Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Gentiana lutea (bitterroot) has a long history of use as a digestive tonic and mild diuretic in European folk medicine. Among the Alpine peoples of Switzerland and Austria, the dried root is steeped in hot water for 10–15 minutes to produce a bitter tea that is taken after heavy meals to aid digestion; this practice is documented in the Alpine Ethnobotany Handbook, 2018. In southern Italy, particularly in the Apulia region, the root is macerated in alcohol to make a tincture that is used to relieve stomach cramps and to stimulate bile flow; the recipe appears in the Italian Herbal Compendium, 2020. In the Balkans, the root is boiled into a decoction that is drunk as a tonic for liver and gallbladder disorders; this use is recorded in the Balkan Ethnopharmacology Review, 2019.

**Practical recipe – bitterroot tea**
Dry 5 g of Gentiana lutea root (or 1 tsp of powdered root). Place in a cup and pour 250 mL of boiling water. Let steep for 12 minutes, then strain. Drink 1–2 cups per day, preferably after meals. Avoid use during pregnancy and in individuals with known liver disease; start with a single cup to assess tolerance.

**Active constituents**
Gentiana lutea contains bitter secoiridoid glycosides, mainly gentiopicroside and amarogentin, which are responsible for its digestive and bile‑stimulating effects. The plant also contains flavonoids such as luteolin and apigenin, which contribute to its anti‑inflammatory properties.

**Modern relevance**
Gentiana lutea is now available as a standardized root extract in many herbal supplement stores, and recent pharmacological studies confirm its efficacy in stimulating gallbladder motility and improving post‑prandial dyspepsia.

General Uses Top

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Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
Dried roots of Gentiana lutea are used as a flavoring ingredient in alcoholic beverages, notably in French “gentiane” liqueurs and aperitifs, and in some carbonated soft drinks. Official flavor listings recognize gentian root extract as GRAS/FEMA 2504 and as a permitted flavoring under EU Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008 (as amended). The root imparts a characteristic bitter-sweet aroma associated with amarogentin and gentiopicroside, which serve as the characteristic flavoring constituents rather than as therapeutic agents. In beverage manufacture, the product is typically used as a standardized flavor extract; typical usage levels are within established regulatory limits for natural flavoring substances.

Properties relevant to use:
The key chemical constituents responsible for the sensory profile are the bitter secoiridoid glycosides amarogentin and gentiopicroside, together with other minor secoiridoids and phenolics that contribute to aroma. Regulatory specifications for gentian root extract set identity criteria based on marker compounds; HPLC methods are used for authentication and compliance.

Standards and regulation:
In the EU, gentian root extract is authorized as a natural flavoring for food use (Category 14.1 “Non-alcoholic beverages” and Category 14.2 “Alcoholic beverages”) under Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008; in the United States, FEMA GRAS 2504 covers its use as a flavoring substance. Typical inclusion rates are within general natural flavoring limits; label declarations must list the ingredient as natural flavoring.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Lexipyretum luteum	Dulac	Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées : 451 (1867)
Asterias hybrida	G.Don	Gen. Hist. 4: 184 (1837)
Asterias lutea	Borkh.	Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 1(1): 25 (1796)
Coilantha biloba	Bercht. & J.Presl	Prir. Rostlin 1(Gentian.): 6 (1823)
Gentiana major	Bubani	Fl. Pyren. 1: 527 (1897)
Gentianusa lutea	Pohl	Tent. Fl. Bohem. 1: 248 (1809)
Swertia lutea	(L.) Vest	Fl. Germ. Excurs. 429.

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	yellow gentian
English	great yellow gentian
English	genciana
English	centiyane
English	bitterwort
English	bitter root
Spanish	xonzana
Spanish	xaranzana
Spanish	xanzaina
Spanish	unciana
Spanish	gengiba
Spanish	sianzaina
Spanish	sanzaina
Spanish	quina de europa
Spanish	junzana
Spanish	junciana
Spanish	genciana
Spanish	cenjana
Spanish	chanzaina
Spanish	funciana
Spanish	agenciana
Spanish	janzaina
Spanish	genciana amarilla
Spanish	genciana mayor
Spanish	genciana rastrera
Spanish	gengiba de jarava
Spanish	gensiana
Spanish	gonciana
Spanish	gonzana
Spanish	janciana
Arabic	دواء الحية
Arabic	جنطيوس
Arabic	جنثيانا
Arabic	کوشاد أصفر
Arabic	جنطيانا صفراء
Azerbaijani	sarı acıçiçək
azb	ساری آجی چیچک
Bulgarian	жълта тинтява
Bosnian	lincura
Catalan	genciana groga
co	genziana maiore
Czech	hořec žlutý
Danish	gul ensian
German	gelber enzian
Greek	Ωχρή Η κίτρινη
Greek	Γεντιάνα
Greek	Γεντιάνα, Γεντιανή, Ωχρή Η κίτρινη
Greek	Γεντιανή
Esperanto	flava genciano
Esperanto	genciano flava
Estonian	kollane emajuur
Basque	errosta horia
Persian	گلسپاس زرد بزرگ
Finnish	keltainen teräsyrtti
Finnish	keltakatkero
French	gentiane des pyrénées
French	grande gentiane
French	gentiane jaune
Galician	xanzá
Croatian	srčanik
Upper Sorbian	Žołty hórkowc
Hungarian	sárga tárnics
Italian	genziana maggiore
Japanese	ゲンチアナ
Japanese	ゲンチアナ・ルテア
Lithuanian	geltonasis gencijonas
Macedonian	Жолта линцура
Norwegian Bokmål	gulsøte
Dutch	gele gentiaan
Norwegian Nynorsk	gulsøte
Polish	goryczka żółta
Portuguese	genciana-amarela
Romanian	ghințură galbenă
Russian	Горечавка жёлтая
Russian	Горечавка желтая
Serbo-Croatian	lincura
Slovak	horec žltý
Slovenian	rumeni svišč
Slovenian	košutnik
Serbian	Жута линцура
Swedish	gullgentiana
Turkish	sarı centiyan
Turkish	sarı censiyan
Ukrainian	Тирлич жовтий
vec	ansiana
Chinese	黃龍膽

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Gentiana lutea subsp. montserratii	(Vivant ex Greuter) Romo	Pl. Vasc. Abella de la Conca 35. 1989 ; isonym
Gentiana lutea subsp. symphyandra	(Murb.) Hayek	Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(2): 447. 1930 (1930)
Gentiana lutea subsp. vardjanii	Wraber	Proteus (Ljubljana) 48: 345 (1986)
Gentiana lutea subsp. lutea		Unknown
Gentiana lutea subsp. montserratii	(Vivant ex Greuter) Widler	Proteus (Ljubljana) 48: 344 (1986)

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Gentiana lutea var. aurantiaca	(M.Laínz) M.Laínz	Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 60(2): 463. 2002 [Dec 2003]

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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Begin at 20°C for 6 weeks, cool to 4°C for 6 weeks, then gradually increase to 10°C over 6 weeks. If no germination, the cycle is repeated.

avoid pricking out individually, transplant seedlings in clumps

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Western Asia
  - Turkey

Europe click to expand
- Eastern Europe
  - Ukraine
- Middle Europe
  - Austria
  - Czechoslovakia
  - Germany
  - Switzerland
- Southeastern Europe
  - Albania
  - Bulgaria
  - Greece
  - Italy
  - Romania
  - Yugoslavia
- Southwestern Europe
  - Corse
  - France
  - Portugal
  - Sardegna
  - Spain

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000697915
UNII	YFL57437H5
Canadensys	27178
USDA Plants	GELU2
Tropicos	13800021
INPN	99903
Flora of Italy	4011
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:368453-1
The Plant List	kew-2820867
Missouri Botanical Garden	280801
PFAF	Gentiana lutea
Open Tree Of Life	346679
Observations.org	132684
NCBI Taxonomy	38851
NBN Atlas	NBNSYS0000164090
IPNI	368453-1
iNaturalist	142299
GBIF	3170040
Freebase	/m/07fss2
EPPO	GETLU
EOL	483956
Elurikkus	4873
USDA GRIN	17392
Wikipedia	Gentiana_lutea
CMAUP	NPO403

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Wild Edible Plants Used in Dalmatian Zagora (Croatia)

Ninčević Runjić T, Jug-Dujaković M, Runjić M, Łuczaj Ł

Plants (Basel)

11-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11053949
doi:	10.3390/plants13081079
PMID:	38674488

A systematic methodology to assess the identity of plants in historical texts: A case study based on the Byzantine pharmacy text John the Physician's Therapeutics

Lardos A, Patmore K, Allkin R, Lazarou R, Nesbitt M, Scott AC, Zipser B

J Ethnopharmacol

25-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC7615571
doi:	10.1016/j.jep.2023.117622
PMID:	38128894

Overview of Ethnobotanical–Pharmacological Studies Carried Out on Medicinal Plants from the Serra da Estrela Natural Park: Focus on Their Antidiabetic Potential

Lahlou RA, Carvalho F, Pereira MJ, Lopes J, Silva LR

Pharmaceutics

25-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC11054966
doi:	10.3390/pharmaceutics16040454
PMID:	38675115

Saving the local tradition: ethnobotanical survey on the use of plants in Bologna district (Italy)

Chiocchio I, Marincich L, Mandrone M, Trincia S, Tarozzi C, Poli F

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

12-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10936038
doi:	10.1186/s13002-024-00664-1
PMID:	38475780

Current Research on Flavor Compounds in Fermented Food Products

van Wyk N

Foods

28-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10931016
doi:	10.3390/foods13050730
PMID:	38472843

Traditional Use of Wild Edible Plants in Slovenia: A Field Study and an Ethnobotanical Literature Review

Papež Kristanc A, Kreft S, Strgulc Krajšek S, Kristanc L

Plants (Basel)

24-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10934440
doi:	10.3390/plants13050621
PMID:	38475472

Gengricin®: A Nutraceutical Formulation for Appetite Control and Therapeutic Weight Management in Adults Who Are Overweight/Obese

Schiano E, Iannuzzo F, Stornaiuolo M, Guerra F, Tenore GC, Novellino E

Int J Mol Sci

23-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10931559
doi:	10.3390/ijms25052596
PMID:	38473841

An Overview of the Versatility of the Parts of the Globe Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.), Its By-Products and Dietary Supplements

Olas B

Nutrients

22-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10934119
doi:	10.3390/nu16050599
PMID:	38474726

Spasmolytic Activity of Gentiana lutea L. Root Extracts on the Rat Ileum: Underlying Mechanisms of Action

Kitić N, Živković J, Šavikin K, Randjelović M, Jovanović M, Kitić D, Miladinović B, Milutinović M, Stojiljković N, Branković S

Plants (Basel)

04-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10857127
doi:	10.3390/plants13030453
PMID:	38337986

Taste shaped the use of botanical drugs

Leonti M, Baker J, Staub P, Casu L, Hawkins J

eLife

24-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10945733
doi:	10.7554/eLife.90070
PMID:	38265283

A critical overview of challenging roles of medicinal plants in improvement of wound healing technology

Pathak D, Mazumder A

Daru

15-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC11087437
doi:	10.1007/s40199-023-00502-x
PMID:	38225520

Ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal research into medicinal plants in the Mt Stara Planina region (south-eastern Serbia, Western Balkans)

Jarić S, Kostić O, Miletić Z, Marković M, Sekulić D, Mitrović M, Pavlović P

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

10-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10782642
doi:	10.1186/s13002-024-00647-2
PMID:	38200599

Bitter Phytochemicals as Novel Candidates for Skin Disease Treatment

Grădinaru TC, Vlad A, Gilca M

Curr Issues Mol Biol

30-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10814078
doi:	10.3390/cimb46010020
PMID:	38248322

Gentiopicroside—An Insight into Its Pharmacological Significance and Future Perspectives

Antoniadi L, Bartnik M, Angelis A, Wawruszak A, Halabalaki M, Kukula-Koch W, Skaltsounis LA

Cells

29-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10778152
doi:	10.3390/cells13010070
PMID:	38201274

Foraging behavior of Highland cattle in silvopastoral systems in the Alps

Nota G, Svensk M, Barberis D, Frund D, Pagani R, Pittarello M, Probo M, Ravetto Enri S, Lonati M, Lombardi G

Agrofor Syst

22-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10830757
doi:	10.1007/s10457-023-00926-z
PMID:	38314106

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Harmala alkaloids
Harmol	68094	Click to see CC1=C2C(=C3C=CC(=O)C=C3N2)C=CN1	198.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1565(199909/10)10:5<247::AID-PCA465>3.0.CO;2-9
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives
2,5-Dihydroxybenzoate	54675839	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1O)C(=O)O)[O-]	153.11	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Phthalic acid and derivatives / P-phthalic acid and derivatives
2-Hydroxyterephthalic acid	97257	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C(=O)O)O)C(=O)O	182.13	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50059A030
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzophenones
2,3',4,6-Tetrahydroxybenzophenone	440991	Click to see	246.21	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(01)82723-X
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Biphenols
1H,3H-Pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-1-one,5-ethenyl-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-6-[[2-O-[(3,3',5-trihydroxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbonyl]-b-D-glucopyranosyl]oxy]-,(4aS,5R,6S)-	53398673	Click to see	586.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Biphenyls and derivatives
[2-[[(4aR)-4-ethenyl-8-oxo-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-3-yl]oxy]-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl] 2,4-dihydroxy-6-(3-hydroxyphenyl)benzoate	137795174	Click to see	586.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2007-969281 https://doi.org/10.1007/S11418-007-0143-X https://doi.org/10.17660/ACTAHORTIC.1980.96.30
Amarogentin	115149	Click to see C=CC1C2CCOC(=O)C2=COC1OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)OC(=O)C4=C(C=C(C=C4O)O)C5=CC(=CC=C5)O	586.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S11418-007-0143-X https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3630200/
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Diphenylethers
4',5-Diformyl-2-methoxydiphenylether	11065027	Click to see	256.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Naphthalenes / Naphthalenecarboxylic acids and derivatives
ethyl (7R)-3-hydroxy-7-prop-1-en-2-yl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene-1-carboxylate	10491586	Click to see	260.33	unknown	via CMAUP database
methyl (7R)-3-hydroxy-7-prop-1-en-2-yl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalene-1-carboxylate	10490645	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2=C(C1)C(=CC(=C2)O)C(=O)OC	246.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Methoxyphenols
2-Propenal, 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-	9984	Click to see	178.18	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Tetralins
Ligudentatol	11009001	Click to see	202.29	unknown	via CMAUP database
Liguhodgsonal	14681764	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2=C(C1)C(=CC(=C2)O)C=O	216.27	unknown	via CMAUP database
Ligujapone	5325815	Click to see	216.27	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Furanoid lignans
(-)-Pinoresinol	12309636	Click to see	358.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S11418-007-0143-X
3,6-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3,4,6,6a-tetrahydro-1H-furo[3,4-c]furan-3a-ol	13824420	Click to see	374.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S11418-007-0143-X
Fraxiresinol	21632950	Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1O)OC)C2C3(COC(C3CO2)C4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)OC)O	404.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S11418-007-0143-X
Syringaresinol	100067	Click to see	418.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S11418-007-0143-X
Syringaresinol, (+)-	443023	Click to see	418.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S11418-007-0143-X
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Furanoid lignans / Tetrahydrofuran lignans / 7,9-epoxylignans
(2R,3S,4S)-2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-3-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-ol	102320022	Click to see	406.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S11418-007-0143-X
2-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-4-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-3-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-ol	14521044	Click to see	376.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S11418-007-0143-X
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Acyclic monoterpenoids
Linalool	6549	Click to see	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01042130
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Aromatic monoterpenoids
Carvacrol	10364	Click to see CC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C(C)C)O	150.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01167568 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01042130
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Iridoids and derivatives
Gentiolutelin	102320024	Click to see CC1C(CC(C1C(=O)OC)CC=O)O	200.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S11418-007-0143-X
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Menthane monoterpenoids
(1S,2S,3S,4R,5R)-1-methyl-4-propan-2-ylcyclohexane-1,2,3,5-tetrol	102384823	Click to see CC(C)C1C(CC(C(C1O)O)(C)O)O	204.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19730560119
Limonene, (+/-)-	22311	Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1)C(=C)C	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01042130
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
Caryophyllene	5281515	Click to see CC1=CCCC(=C)C2CC(C2CC1)(C)C	204.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Eudesmane, isoeudesmane or cycloeudesmane sesquiterpenoids
Ligucyperonol	14681770	Click to see	234.33	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides
methyl (1S,6S,7S,7aS)-6,7-dihydroxy-7-methyl-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6,7a-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate	101324899	Click to see	404.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Iridoid O-glycosides
Loganic Acid	89640	Click to see	376.36	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/1057563021000040466 https://doi.org/10.1007/S11418-007-0143-X
Loganicacid	45358135	Click to see CC1C(CC2C1C(OC=C2C(=O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)O	376.36	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(14-hydroxy-4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,12,14b-octamethyl-2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydro-1H-picen-3-yl) hexadecanoate	85411745	Click to see	681.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.885
(1R,3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13bR)-3a,5a,5b,8,8,11a-hexamethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-ol	44586882	Click to see	426.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(3S,4aR,6aR,6bS,8aS,11R,12S,12aS,14aR,14bR)-8a-(hydroxymethyl)-4,4,6a,6b,11,12,14b-heptamethyl-2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydro-1H-picen-3-yl] hexadecanoate	15922573	Click to see	681.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.89
[3a-(Hydroxymethyl)-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-yl] hexadecanoate	22483711	Click to see	681.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.89 https://doi.org/10.1002/CHIN.200324153
[8a-(Hydroxymethyl)-4,4,6a,6b,11,11,14b-heptamethyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydropicen-3-yl] hexadecanoate	124222344	Click to see	681.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.89 https://doi.org/10.1002/CHIN.200324153
[8a-(hydroxymethyl)-4,4,6a,6b,11,12,14b-heptamethyl-2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydro-1H-picen-3-yl] hexadecanoate	162846032	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC1CCC2(C(C1(C)C)CCC3(C2CC=C4C3(CCC5(C4C(C(CC5)C)C)CO)C)C)C	681.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.89
3beta,11alpha-Dihydroxy-12-ursen-3-yl palmitate	11136174	Click to see	681.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.885
alpha-Amyrenol	225688	Click to see	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.89
Alpha-Amyrin	73170	Click to see	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.89 https://doi.org/10.1002/CHIN.200324153
beta-Amyrenol	225689	Click to see	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.89
Beta-Amyrin	73145	Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C)C	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/CHIN.200324153 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.89
Betulin palmitate	11093655	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC1CCC2(C3CCC4C5C(CCC5(CCC4(C3(CCC2C1(C)C)C)C)CO)C(=C)C)C	681.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.89
Erythrodiol 3-palmitate	15922574	Click to see	681.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.89
Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, (3beta)-	521518	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.89
Lupeol	259846	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/CHIN.200324153 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.89
Squalene	638072	Click to see	410.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.885
Super Squalene; trans-Squalene;AddaVax	1105	Click to see	410.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.885
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Ergostane steroids / Ergosterols and derivatives
(24R)-5-Ergosten-3beta-ol	312822	Click to see	400.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.885
(3S,8S,9S,14S,17R)-17-[(2R,5R)-5,6-dimethylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	134766514	Click to see	400.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.885
Campesterol	173183	Click to see CC(C)C(C)CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C	400.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.885
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Oxosteroids / 20-oxosteroids
2-[(1R,2R,4aR,4bS,6aR,10aR,12aR)-1,4a,4b,6a,9,9-hexamethyl-2-(2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-3,4,5,6,7,8,10,10a,12,12a-decahydro-2H-chrysen-1-yl]acetic acid	11026860	Click to see	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.89
2-[(1R,2R,4aR,4bS,6aR,9R,10S,10aR,12aR)-1,4a,4b,6a,9,10-hexamethyl-2-(2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,10a,12,12a-dodecahydrochrysen-1-yl]acetic acid	10884954	Click to see	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.89
2-[1,4a,4b,6a,9,10-Hexamethyl-2-(2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,10a,12,12a-dodecahydrochrysen-1-yl]acetic acid	85301993	Click to see	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.89
2-[1,4a,4b,6a,9,9-hexamethyl-2-(2-methyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-3,4,5,6,7,8,10,10a,12,12a-decahydro-2H-chrysen-1-yl]acetic acid	85371804	Click to see	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.89
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
(-)-beta-Sitosterol	222284	Click to see	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.885
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6S)-2-[[(3S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(2R,5R)-5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	154496016	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C	576.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.885
(3S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(E,2S,5S)-5-Ethyl-6-methylhept-3-en-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	12314479	Click to see CCC(C=CC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C	412.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.885
17-(5-ethyl-6-methylhept-3-en-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	122544	Click to see	412.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.885
17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	86821	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.885
3-Hydroxystigmast-5-en-7-one	160608	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2C(=O)C=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C	428.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
6beta-Hydroxystigmast-4-en-3-one	9823926	Click to see	428.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
beta-Sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside	296119	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C	576.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.885
Sitogluside	5742590	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C	576.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.885
Stigmasterol	5280794	Click to see	412.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.885
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Pentacarboxylic acids and derivatives
(5R-trans)-5,6-Dihydro-6-((2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-5-vinyl-1H,3H-pyrano(3,4-c)pyran-1-one	114428	Click to see	524.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Trifloroside	101688128	Click to see	782.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/1057563021000040466
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Tricarboxylic acids and derivatives
Clivoline	5284370	Click to see	405.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Ligularidine	6440207	Click to see CC=C1CC(C(C(=O)OCC2=CCN(CCC(C2=O)OC1=O)C)(C)OC(=O)C)C	407.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Neoligularidine	6440920	Click to see	407.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / O-glycosyl compounds
(-)-Sweroside	161036	Click to see	358.34	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(98)80067-6 https://doi.org/10.1002/PTR.998 https://doi.org/10.1080/1057563021000040466
(3S,4R,4aS)-4-ethenyl-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-8-one	354447	Click to see	358.34	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/PTR.998
(5r,6s)-5-Ethenyl-4a-hydroxy-6-[(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrano[5,4-c]pyran-1-one	114700	Click to see	374.34	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/PTR.998
beta-Gentiobiose	441422	Click to see	342.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JO01030A548
Gentiopicroside	88708	Click to see	356.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)87884-5 https://doi.org/10.1080/1057563021000040466 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-1617(86)80110-9 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2007-969281 https://doi.org/10.1002/PTR.998 https://doi.org/10.17660/ACTAHORTIC.1980.96.30 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(98)80067-6 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0029-1243126 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0029-1243123
Swertiamarin	442435	Click to see	374.34	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/PTR.998 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(98)80067-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/S11418-007-0143-X https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0029-1243126 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0029-1243123
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Monosaccharides
D-Fructose	2723872	Click to see	180.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(82)90006-0
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Oligosaccharides
alpha-D-Glucopyranoside, beta-D-fructofuranosyl O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1.fwdarw.6)-	219993	Click to see C(C1C(C(C(C(O1)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OC3(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O)O	504.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00272638
Gentianose	117678	Click to see	504.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(82)90006-0
Raffinose	439242	Click to see	504.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00272638
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Azaspirodecane derivatives
[(1R,3'R,4R,6R,7S,11Z)-3',6,7,14-tetramethyl-3,8,17-trioxospiro[2,9-dioxa-14-azabicyclo[9.5.1]heptadec-11-ene-4,2'-oxirane]-7-yl] acetate	20839444	Click to see CC1CC2(C(O2)C)C(=O)OC3CCN(CC=C(C3=O)COC(=O)C1(C)OC(=O)C)C	423.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzofurans / Benzofuranones
2-Hydroxyplatyphyllide	14681766	Click to see	230.26	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzopyrans / 1-benzopyrans / 2,2-dimethyl-1-benzopyrans
7-Methoxy-2,2-dimethylchromene-6-carboxylic acid	5319400	Click to see	234.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S11418-007-0143-X
Anofinic acid	5319235	Click to see	204.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S11418-007-0143-X
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzopyrans / 1-benzopyrans / Xanthones
1-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-7-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyxanthen-9-one	14162680	Click to see	552.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)80805-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00579985
1-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-7-primeverosyloxyxanthone	131801687	Click to see	552.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)80805-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00579985
1-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyxanthen-9-one	15559485	Click to see	552.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)80805-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00579985
1,3,7-Trihydroxyxanthone	5281635	Click to see	244.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S11418-007-0143-X https://doi.org/10.1039/J39710000629 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(01)82723-X
1,8-Dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone	5281653	Click to see	288.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(82)90006-0
2,3,6-trihydroxy-7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyxanthen-9-one	162912307	Click to see	422.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19730560119
7-hydroxy-3-methoxy-1-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyxanthen-9-one	163090513	Click to see COC1=CC2=C(C(=C1)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)COC4C(C(C(CO4)O)O)O)O)O)O)C(=O)C5=C(O2)C=CC(=C5)O	552.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)80805-7
7-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-1-[(6-O-I(2)-D-xylopyranosyl-I(2)-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-9H-xanthen-9-one	163189838	Click to see	552.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00579985
7-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-1-primeverosyloxyxanthone	14162678	Click to see	552.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)80805-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00579985
Bellidifolin	5281623	Click to see COC1=CC(=C2C(=C1)OC3=C(C=CC(=C3C2=O)O)O)O	274.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(82)90006-0
Gentioside (xanthone)	101304453	Click to see COC1=CC2=C(C=C1)OC3=CC(=CC(=C3C2=O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)COC5C(C(C(CO5)O)O)O)O)O)O	552.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)80805-7 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00579985 https://doi.org/10.14271/DMS-20901-DE
Gentisin	5281636	Click to see COC1=CC(=C2C(=C1)OC3=C(C2=O)C=C(C=C3)O)O	258.23	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3630200/ https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0029-1243123 https://doi.org/10.1007/S11418-007-0143-X https://doi.org/10.1039/J39710000629 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00579985 https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1218(83)90101-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYMED.2013.01.011 https://doi.org/10.14271/DMS-20901-DE https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(01)82723-X
Isogentisin	5281640	Click to see	258.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1218(83)90101-5 https://doi.org/10.1039/J39710000629 https://doi.org/10.1007/S11418-007-0143-X https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0029-1243126 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(01)82723-X https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0029-1243123 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PHYMED.2013.01.011
Mangiferin	5281647	Click to see C1=C2C(=CC(=C1O)O)OC3=C(C2=O)C(=C(C(=C3)O)C4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O	422.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0029-1243126 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0029-1243123 https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(82)90006-0
Swertianolin	5281662	Click to see	436.40	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3630200/
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzopyrans / 2-benzopyrans
Erythrocentaurin	191120	Click to see C1COC(=O)C2=CC=CC(=C21)C=O	176.17	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S11418-007-0143-X
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Lactones / Delta valerolactones
methyl (2S,3R,5E)-5-ethylidene-2,3-dimethyl-6-oxooxane-2-carboxylate	10889206	Click to see	212.24	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Pyranopyridines
Gentianine	354616	Click to see C=CC1=CN=CC2=C1CCOC2=O	175.18	unknown	https://doi.org/10.14271/DMS-20901-DE
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Pyrans / Pyranones and derivatives / Dihydropyranones
(4R)-4-ethyl-4-hydroxy-5,6-dihydro-1H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-3,8-dione	11031139	Click to see CCC1(C2=C(COC1=O)C(=O)OCC2)O	212.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.885
1H,6H-Pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-1,6-dione, 5-ethyl-3,4,5,8-tetrahydro-5-hydroxy-, (+/-)-	586936	Click to see	212.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.51.885
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Pyridines and derivatives
Venoterpine	5315179	Click to see	149.19	unknown	https://doi.org/10.14271/DMS-20901-DE
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Diarylheptanoids / Linear diarylheptanoids
(4E)-1-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-4-hepten-3-one	5318568	Click to see	386.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid C-glycosides
Isoorientin	114776	Click to see	448.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0029-1243126 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0029-1243123
Isovitexin	162350	Click to see	432.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(82)90006-0
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one	11546834	Click to see	448.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19730560119
5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one	14017874	Click to see	448.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19730560119
Flavonoid LP	73981632	Click to see	594.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)80805-7
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / O-methylated flavonoids / 3-O-methylated flavonoids
Geraldone	5281618	Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O2)C=C(C=C3)O)O	284.26	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Macrolides and analogues
(1R,4Z,6R,7S,11S,17R)-4-ethylidene-7-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-2,9-dioxa-14-azatricyclo[9.5.1.014,17]heptadecane-3,8-dione	6347543	Click to see	337.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1S,4Z,6R,7S,11S,17R)-4-ethylidene-7-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-2,9-dioxa-14-azatricyclo[9.5.1.014,17]heptadecane-3,8-dione	98178717	Click to see	337.40	unknown	via CMAUP database

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Gentiana lutea

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