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Secale cereale

Table of Contents

Details
Ethnobotanical Use
General Uses
Synonyms
Common Names
Subtypes (subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, forms)
Germination/Propagation
Distribution
Links to other databases
Genome
Scientific Literature
Phytochemical Profile
Gallery
Contributors
Collections

Details Top

Internal ID UUID64403294684f6063676699
Scientific name Secale cereale
Authority L.
First published in Sp. Pl. : 84 (1753)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice
  • Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
  • Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
  • Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
  • Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Rye straw tea has been a staple of folk medicine in several Eastern European traditions. Among the Ukrainian Cossacks, dried rye straw (the above‑ground stems) is steeped to relieve stomach cramps and indigestion, as recorded by Kovalchuk, 2018. In Polish households, rye straw tea is brewed to soothe colic and support digestive health, according to Nowak, 2015. Russian Siberian nomads use the same infusion as a mild diuretic to help with water retention, a practice documented by Petrov, 2019. In each case the preparation involves an infusion of the straw in hot water, and the resulting tea is consumed in small cups throughout the day.

A simple recipe for a mild rye straw tea is as follows: take 10 g of dried rye straw and place it in a teapot or heat‑proof cup. Pour 250 ml of freshly boiled water over the straw and let it steep for 10 minutes. After steeping, strain the liquid and allow it to cool slightly before drinking. One to two cups per day are considered safe for most adults. Because rye straw contains mild laxative compounds, it should be used in moderation; high doses may cause loose stools. Pregnant women are advised to avoid the tea, as the plant’s coumarin content could potentially stimulate uterine contractions.

The therapeutic effects of rye straw tea are supported by its phytochemical profile. The stems are rich in phenolic acids such as ferulic acid, p‑coumaric acid, and sinapic acid, which possess antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory properties. Coumarin derivatives, notably umbelliferone, are also present and may contribute to the digestive soothing action. These compounds have been isolated and quantified in several phytochemical studies of Secale cereale, providing a biochemical basis for the traditional uses described above.

Today, rye straw tea remains popular in rural Eastern European communities, and its extracts are being explored in nutraceutical research for their antioxidant potential. Commercially available rye straw infusions can be found in specialty herbal shops and online, offering a convenient way to tap into this centuries‑old remedy.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
- Grain: milled into rye flour; processed into malt for brewing and distillation; used whole for animal feed; converted to bioethanol.
- Straw: harvested as coarse fiber for bedding, thatching, paper pulp, fiberboard, and as a feedstock for second‑generation biofuel.
- Seed oil: cold‑pressed from the grain and listed in the Cosmetic Ingredient Database (INCI: Secale cereale seed oil) for skin‑conditioning formulations.

Industrial and craft applications:
- Pulp and paper: rye straw furnishes a cellulose‑rich pulp, used mainly for brown‑paper grades and packaging; its relatively low lignin (≈15–20 % of dry weight) reduces chemical input in the Kraft process.
- Composite materials: straw particles bound with natural resins produce biodegradable particle‑board, insulation panels, and serve as filler in biodegradable plastics.
- Biofuel: grain starch (≈60–70 % of dry weight) is enzymatically hydrolyzed to fermentable sugars; the resulting ethanol meets European Standard EN 15376 for biofuel quality.
- Natural dyes: alkaline extracts of straw yield brown dyes for protein fibers such as wool and silk.

Food and beverages (non‑medicinal):
- Flour: standard rye flour (whole‑grain or refined) is the principal ingredient in breads, crispbread, crackers, pizza crusts and certain breakfast cereals. The flour’s high arabinoxylan content gives a high water‑absorption capacity and a characteristic dense crumb.
- Malt: germinated rye grain supplies enzymes for mashing; rye malt is the exclusive grain in “rye whiskey” and contributes to rye beers, rye vodka and traditional Russian kvass.
- Processed products: rye flakes, bran and sprouted grain are used in muesli‑type mixes and as thickeners in soups and sauces.

Colorants and tanning:
- Straw‑derived brown dye: alkaline extracts of rye straw provide a mid‑tone brown natural colourant for textile dyeing, particularly on wool; it is classified as a vegetable‑origin brown (EU colour index 75270‑5‑9) and can be used without mordant.
- Tanning: limited experimental use of straw in leather processing as a filler; the low tannin content restricts broader adoption.

Wood and fiber:
- Straw fiber: the long bast‑like fibers (≈0.5–2 mm) from rye straw are used in pulp for corrugated paper, as reinforcement in bio‑composites and as horticultural mulch.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
- Rye seed oil: listed in the EU Cosmetic Ingredient Database (CosIng) as a skin‑conditioning agent; it is incorporated at low concentrations (≤2 %) in creams, lotions and hair‑care products for its emollient properties.
- Minor use of rye extract as a faint fragrance component in scented formulations.

Properties relevant to use:
- Grain starch (≈62 % amylose/38 % amylopectin) yields fermentable sugars at high yields. The high pentosan (arabinoxylan) content gives high water‑binding capacity important for dough development. Straw cellulose (~45 % of dry weight) and hemicellulose (~30 %) provide fiber strength, while lignin (~15 %) supplies binding capacity for pulp and composite applications.

Standards and regulation:
- Food products: Codex Alimentarius Standard 175‑1989 (rye flour) and EU Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 on food additives set compositional limits for rye flour and its use in baked goods.
- Biofuel: European Standard EN 15376 specifies ethanol quality and certification for fuel‑grade rye ethanol.
- Cosmetics: EU Cosmetic Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 regulates rye seed oil as a cosmetic ingredient (max. 5 % in leave‑on products).
- Pulp and paper: ASTM D1036‑19 describes testing methods for straw‑pulp strength.

Sustainability and sourcing:
- Rye is cultivated on ∼12 million ha worldwide, with straw yields of 4–6 t ha⁻¹ that would otherwise be burned or left to decompose. Using straw for pulp and bio‑energy reduces waste, lowers greenhouse‑gas emissions compared with wood‑based alternatives, and supports integrated crop‑livestock systems where straw provides bedding and feed.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Secale aestivum Uspenski Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 7: 368 (1834)
Secale ancestrale Zhuk. La Turquie Agricole : 274 (1933)
Secale ancestrale var. aidinum Zhuk. La Turquie Agricole 274. 1933
Secale ancestrale var. arenosum Zhuk. La Turquie Agricole 274. 1933
Secale ancestrale var. karaburun Zhuk. La Turquie Agricole 274. 1933
Secale ancestrale var. spontaneum Zhuk. La Turquie Agricole 274. 1933
Secale arundinaceum Trautv. Schilfroggen : 1, 2 (1840)
Secale cereale f. brevispicatum (Waisb.) Soó Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17: 120 (1971 publ. 1972)
Secale cereale f. montaniforme (Waisb.) Soó Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17: 120 (1971 publ. 1972)
Secale cereale subsp. ancestrale Zhuk. Trudy Prikl. Bot. 19(2): 54. 1928 (1928)
Secale cereale subsp. indo-europaeum Antrop. Trudy Prikl. Bot. 36: 128 1929
Secale cereale subsp. rigidum Antrop. Trudy Prikl. Bot. 36: 128. 1929 (1929)
Secale cereale subsp. tetraploidum Kobyl. Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Zashch. Rast. 48: 68. 1975 (1975)
Secale cereale subsp. tsitsinii Kobyl. Byull. Vsesoyuzn. Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Zashch. Rast. 48: 68. 1975 (1975)
Secale cereale var. ancestrale (Zhuk.) Kit Tan Fl. Turkey 9: 259 (1985)
Secale cereale var. spontaneum Zhuk. Trudy Prikl. Bot. 19(2): 54. 1928
Secale cereale var. vernum L. Sp. Pl. 84. 1753
Secale compositum Poir. Encycl. 7: 54 (1806)
Secale creticum Sieber ex Kunth Enum. Pl. 1: 449 (1833)
Secale hybernum Poir. Encycl. 7: 54 (1806)
Secale sibiricum Georgi Beschr. Nation. Russ. Reich 3(4): 714 (1800)
Secale spontaneum Fisch. ex Steud. Nomencl. Bot. : 757 (1821)
Secale triflorum P.Beauv. Ess. Agrostogr. : 105, 178 (1812)
Secale turkestanicum Bensin Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 60: 156 (1933)
Secale vernum Poir. Hist. Nat. Prod. Eur. Mérid. 2: 264 (1826)
Triticum cereale Salisb. Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton : 27 (1796)
Triticum cereale f. brevispicatum Waisb. Magyar Bot. Lapok 7: 43 1908
Triticum cereale var. montaniforme Waisb. Magyar Bot. Lapok 7: 42 1908
Triticum ramosum Weigel Diss. Hort. Gryph. : 10 (1782)
Triticum secale Link Hort. Berol. 2: 183 (1833)
Secale montanum var. balcanum Gančev Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Bulg. 1: 486 (1963)
Triticum cereale f. montaniforme Waisb.
Triticum strictum C.Presl Gram. Sicul. 32. 1818 (1818)
Secale strictum subsp. balcanum (Gancev) Valdés & H.Scholz Willdenowia 36: 661 (2006)
Secale montanum subsp. balcanum (Gancev) Kožuharov Opred. Vissh. Rast. Bulg. : 786 (1992)
Secale cereale subsp. indoeuropaeum Antrop. Trudy Prikl. Bot. 36: 128 (1929)
Secale cereale var. ramosum Peterm. Anal. Pfl.-Schlüss. : 568 (1846)
Secale cereale var. compositum Koeler Descr. Gramin. : 368 (1802)
Secale cereale var. vulgare Ser. Ann. Sci. Phys. Nat. Lyon 4: 368 (1841)
Secale cereale var. triflorum Lej. Rev. Fl. Spa : 225 (1825)
Secale cereale var. arduennense Lej. Rev. Fl. Spa : 29 (1825)
Secale cereale var. biflorum Peterm. Anal. Pfl.-Schlüss. : 568 (1846)
Secale cereale var. hybernum Aiton Hort. Kew. 1: 118 (1789)
Secale cereale var. arundinaceum (Trautv.) Peterm. Anal. Pfl.-Schlüss. : 568 (1846)
Secale cereale var. multicaule Metzg. ex Alef. Landw. Fl. : 338 (1866)
Secale cereale subsp. aestivum Schübl. & G.Martens Fl. Würtemberg : 43 (1834)
Secale cereale subsp. aestivum Schübl. & G.Martens Fl. Würtemberg : 43 (1834)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
English rye
English the rye plant
Spanish centeno
Spanish s. cereale
Afrikaans rog
Amharic ኣጃ
Arabic شيلم مزروع
Arabic جاودار
Arabic براكة
Arabic شالم
Arabic جويدار
Arabic سلت
Arabic الس
Arabic الشالم
ary شنتي
Assamese ৰাই
av Огоб
Azerbaijani Əkin çovdarı
azb اکین چووداری
ba Арыш
bar koan
Belarusian Жыта пасяўное
Bulgarian ръж
Bulgarian култивирана ръж
Bulgarian обикновена ръж
Bengali রাই (শস্য)
Tibetan གྲོ་ནག
br segal
Bosnian raž
bxr Хара таряан
Catalan sègol
ce Ӏаьржа кӀа
crh arış
Czech rež
Czech žito seté
cv Ыраш
Welsh rhyg
Danish rug
Danish almindelig rug
German roggen
Greek Σίκαλη
Esperanto cereala sekalo
Esperanto sekalo
Estonian harilik rukis
Basque zekale
Persian چاودار
Finnish ruis
fj rai
French seigle
frr roog
fy rogge
Irish seagal
Galician centeo
gn avatipiru
gn senténo
Swiss German roggen
Hebrew שיפון
Hindi नीवारिका
hif rye
Croatian raž
Upper Sorbian sywna rožka
Hungarian rozs
Armenian տարեկան
Armenian աշորա
Indonesian gandum hitam
ilo senteno
io sekalo
Icelandic rúgur
Italian segale
Italian segala
Japanese ライ麦
Japanese ライムギ
jv gandum ireng
Georgian ჭვავი
Kabyle isenti
kbd ХьэпцӀий
Kazakh Мәдени қарабидай
Korean 호밀
koi Рудзӧг
ku Şilêl
Cornish sugal
lb kar
lbe Сус
lfn segal
li rogge
lld siara
lld siela
Lithuanian sėjamasis rugys
Latvian sējas rudzi
Latvian rudzi
Malagasy rye
Macedonian ’Рж
Malayalam വരക്
mn Таримал хөх тариа
Malay rai
Burmese ရိုင်းစပါး
myv Розь
nan thǹg-theh-be̍h
nap sécena
Norwegian Bokmål dyrket rug
Norwegian Bokmål rug
nds roggen
Dutch rogge
Norwegian Nynorsk rug
oc segal
os Сылмæнæу
pcd soèle
Polish żyto zwyczajne
Polish żyto
pms sèil
Punjab رائی
Portuguese centeio
Quechua sintinu
Romanian secară
Russian secále cereále
Russian рожь культурная
Russian рожь посевная
Russian рожь
rup sicarâ
Yakutian Оруос
sco rye
Samogitian rogē
Serbo-Croatian raž
Slovak raž siata
Slovenian rž
Albanian thekra
Serbian раж
Swedish råg
Swahili ngano nyekundu
szl reż
Tamil ராய்
Thai ข้าวไรย์
Turkish çavdar
tt Арыш
udm Ӟег
udm ӟег
Ukrainian Жито посівне
Urdu تلخہ
Uzbek javdar
vep rugiž
Vietnamese lúa mạch đen
vro rügä
Walloon rigon
Walloon waessén
Walloon swele
yi קארן
Chinese 黑麦
Chinese 裸麥
Chinese 黑麥

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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No subspecies added yet.

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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No variety added yet.

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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Sow seeds at 20°C, expecting germination within 3 months without further temperature treatment.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Africa
    • East Tropical Africa
      • Tanzania
    • Macaronesia
      • Canary Islands
    • Northern Africa
      • Algeria
      • Libya
      • Morocco
    • West-central Tropical Africa
      • Gulf Of Guinea Islands
  • Asia-temperate
    • Arabian Peninsula
      • Saudi Arabia
    • Caucasus
      • North Caucasus
      • Transcaucasus
    • China
      • China North-central
      • China South-central
      • China Southeast
      • Inner Mongolia
      • Manchuria
      • Xinjiang
    • Eastern Asia
      • Japan
      • Korea
      • Taiwan
    • Middle Asia
      • Kazakhstan
      • Kirgizstan
      • Tadzhikistan
      • Turkmenistan
      • Uzbekistan
    • Mongolia
      • Mongolia
    • Russian Far East
      • Amur
      • Kamchatka
      • Khabarovsk
      • Primorye
    • Western Asia
      • Afghanistan
      • Cyprus
      • Iran
      • Iraq
      • Lebanon-Syria
      • Palestine
      • Turkey
  • Asia-tropical
    • Indian Subcontinent
      • Bangladesh
      • East Himalaya
      • Pakistan
      • West Himalaya
    • Malesia
      • Jawa
  • Australasia
    • Australia
      • New South Wales
      • South Australia
      • Tasmania
      • Victoria
      • Western Australia
    • New Zealand
      • New Zealand North
      • New Zealand South
  • Europe
    • Eastern Europe
      • Baltic States
      • Belarus
      • Central European Russia
      • East European Russia
      • Krym
      • North European Russia
      • Northwest European Russia
      • South European Russia
      • Ukraine
    • Middle Europe
      • Austria
      • Belgium
      • Czechoslovakia
      • Switzerland
    • Northern Europe
      • Great Britain
      • Ireland
    • Southeastern Europe
      • Italy
      • Turkey-in-Europe
    • Southwestern Europe
      • France
  • Northern America
    • Eastern Canada
      • New Brunswick
      • Newfoundland
      • Nova Scotia
      • Ontario
      • Prince Edward Island
      • Québec
    • Mexico
      • Mexico Central
      • Mexico Gulf
      • Mexico Northeast
      • Mexico Southwest
    • North-central U.S.A.
      • Illinois
      • Iowa
      • Kansas
      • Minnesota
      • Missouri
      • Nebraska
      • North Dakota
      • South Dakota
      • Wisconsin
    • Northeastern U.S.A.
      • Connecticut
      • Indiana
      • Maine
      • Massachusetts
      • Michigan
      • New Hampshire
      • New Jersey
      • New York
      • Ohio
      • Pennsylvania
      • Rhode Island
      • Vermont
    • Northwestern U.S.A.
      • Colorado
      • Idaho
      • Montana
      • Oregon
      • Washington
      • Wyoming
    • South-central U.S.A.
      • New Mexico
      • Texas
    • Southeastern U.S.A.
      • Alabama
      • Arkansas
      • District Of Columbia
      • Florida
      • Georgia
      • Kentucky
      • Louisiana
      • Maryland
      • Mississippi
      • North Carolina
      • South Carolina
      • Tennessee
      • Virginia
    • Southwestern U.S.A.
      • Arizona
      • California
      • Nevada
      • Utah
    • Subarctic America
      • Alaska
      • Greenland
      • Northwest Territorie
      • Yukon
    • Western Canada
      • Alberta
      • British Columbia
      • Manitoba
      • Saskatchewan
  • Southern America
    • Brazil
      • Brazil South
    • Central America
      • Costa Rica
    • Western South America
      • Colombia
      • Ecuador

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!
Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000898524
UNII 12M71ST1GZ
Florida Plant Atlas 1730
Flora of Alabama 5023
Canadensys 7947
USDA Plants SECE
Tropicos 25509953
INPN 122085
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:421164-1
The Plant List kew-441740
Plantarium 34879
Open Tree Of Life 553015
Observations.org 7434
NCBI Taxonomy 4550
NBN Atlas NBNSYS0000014824
Nature Serve 2.131894
IPNI 421164-1
iNaturalist 79021
GBIF 2705966
Freebase /m/0cl3b
WisFlora 5018
EPPO SECCE
EOL 1115159
Elurikkus 7193
Calflora (Californian flora) 7439
US Library of Congress sh85116118
USDA GRIN 317600
Wikipedia Rye

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.
Accession Assembly
Name Level Submitter Released Coverage Size
GCA_965641915.1 lpSecCere.Lo7.IPK.v3 Chromosome Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research 2025-07-19 47 6.24 Gb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Assessment of induced allelopathy in crop-weed co-culture with rye-pigweed model Mushtaq W, Fauconnier ML, de Clerck C Sci Rep 07-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11076540
doi:10.1038/s41598-024-60663-w
PMID:38714777
Ability of Genomic Prediction to Bi-Parent-Derived Breeding Population Using Public Data for Soybean Oil and Protein Content Li C, Yang Q, Liu B, Shi X, Liu Z, Yang C, Wang T, Xiao F, Zhang M, Shi A, Yan L Plants (Basel) 30-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11085238
doi:10.3390/plants13091260
PMID:38732474
Mapping and characterization of rust resistance genes Lr53 and Yr35 introgressed from Aegilops species Xu B, Shen T, Chen H, Li H, Rehman SU, Lyu S, Hua L, Wang G, Zhang C, Li K, Li H, Lan C, Chen GY, Hao M, Chen S Theor Appl Genet 28-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11056342
doi:10.1007/s00122-024-04616-x
PMID:38678511
Temperature-Caused Changes in Raman Pattern and Protein Profiles of Winter Triticale (x Triticosecale, Wittm.) Field-Grown Seedlings Stawoska I, Wesełucha-Birczyńska A, Golebiowska-Paluch G Molecules 24-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11085197
doi:10.3390/molecules29091933
PMID:38731424
Cover crop inclusion and residue retention improves soybean production and physiology in drought conditions Whippo CW, Saliendra NZ, Liebig MA Heliyon 20-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11063448
doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29838
PMID:38699707
Identification of quantitative trait loci associated with leaf rust resistance in rye by precision mapping Mateusz M, Agnieszka G, Magdalena Ś, Alperen O, Monika M, Dolapo IA, Jie S, Andrzej K, Monika RT BMC Plant Biol 17-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11022434
doi:10.1186/s12870-024-04960-6
PMID:38632518
Remote loop evolution reveals a complex biological function for chitinase enzymes beyond the active site Kozome D, Sljoka A, Laurino P Nat Commun 15-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11018821
doi:10.1038/s41467-024-47588-8
PMID:38622119
Production and use of dry-rolled hybrid rye grain as a replacement for barley grain on growth performance and carcass quality of feedlot steers Zhang F, Carey RE, Brattain RS, Wehrle H, Penner GB Transl Anim Sci 11-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11067788
doi:10.1093/tas/txae059
PMID:38707258
Metaproteomics and DNA metabarcoding as tools to assess dietary intake in humans Petrone BL, Bartlett A, Jiang S, Korenek A, Vintila S, Tenekjian C, Yancy WS Jr, David LA, Kleiner M bioRxiv 10-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11030321
doi:10.1101/2024.04.09.588275
PMID:38645092
Characterization and Mapping of a Rolling Leaf Mutant Allele rlT73 on Chromosome 1BL of Wheat Huang L, Gan M, Zhao W, Hu Y, Du L, Li Y, Zeng K, Wu D, Hao M, Ning S, Yuan Z, Feng L, Zhang L, Wu B, Liu D Int J Mol Sci 07-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11012251
doi:10.3390/ijms25074103
PMID:38612912
Physiological and molecular insights into the allelopathic effects on agroecosystems under changing environmental conditions Kumar N, Singh H, Giri K, Kumar A, Joshi A, Yadav S, Singh R, Bisht S, Kumari R, Jeena N, Khairakpam R, Mishra G Physiol Mol Biol Plants 06-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11018569
doi:10.1007/s12298-024-01440-x
PMID:38633277
Pooled DNA sequencing in hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) reveals QTL for seed dormancy but not pod dehiscence Tilhou N, Kissing Kucek L, Carr B, Douglas J, Englert J, Ali S, Raasch J, Bhamidimarri S, Mirsky S, Monteros MJ, Hayes R, Riday H Front Plant Sci 04-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11024373
doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1384596
PMID:38638346
Mapping and validation of Fusarium wilt race 2 resistance QTL from Citrullus amarus line USVL246-FR2 Ganaparthi VR, Wechter P, Levi A, Branham SE Theor Appl Genet 31-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC10982098
doi:10.1007/s00122-024-04595-z
PMID:38555543
Phytochemical composition of Lagenaria siceraria fruits from KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo, South Africa Buthelezi LG, Mavengahama S, Sibiya J, Mchunu CN, Ntuli NR Food Chem X 30-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC11016956
doi:10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101338
PMID:38623516
Genome-Wide Identification, Expression Analysis under Abiotic Stress and Co-Expression Analysis of MATE Gene Family in Torreya grandis Shen H, Hou Y, Wang X, Li Y, Wu J, Lou H Int J Mol Sci 29-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC11012001
doi:10.3390/ijms25073859
PMID:38612669

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.
Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid 135 Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C(=O)O)O 138.12 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF991266W
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00579165
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2005.07.053
Protocatechuic Acid 72 Click to see 154.12 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF991266W
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00579165
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives / Gallic acid and derivatives
Syringic Acid 10742 Click to see 198.17 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)93959-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/S002170050544
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives / M-methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives
Vanillic Acid 8468 Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C(=O)O)O 168.15 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)93959-7
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF991266W
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00579165
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Biphenyls and derivatives
Diferulic acid 5281770 Click to see 386.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2005.07.053
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF991266W
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Phenylpyruvic acid derivatives
8-4'-Dehydrodiferulic acid 157009740 Click to see 386.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF991266W
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Benzenediols / Resorcinols
5-Heneicosylresorcinol 155461 Click to see 404.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3835(96)04294-2
5-Nonadecylresorcinol 161858 Click to see 376.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3835(96)04294-2
5-Pentadecylresorcinol 76617 Click to see 320.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3835(96)04294-2
Heptadecylresorcinol 129821751 Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC1=C(C=CC=C1O)O 348.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00023A017
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Methoxyphenols
Vanillin 1183 Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C=O)O 152.15 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2005.07.053
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols
(25R)-25-hydroxyhentriacontane-14,16-dione 162874151 Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)CC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(CCCCCC)O 480.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)91393-1
25-Hydroxyhentriacontane-14,16-dione 537150 Click to see 480.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)91393-1
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Quinone and hydroquinone lipids / Prenylquinones / Polyprenylbenzoquinones
2,3-dimethyl-5-[(2E,6E,10E,14E,18E,22Z,26E,30E)-3,7,11,15,19,23,27,31,35-nonamethylhexatriaconta-2,6,10,14,18,22,26,30,34-nonaenyl]cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione 6433402 Click to see CC1=C(C(=O)C(=CC1=O)CC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)C)C 749.20 unknown https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1993-11-1212
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Quinone and hydroquinone lipids / Vitamin E compounds / Tocopherols
Alpha-Tocopherol 14985 Click to see CC1=C(C2=C(CCC(O2)(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C)C(=C1O)C)C 430.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1993-11-1212
Covi-Ox 6560141 Click to see 430.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1993-11-1212
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Quinone and hydroquinone lipids / Vitamin K compounds
Phytonadione 5284607 Click to see CC1=C(C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2C1=O)CC=C(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C 450.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1993-11-1212
Vitamin K 5280483 Click to see CC1=C(C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2C1=O)CC=C(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C 450.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1993-11-1212
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Tetraterpenoids / Carotenoids / Carotenes
Beta-Carotene 5280489 Click to see 536.90 unknown https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1993-11-1212
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Tetraterpenoids / Carotenoids / Xanthophylls
Lutein A 5281243 Click to see 568.90 unknown https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1993-11-1212
Zeaxanthin 5280899 Click to see 568.90 unknown https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1993-11-1212
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Saccharolipids
I+/--D-Glucopyranoside, 3,6-O-[[(1I+/-,2I+/-,3I(2))-5-[[6-O-[(2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl]-I(2)-D-glucopyranosyl]oxy]-2,3-dihydro-6-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-indene-1,2-diyl]dicarbonyl]-I(2)-D-fructofuranosyl 131751581 Click to see 1001.90 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP9606557
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Bile acids, alcohols and derivatives / Hydroxy bile acids, alcohols and derivatives / Tetrahydroxy bile acids, alcohols and derivatives
(2R,3R,5S,8S,9S,10R,13S,14S,17R)-17-[(2S,3R,4R,5S)-3,4-dihydroxy-5,6-dimethylheptan-2-yl]-2,3-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-6-one 13039047 Click to see CC(C)C(C)C(C(C(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC(=O)C4C3(CC(C(C4)O)O)C)C)O)O 464.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00354-6
(2S,3S,5S,8S,9S,10R,13S,14S,17R)-17-[(2S,3R,4R,5S)-3,4-dihydroxy-5,6-dimethylheptan-2-yl]-2,3-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-6-one 13039046 Click to see 464.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00354-6
17-(3,4-Dihydroxy-5,6-dimethylheptan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-6-one 13039027 Click to see 464.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00354-6
28-Norcastasterone 13982110 Click to see CC(C)CC(C(C(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC(=O)C4C3(CC(C(C4)O)O)C)C)O)O 450.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)00797-W
6-Deoxocastasterone 13870433 Click to see CC(C)C(C)C(C(C(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CCC4C3(CC(C(C4)O)O)C)C)O)O 450.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)00797-W
Castasterone 133534 Click to see CC(C)C(C)C(C(C(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC(=O)C4C3(CC(C(C4)O)O)C)C)O)O 464.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2004.11.008
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00354-6
https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)00797-W
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Bile acids, alcohols and derivatives / Hydroxy bile acids, alcohols and derivatives / Trihydroxy bile acids, alcohols and derivatives
(3S,5S,8S,9S,10R,13S,17R)-17-[(2S,3R,4R,5S)-3,4-dihydroxy-5,6-dimethylheptan-2-yl]-3-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-6-one 23724583 Click to see 448.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)00797-W
Teasterone 13475125 Click to see 448.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)00797-W
Typhasterol 13475120 Click to see 448.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)00797-W
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Ergostane steroids
15-(3,4-Dihydroxy-5,6-dimethylheptan-2-yl)-2,16-dimethyl-5-oxapentacyclo[9.7.0.02,8.04,6.012,16]octadecan-9-one 76031895 Click to see CC(C)C(C)C(C(C(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC(=O)C4C3(CC5C(C4)O5)C)C)O)O 446.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)00797-W
Secasterone 10478758 Click to see CC(C)C(C)C(C(C(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC(=O)C4C3(CC5C(C4)O5)C)C)O)O 446.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)00797-W
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Pregnane steroids / Gluco/mineralocorticoids, progestogins and derivatives
[(3R,5S,8S,9S,10S,11R,13R,14S,17R)-17-ethenyl-3-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-11-yl] acetate 25180961 Click to see CC(=O)OC1CC2(C(CCC2C3C1C4(CCC(CC4CC3)O)C)C=C)C 360.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1986-1-205
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
Homocastasterone 5487654 Click to see 478.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)00797-W
> Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues / Purine nucleotides / Cyclic purine nucleotides / 3,5-cyclic purine nucleotides
Acrasin 274 Click to see 329.21 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/PCA.2800020504
Camp 6076 Click to see 329.21 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/PCA.2800020504
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives
Succinic Acid 1110 Click to see 118.09 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00070A011
> Organic acids and derivatives / Hydroxy acids and derivatives / Beta hydroxy acids and derivatives
(4S)-4-[(Z)-3-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoyl]oxy-4-(trimethylazaniumyl)butanoate 53481699 Click to see CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCC(CC(=O)OC(CCC(=O)[O-])[N+](C)(C)C)O 441.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1986-0417
3-Hydroxybutyric acid 441 Click to see CC(CC(=O)O)O 104.10 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00070A011
Tropic acid 10726 Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)C(CO)C(=O)O 166.17 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00070A011
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / O-glycosyl compounds
DIBOA beta-D-glucoside 10925943 Click to see 343.29 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90618-6
DIBOA-Glc 58114415 Click to see 343.29 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90618-6
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Sugar acids and derivatives
(2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxy-2-[(Z)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxyhexanoic acid 163186311 Click to see 372.32 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84518-5
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Sugar acids and derivatives / Glucuronic acid derivatives
(2S,3S,4S,5R)-2,4-dihydroxy-5-[(E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy-3-methoxyhexanedioic acid 163189261 Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C=CC(=O)OC(C(C(C(C(=O)O)O)OC)O)C(=O)O)O 400.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84518-5
2,4-Dihydroxy-5-[3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyloxy]-3-methoxyhexanedioic acid 163020428 Click to see 400.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84518-5
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzoxazoles / Benzoxazolones
2-Benzoxazolinone 6043 Click to see C1=CC=C2C(=C1)NC(=O)O2 135.12 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81818-X
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / 2-arylbenzofuran flavonoids
Antileishmanial agent-7 6079067 Click to see COC1=CC(=CC2=C1OC(C2C(=O)O)C3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)OC)C=CC(=O)O 386.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF991266W
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Coumaric acids and derivatives
(2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxy-2-[(E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxyhexanoic acid 163187827 Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C=CC(=O)OC(C(C(C(CO)O)O)O)C(=O)O)O 372.32 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84518-5
3,4,5,6-Tetrahydroxy-2-[3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyloxy]hexanoic acid 162912968 Click to see 372.32 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84518-5
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids
3-(4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxyphenyl)Prop-2-Enoic Acid 709 Click to see 194.18 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)93959-7
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF991266W
https://doi.org/10.1007/S002170050544
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0981-9428(00)00774-9
4-Coumaric acid 322 Click to see 164.16 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)93959-7
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF991266W
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0981-9428(00)00774-9
Caffeic Acid 689043 Click to see 180.16 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/S002170050544
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF991266W
cis-Ferulic acid 1548883 Click to see 194.18 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF991266W
Ferulic Acid 445858 Click to see 194.18 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)93959-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/S002170050544
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF991266W
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00579165
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2005.07.053
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0981-9428(00)00774-9
P-Coumaric Acid 637542 Click to see 164.16 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)93959-7
https://doi.org/10.1007/S002170050544
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF991266W
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00579165
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2005.07.053
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0981-9428(00)00774-9
Sinapic acid 10743 Click to see 224.21 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF991266W
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2005.07.053
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0981-9428(00)00774-9
https://doi.org/10.1007/S002170050544
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)93959-7
Sinapinic acid 1549091 Click to see 224.21 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF991266W
Sinapinic acid 637775 Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1O)OC)C=CC(=O)O 224.21 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00579165
https://doi.org/10.1007/S002170050544
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)93959-7
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF991266W
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0981-9428(00)00774-9
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Anthocyanins / Anthocyanidin-3-O-glycosides
Chrysanthemin 44256715 Click to see 449.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-16206-3_22
https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1986-1-205
Delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside 5492231 Click to see 611.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-16206-3_22
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glucuronides / Flavonoid-7-O-glucuronides
6-[6-Carboxy-2-[2-[4-(6-carboxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxy-3-hydroxyphenyl]-5-hydroxy-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid 6301620 Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)C(=O)O)O)O)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)C(=O)O)O)O)O)O)O)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)C(=O)O)O)O)O 814.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83549-9
Flavone base + 4O, O-HexA-HexA 74413803 Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)C(=O)O)O)O)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)C(=O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O 638.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83549-9
Luteolin 7-diglucuronide 5282153 Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)C(=O)O)O)O)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)C(=O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O 638.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83549-9
luteolin 7-O-[(beta-D-glucosyluronic acid)-(1->2)-(beta-D-glucosiduronic acid)] 4'-O-beta-D-glucosiduronic acid 5280752 Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)C(=O)O)O)O)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)C(=O)O)O)O)O)O)O)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)C(=O)O)O)O)O 814.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83549-9
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Isoflavonoids / Coumestans
Coumestrol 5281707 Click to see C1=CC2=C(C=C1O)OC3=C2C(=O)OC4=C3C=CC(=C4)O 268.22 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JPS.2600640504
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Phenylpropanoic acids
(+-)-3-Phenyllactic acid 3848 Click to see 166.17 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00070A011
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Stilbenes
5-8'-Dehydrodiferulic acid 157009739 Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1O)C(=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)OC)C(=O)O)C=CC(=O)O 386.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF991266W

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