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Alpha amino acids and derivatives / Alpha amino acids / L-alpha-amino acids
L-Arginine 6322 Click to see 174.20 unknown via CMAUP database
Lysine zwitterion 122198194 Click to see 146.19 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Alpha amino acids and derivatives / Histidine and derivatives
(2S)-2-ammonio-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoate 6971009 Click to see 155.15 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic nitrogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Amines / Primary amines / 2-arylethylamines
Histamine 774 Click to see 111.15 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic nitrogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Amines / Primary amines / Monoalkylamines
Ethylamine 6341 Click to see CCN 45.08 unknown via CMAUP database
Isoamylamine 7894 Click to see CC(C)CCN 87.16 unknown via CMAUP database
Propylamine 7852 Click to see 59.11 unknown via CMAUP database
Putrescine 1045 Click to see 88.15 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic nitrogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Amines / Secondary amines / Dialkylamines
Dimethylamine 674 Click to see CNC 45.08 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic nitrogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Amines / Tertiary amines / Trialkylamines
Trimethylamine 1146 Click to see CN(C)C 59.11 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic nitrogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Guanidines
Agmatine 199 Click to see 130.19 unknown via CMAUP database
Guanidine 3520 Click to see 59.07 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic nitrogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Quaternary ammonium salts / Cholines
Choline 305 Click to see 104.17 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Cyclitols and derivatives / Quinic acids and derivatives
(1S)-3,4-bis[3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyloxy]-1,5-dihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid 129316855 Click to see 516.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1177/095632029700800108
1,3,4,5-Tetrahydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid 1064 Click to see 192.17 unknown https://doi.org/10.1177/095632029700800108
Chlorogenic Acid 1794427 Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)O)O 354.31 unknown https://doi.org/10.1177/095632029700800108
https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(95)93846-U
Quinic acid 6508 Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)O)O)O 192.17 unknown https://doi.org/10.1177/095632029700800108
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / Phenolic glycosides
(3S,4R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[4-[(E)-3-hydroxyprop-1-enyl]-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy]oxane-3,4,5-triol 24847743 Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O)OC)C=CCO 372.40 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Azoles / Imidazoles / Substituted imidazoles / Imidazolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives
(S)-2-hydroxy-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid 440129 Click to see C1=C(NC=N1)CC(C(=O)O)O 156.14 unknown via CMAUP database
CID 28305488 28305488 Click to see 126.11 unknown via CMAUP database
Urocanic acid 736715 Click to see C1=C(NC=N1)C=CC(=O)O 138.12 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives
Cuscuta propenamide 1 10403282 Click to see 313.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.50.112
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives
6,7,8-Trimethoxycoumarin 3083928 Click to see 236.22 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.50.112
Scoparone 8417 Click to see COC1=C(C=C2C(=C1)C=CC(=O)O2)OC 206.19 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Flavanones / Flavanonols
3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)Chroman-4-One 662 Click to see 288.25 unknown https://doi.org/10.1177/095632029700800108
Aromadendrin 122850 Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O)O 288.25 unknown https://doi.org/10.1177/095632029700800108
Taxifolin 439533 Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O)O)O 304.25 unknown https://doi.org/10.1177/095632029700800108
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols
Quercetin 5280343 Click to see 302.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(95)93846-U
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides
(2S)-5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one 124300887 Click to see 434.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1177/095632029700800108
Coccinoside B 42607844 Click to see C1C(OC2=CC(=CC(=C2C1=O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C4=C(C=CC(=C4)O)O 450.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1177/095632029700800108
Prunin 92794 Click to see C1C(OC2=CC(=CC(=C2C1=O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C4=CC=C(C=C4)O 434.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1177/095632029700800108
Taxifolin 7-glucoside 14282775 Click to see 466.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1177/095632029700800108

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