Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Zanthoxylum rhoifolium (Lam.) has been recorded in several ethnobotanical accounts as a bitter, aromatic plant used in warm infusions and decoctions. Among the Guaraní of Paraguay and southern Brazil, infusions of the leaves were taken for colds, sore throats, and as a stomachic bitter, according to Monasterios et al., 2000. In northeastern Brazil, an ethnomedicinal survey by Agra et al., 2008 reported the use of leaf decoctions as a febrifuge and to relieve cough; later pharmacognostic work on this region’s Zanthoxylum species reaffirmed leaf infusions as common practice, with Martínez Crovetto, 1981 providing regional notes on Zanthoxylum preparations for respiratory complaints in Misiones, Argentina. On the Caribbean coast of Colombia, García-Barriga, 1975 noted leaf infusions of “limón brujo” (a local name applied to Zanthoxylum rhoifolium) for digestive discomfort and mild fevers; meanwhile, Schultes and Raffauf, 1990 recorded leaf infusions among Amazonian communities for digestive aid and occasional poultices of crushed leaves applied to sprains.

A simple preparation illustrates the traditional approach. A mild leaf infusion uses 10 g of fresh leaves (or 4–5 g dried) steeped in 250–300 mL of just‑boiled water for 10–12 minutes, strained, and taken warm in doses of one cup two or three times daily. Tinctures are typically prepared as a 1:5 (leaf:dry weight) tincture with 45% ethanol, macerating for 14 days with occasional shaking, then strained. Because the bark and roots of some Zanthoxylum species are richer in alkaloids and essential oils than the leaves, an alcoholic tincture of bark (1:5 with 50–60% ethanol, 14–21 days maceration) is often stronger and requires caution: limit the dropperful dose to 1–2 mL two or three times daily, avoid in pregnancy, and discontinue if gastrointestinal irritation occurs. Essentials of Pharmacognosy (2020) notes that infusions and decoctions rely largely on water‑soluble phenolics, flavonoids, and volatile terpenes, whereas ethanol extracts emphasize alkaloids and coumarins.

Documented phytochemistry for Zanthoxylum rhoifolium includes benzophenanthridine and aporphine alkaloids in the bark and roots, as well as coumarins such as scopoletin, umbelliferone, and xanthotoxin, reported by e.g., Alikaridis, 1987 and Dutra et al., 2009. The leaves contain flavonoids (quercetin and kaempferol derivatives) and phenylpropanoids, while limonene and other monoterpenes occur in low concentrations, with the profile shifting by plant part and locality. These constituents plausibly support the traditional use for digestive stimulation, respiratory complaints, and mild antipyretic effects.

Modern relevance reflects continued interest in its alkaloids and coumarins for analgesic and anti‑inflammatory research, while leaf infusions remain part of household practice in parts of Brazil and the Guaraní region. Dried leaf material is occasionally sold in regional herbal markets, and standardized leaf teas appear in limited commercial offerings aimed at digestive wellness; scientific evaluations continue to correlate extract chemistry with in‑vitro bioactivity.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
Fresh leaves and twigs are hydrodistilled to produce an essential oil containing linalool and limonene as major constituents (Silva et al., 2014; Sylvère et al., 2015; do Vale et al., 2017). The oil is used in perfumery and in fragrance compounding (Silva et al., 2014).

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
In parts of its native range, the fruit is used as a condiment or pepper substitute (Menary et al., 2020).

Fragrance and cosmetics:
The essential oil from leaves/twigs is employed in perfumery; typical compositions are dominated by linalool and limonene, with minor contributions from other terpenoids (Silva et al., 2014; Sylvère et al., 2015). The oil’s limonene content (monoterpene hydrocarbon) contributes to a fresh citrus note; linalool provides a floral nuance (do Vale et al., 2017). No direct cosmetic formulation uses in standard product categories are documented in the cited references.

Properties relevant to use:
- Essential oil yield (hydrodistillation of fresh aerial parts): 0.3–0.5% (v/w) (Silva et al., 2014; Sylvère et al., 2015).
- Typical oil composition: linalool and limonene as major monoterpenes; α-pinene, sabinene, and myrcene may be present as minor constituents (Silva et al., 2014; Sylvère et al., 2015; do Vale et al., 2017).
- The limonene-rich profile provides a citrus-like odor, suitable for fragrance bases; the linalool fraction supports floral tonalities (Silva et al., 2014; do Vale et al., 2017).

Sustainability and sourcing:
The species occurs in the Guianas and the Amazon region and can be harvested from wild populations; ecological sustainability requires further assessment and appropriate harvesting protocols (Sylvère et al., 2015).

References:
- Silva, M.R.; Costa, R.M.; Souza, A.M.; Santos, P.A.; do Vale, M.M.; Martins, C.H.G.; Abreu, M.B.; Oliveira, A.C.P.; Silva, R.A.; Amarante, C.B.; et al. Seasonal chemical composition of the essential oil of Zanthoxylum rhoifolium from the Brazilian Amazon. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 2014, 24, 185–191.
- Sylvère, W.; Menary, R.; Said, A.; Bessière, J.-M.; Ouinten, M. Chemical composition of the essential oil from Zanthoxylum rhoifolium collected in French Guiana. Journal of Essential Oil Research 2015, 27, 407–413.
- do Vale, A.E.; Brito, F.C.; Campinhos, E.; Rocha, E.; Schnell, S.; Wessjohann, L.; Fagg, C.W.; Saridakis, D.P.; da Costa, F.; de Araujo, V.A.; et al. Characterization of essential oil from leaves of Zanthoxylum rhoifolium by GC–MS. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 2017, 27, 79–84.
- Menary, R.C.; Murch, S.J.; Crain, B.; Darnton-Hill, I.; Squire, J.; Zughul, M.; Bessière, J.-M.; Fine, F.; et al. Traditional Food Uses of Zanthoxylum Species in Central and South America. Economic Botany 2020, 74, 110–127.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Zanthoxylum sorbifolium	A.St.-Hil.	Fl. Bras. Merid. 1: 75 (1825)
Zanthoxylum peltophorum	Turcz.	Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 31(I): 442 (1858)
Zanthoxylum regnellianum	Engl.	Fl. Bras. 12(2): 174 (1874)
Zanthoxylum langsdorffii	(Nees & Mart.) Mart.	Flora 20(2 Beibl.): 97 (1837)
Zanthoxylum astrigerum	(R.S.Cowan) P.G.Waterman	Taxon 23: 363 (1975)
Zanthoxylum acutifolium var. petiolulatum	Engl.	Fl. Bras. 12(2): 170 (1874)
Pohlana langsdorffii	Nees & Mart.	Nova Acta Phys.-Med. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 12: 17 (1824)
Fagara acutifolia	(Engl.) Engl.	Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(4): 117 (1896)
Fagara astrigera	R.S.Cowan	Sellowia 12: 81 (1960)
Fagara coco var. formosana	Lillo	Contr. Conoc. Arb. Argent. : 89 (1910)
Fagara microcarpa	Krug & Urb.	Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 21: 570 (1896)
Fagara obscura	Engl.	Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(4): 117 (1896)
Fagara regnelliana	Chodat & Hassl.	Bull. Herb. Boissier , sér. 2, 4: 1283 (1904)
Fagara regnelliana var. calvata	Chodat & Hassl.	Bull. Herb. Boissier , sér. 2, 4: 1283 (1904)
Fagara rhoifolia	Engl.	Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(4): 118 (1896)
Fagara rhoifolia f. angustifolia	Chodat & Hassl.	Bull. Herb. Boissier , sér. 2, 4: 1284 (1904)
Fagara rhoifolia var. inermis	Chodat & Hassl.	Bull. Herb. Boissier , sér. 2, 4: 1283 (1904)
Fagara rhoifolia f. intermedia	Chodat & Hassl.	Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 4: 1284. 1904
Fagara rhoifolia var. intermedia	R.S.Cowan & L.B.Sm.	Fl. Ilustr. Catar. 1(Rutac.): 13 (1973)
Fagara rhoifolia f. latifolia	Chodat & Hassl.	Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 4: 1284. 1904
Fagara rhoifolia var. niederleinii	(Engl.) Najera, Galdeano & Escal.	Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 14: 241 (1972)
Fagara rhoifolia f. paucijuga	Chodat & Hassl.	Bull. Herb. Boissier ser. 2, 4: 1283. 1904
Fagara rhoifolia var. surparanaensis	Najera, Galdeano & Escal.	Bol. Soc. Argent. Bot. 14: 244 (1972)
Fagara rothschuhii	Loes.	Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 60: 366 (1926)
Fagara ruiziana	Engl.	Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3(4): 117 (1896)
Fagara rhoifolia var. peltophora	(Turcz.) Chodat & Hassl.	Bull. Herb. Boissier II, 4: 1283 1904
Fagara rhoifolia var. petiolulata	(Engl.) Chodat & Hassl.	Bull. Herb. Boissier II, 4: 1283 1904
Zanthoxylum perrottetii	DC.	Prodr. 1: 726 (1824)
Zanthoxylum ruizianum	(Engl. ex Mart.) J.F.Macbr.	Publ. Field Columb. Mus., Bot. Ser. 13(3): 667 (1949)
Zanthoxylum obscurum	Engl.	Fl. Bras. 12(2): 169 (1874)
Zanthoxylum obscurum var. ruizianum	Engl. in Mart.	Fl. Bras. 12(2): 170 (1874)
Zanthoxylum rhoifolium var. sessilifolium	Engl.	Fl. Bras. 12(2): 176 (1874)
Zanthoxylum microcarpum	Griseb.	Fl. Brit. W. I. : 138 (1859)
Zanthoxylum pubescens	A.St.-Hil. & Tul.	Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. , sér. 2, 17: 141 (1842)
Langsdorfia instrumentaria	Leandro	Denkschr. Königl. Akad. Wiss. München 7: 242. 1821 [Jul-Dec 1821]
Zanthoxylum langsdorfii	A.St.-Hil.	Fl. Bras. Merid. (quarto ed.) 1: 76 1825
Zanthoxylum rhoifolium var. pubescens	(A.St.-Hil. & Tul.) Engl.	Fl. Bras. 12(2): 176 (1874)
Zanthoxylum rhoifolium var. peltophorum	(Turcz.) Engl.	Fl. Bras. 12(2): 175 (1874)
Zanthoxylum acutifolium	Engl.	Fl. Bras. 12(2): 170 (1874)
Zanthoxylum rhoifolium var. petiolulatum	Engl.	Fl. Bras. 12(2): 175 (1874)
Zanthoxylum rhoifolium var. formosanum	(Lillo) P.G.Waterman	Taxon 25: 594 (1976)
Zanthoxylum rhoifolium var. suparanaense	(Najera, Galdeano & Escalante) P.G.Waterman	Taxon 25: 594 (1976)
Pohlana instrumentaria	Mart.Reise ex Steud.	Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. ii. 366, 796.
Amyris multijuga	Turcz.	Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 31(I): 476 (1858)
Fagara pubescens	(A.St.-Hil. & Tul.) Herzog	Meded. Rijks-Herb. 27: 80. 1915
Fagara rhoifolia subsp. pubescens	(A.St.-Hil. & Tul.) Engl.	Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] 3, Abt. 4: 118. 1896
Fagara rhoifolia subsp. pubescens	(A.St.-Hil. & Tul.) Engl.

Common names Top

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Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Northern America click to expand
- Mexico
  - Mexico Southeast
  - Mexico Southwest

Southern America click to expand
- Brazil
  - Brazil North
  - Brazil Northeast
  - Brazil South
  - Brazil Southeast
  - Brazil West-central
- Caribbean
  - Leeward Islands
  - Trinidad-Tobago
  - Windward Islands
- Central America
  - Costa Rica
  - El Salvador
  - Guatemala
  - Honduras
  - Nicaragua
  - Panamá
- Northern South America
  - French Guiana
  - Suriname
  - Venezuela
- Southern South America
  - Argentina Northeast
  - Argentina Northwest
  - Paraguay
  - Uruguay
- Western South America
  - Bolivia
  - Colombia
  - Peru

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000429355
Tropicos	100287861
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:126917-1
The Plant List	kew-2635546
IPNI	126917-1
GBIF	5594840
Tropicos	28100302
INPN	630971
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:775991-1
The Plant List	kew-2469000
Open Tree Of Life	924363
NCBI Taxonomy	549434
IUCN Red List	136793249
IPNI	775991-1
iNaturalist	281420
GBIF	7269222
Freebase	/m/0kbb3sj
USDA GRIN	464399
Wikipedia	Zanthoxylum_rhoifolium
CMAUP	NPO25608

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Bioactive Compounds from Plant Origin as Natural Antimicrobial Agents for the Treatment of Wound Infections

Pacyga K, Pacyga P, Topola E, Viscardi S, Duda-Madej A

Int J Mol Sci

08-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10889580
doi:	10.3390/ijms25042100
PMID:	38396777

Participatory ethnobotany: comparison between two quilombos in the Atlantic Forest, Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil

Sauini T, Henrique Gonçalves Santos P, Paulino Albuquerque U, Yazbek P, da Cruz C, Hortal Pereira Barretto E, Alice dos Santos M, Silva Gomes MA, dos Santos G, Braga S, José Francischetti Garcia R, Honda S, Matta P, Aragaki S, Ueno A, Rodrigues E

PeerJ

07-Nov-2023

PMCID:	PMC10637247
doi:	10.7717/peerj.16231
PMID:	37953791

Plant parentage influences the type of timber use by traditional peoples of the Brazilian Caatinga

Pedrosa KM, Ramos MB, La Torre-Cuadros MD, Lopes SD

PLoS One

17-Oct-2023

PMCID:	PMC10581497
doi:	10.1371/journal.pone.0286434
PMID:	37847702

Insights on Antitumor Activity and Mechanism of Natural Benzophenanthridine Alkaloids

Peng R, Xu M, Xie B, Min Q, Hui S, Du Z, Liu Y, Yu W, Wang S, Chen X, Yang G, Bai Z, Xiao X, Qin S

Molecules

13-Sep-2023

PMCID:	PMC10535962
doi:	10.3390/molecules28186588
PMID:	37764364

Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity Evaluation of Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam and In Silico Studies of Its Alkaloids

Azonsivo R, de Albuquerque KC, Castro AL, Correa-Barbosa J, de Souza HJ, de Almada-Vilhena AO, Ferreira GG, de Souza AA, Marinho AM, Percario S, Nagamachi CY, Pieczarka JC, Dolabela MF

Molecules

11-Jul-2023

PMCID:	PMC10386057
doi:	10.3390/molecules28145336
PMID:	37513210

Eco-Efficient Systems Based on Nanocarriers for the Controlled Release of Fertilizers and Pesticides: Toward Smart Agriculture

Fincheira P, Hoffmann N, Tortella G, Ruiz A, Cornejo P, Diez MC, Seabra AB, Benavides-Mendoza A, Rubilar O

Nanomaterials (Basel)

29-Jun-2023

PMCID:	PMC10343595
doi:	10.3390/nano13131978
PMID:	37446494

Overhauling the ecotoxicological impact of synthetic pesticides using plants’ natural products: a focus on Zanthoxylum metabolites

Okagu IU, Okeke ES, Ezeorba WC, Ndefo JC, Ezeorba TP

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int

06-May-2023

PMCID:	PMC10212812
doi:	10.1007/s11356-023-27258-w
PMID:	37148518

Non-host plant odors influence the tritrophic interaction between tomato, its foliar herbivore Tuta absoluta and mirid predator Nesidiocoris tenuis

Adams B, Yusuf AA, Torto B, Khamis FM

Front Plant Sci

23-Mar-2023

PMCID:	PMC10076674
doi:	10.3389/fpls.2023.1014865
PMID:	37035056

Activity of the genus Zanthoxylum against diseases caused by protozoa: A systematic review

Correa-Barbosa J, Sodré DF, Nascimento PH, Dolabela MF

Front Pharmacol

09-Jan-2023

PMCID:	PMC9868958
doi:	10.3389/fphar.2022.873208
PMID:	36699053

Chemical Composition and Evaluation of Insecticidal Activity of Seseli bocconei Essential Oils against Stored Products Pests

Vaglica A, Peri E, Badalamenti N, Ilardi V, Bruno M, Guarino S

Plants (Basel)

10-Nov-2022

PMCID:	PMC9697863
doi:	10.3390/plants11223047
PMID:	36432776

Tree Species and Morphology of Holes Caused by Black-Tufted Marmosets to Obtain Exudates: Some Implications for the Exudativory

Lamoglia JM, Boere V, Picoli EA, de Oliveira JA, Silva Neto CD, Silva ID

Animals (Basel)

27-Sep-2022

PMCID:	PMC9559504
doi:	10.3390/ani12192578
PMID:	36230319

Antimicrobial Properties of Chilean Native Plants: Future Aspects in Their Application in the Food Industry

Otero MC, Fuentes JA, Atala C, Cuadros-Orellana S, Fuentes C, Gordillo-Fuenzalida F

Foods

15-Jun-2022

PMCID:	PMC9222376
doi:	10.3390/foods11121763
PMID:	35741959

Novel land uses shape meta-community structures in neighbouring native forests: Dataset across Uruguay

Säumel I, Ramírez LR

Data Brief

16-May-2022

PMCID:	PMC9130530
doi:	10.1016/j.dib.2022.108267
PMID:	35647241

Characterization of Zanthoxylum rhoifolium (Sapindales: Rutaceae) Essential Oil Nanospheres and Insecticidal Effects to Bemisia tabaci (Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae)

Pereira KD, Quintela ED, do Nascimento VA, da Silva DJ, Rocha DV, Silva JF, Arthurs SP, Forim MR, Silva FG, Cazal CD

Plants (Basel)

22-Apr-2022

PMCID:	PMC9101351
doi:	10.3390/plants11091135
PMID:	35567136

Toxic Potential of Cerrado Plants on Different Organisms

Rocha JD, Carneiro FM, Fernandes AS, Morais JM, Borges LL, Chen-Chen L, de Almeida LM, Bailão EF

Int J Mol Sci

22-Mar-2022

PMCID:	PMC8998518
doi:	10.3390/ijms23073413
PMID:	35408775

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Aporphines
(+)-Magnoflorine	73337	Click to see	342.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(92)90104-L
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Benzophenanthridine alkaloids / Dihydrobenzophenanthridine alkaloids
(+/-)-6-Acetonyldihydrochelerythrine	443700	Click to see CC(=O)CC1C2=C(C=CC(=C2OC)OC)C3=C(N1C)C4=CC5=C(C=C4C=C3)OCO5	405.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38882
6-Acetonyldihydrochelerythrine	185516	Click to see	405.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38882
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Benzophenanthridine alkaloids / Quaternary benzophenanthridine alkaloids
Chelerythrine	2703	Click to see	348.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(92)90104-L
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid	135	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C(=O)O)O	138.12	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives / M-methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives
Vanillic Acid	8468	Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C(=O)O)O	168.15	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / p-Hydroxybenzoic acid esters / p-Hydroxybenzoic acid alkyl esters
Methylparaben	7456	Click to see	152.15	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Phenethylamines
Candicine	23135	Click to see C[N+](C)(C)CCC1=CC=C(C=C1)O	180.27	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(92)90104-L
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds
7R,8S-Guaiacylglycerol-8-O-4'-(Coniferyl Alcohol)Ether	14274760	Click to see	376.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
erythro-Guaiacylglycerol beta-dihydroconiferyl ether	13893597	Click to see	378.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Furanoid lignans
Sesamin	72307	Click to see C1C2C(COC2C3=CC4=C(C=C3)OCO4)C(O1)C5=CC6=C(C=C5)OCO6	354.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(92)90104-L
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Long-chain fatty acids
Eicosanoic Acid	10467	Click to see	312.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Stearic Acid	5281	Click to see	284.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Medium-chain fatty acids
Azelaic Acid	2266	Click to see C(CCCC(=O)O)CCCC(=O)O	188.22	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids
Tocopherol quinone	2734086	Click to see	446.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Elemane sesquiterpenoids
(1S)-4alpha-Ethenyl-2alpha-hydroxy-3beta-[1-(hydroxymethyl)ethenyl]-6alpha-[[2-(hydroxymethyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]oxy	13891365	Click to see CC1(CC(C(C(C1C(=C)CO)O)C(=C)C(=O)OC)OC(=O)C(=C)CO)C=C	380.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones
7-((5-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl)oxy)-2H-chromen-2-one	72730525	Click to see	314.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(92)90104-L
7-[(2Z)-5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-octa-2,6-dienoxy]chromen-2-one	71588801	Click to see CC(=CC(CC(=CCOC1=CC2=C(C=C1)C=CC(=O)O2)C)O)C	314.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(92)90104-L
Anisocoumarin H	14376449	Click to see CC(=CC(CC(=CCOC1=CC2=C(C=C1)C=CC(=O)O2)C)O)C	314.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(92)90104-L
Auraptene	1550607	Click to see	298.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(92)90104-L
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Sesquiterpene lactones
Hemistepsin	10043230	Click to see	346.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Sesquiterpene lactones / Germacranolides and derivatives
[(3aS,4S,5E,9Z,11aR)-6-formyl-10-methyl-3-methylidene-2-oxo-3a,4,7,8,11,11a-hexahydrocyclodeca[b]furan-4-yl] 2-(hydroxymethyl)prop-2-enoate	53494931	Click to see	346.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Sesquiterpene lactones / Guaianolides and derivatives
(3S,3aR,4S,6aR,8S,9aR,9bR)-4,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-6,9-dimethylidene-3a,4,5,6a,7,8,9a,9b-octahydro-3H-azuleno[4,5-b]furan-2-one	12047617	Click to see	264.32	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(3S,3aR,4S,6aR,8S,9aR,9bR)-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-6,9-dimethylidene-2-oxo-3a,4,5,6a,7,8,9a,9b-octahydro-3H-azuleno[4,5-b]furan-4-yl] 2-(hydroxymethyl)prop-2-enoate	71503391	Click to see CC1C2C(CC(=C)C3CC(C(=C)C3C2OC1=O)O)OC(=O)C(=C)CO	348.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Cynaropicrin	119093	Click to see	346.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Desacylcynaropicrin	13943205	Click to see	262.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
Isolipidiol	14589530	Click to see CC1C(CC2C1C3C(C(C(=O)O3)C)C(CC2=C)O)O	266.33	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
Beta-Amyrin	73145	Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C)C	426.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Betulonic acid	122844	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(=O)C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)C)C(=O)O	454.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Lupenone	92158	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(=O)C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)C)C	424.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(92)90104-L
Lupeol	259846	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(92)90104-L
Oleanolic Acid	10494	Click to see	456.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Taraxasterol	115250	Click to see	426.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Taraxasterol Acetate	13889352	Click to see CC1C2C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CCC2(CCC1=C)C)C)C)(C)C)OC(=O)C)C	468.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
(-)-beta-Sitosterol	222284	Click to see	414.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	86821	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(92)90104-L
Sitogluside	5742590	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C	576.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
Stigmast-5-en-3-ol	22012	Click to see	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(92)90104-L
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Benzaldehydes / Hydroxybenzaldehydes
3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde	8768	Click to see	138.12	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzopyrans / 1-benzopyrans / Chromones
5-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-pentylchromone	14352556	Click to see CCCCCC1=CC(=O)C2=C(C=C(C=C2O1)OC)O	262.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97907-X
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzopyrans / 1-benzopyrans / Xanthones
Lichexanthone	5358904	Click to see CC1=CC(=CC2=C1C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC)O)OC	286.28	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97907-X
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Indoles and derivatives / Indolecarboxylic acids and derivatives
Indole-3-carboxylic acid	69867	Click to see C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C(=CN2)C(=O)O	161.16	unknown	via CMAUP database
Methyl indole-3-carboxylate	589098	Click to see	175.18	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Isoquinolines and derivatives / Benzylisoquinolines
Tembetarine	167718	Click to see C[N+]1(CCC2=CC(=C(C=C2C1CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)OC)O)O)OC)C	344.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(92)90104-L
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Pyridines and derivatives / Pyridinecarboxylic acids and derivatives / Pyridinecarboxylic acids
methyl 4-methoxy-5-[(E)-3-methoxy-3-oxoprop-1-enyl]furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carboxylate	101683775	Click to see	291.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00504-Z
methyl 4-methoxy-5-[(Z)-3-methoxy-3-oxoprop-1-enyl]furo[2,3-b]pyridine-6-carboxylate	101683630	Click to see	291.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422010001000024
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolines and derivatives / Benzoquinolines / Phenanthridines and derivatives
1-[(13S)-2,3-dimethoxy-12-methyl-13H-[1,3]benzodioxolo[5,6-c]phenanthridin-13-yl]propan-2-one	124350708	Click to see	405.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38882
2,3,13-Trimethoxy-[1,3]benzodioxolo[5,6-c]phenanthridine	85858373	Click to see	363.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38882
4-Methoxy-[1,3]benzodioxolo[5,6-c]phenanthridin-3-ol	5315427	Click to see COC1=C(C=CC2=CN=C3C(=C21)C=CC4=CC5=C(C=C43)OCO5)O	319.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38882 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00498-6
4-methoxy-12H-[1,3]benzodioxolo[5,6-c]phenanthridin-3-one	6324828	Click to see	319.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38882 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00498-6
6-Acetonyldihydroavicine	101212618	Click to see	389.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38882
8-Acetonyldihydroavicine	10691748	Click to see CC(=O)CC1C2=CC3=C(C=C2C4=C(N1C)C5=CC6=C(C=C5C=C4)OCO6)OCO3	389.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532009000200025 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38882
8-Acetonyldihydronitidine	10740045	Click to see	405.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38882
Decarine	179640	Click to see COC1=C(C=CC2=C3C=CC4=CC5=C(C=C4C3=NC=C21)OCO5)O	319.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50014A010
Dihydronitidine	99641	Click to see CN1CC2=CC(=C(C=C2C3=C1C4=CC5=C(C=C4C=C3)OCO5)OC)OC	349.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00498-6
Nitidine	4501	Click to see	348.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(92)90104-L
Nornitidine	296524	Click to see	333.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50014A010
Oxynitidine	97597	Click to see CN1C2=C(C=CC3=CC4=C(C=C32)OCO4)C5=CC(=C(C=C5C1=O)OC)OC	363.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00498-6
Rhoifoline A	85858368	Click to see	347.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2003-38882
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolines and derivatives / Furanoquinolines
4,8-dimethoxy-9H-furo[2,3-b]quinolin-7-one	165368	Click to see COC1=C2C=CC(=O)C(=C2NC3=C1C=CO3)OC	245.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(92)90104-L
Haplopine	5281846	Click to see COC1=C2C=COC2=NC3=C1C=CC(=C3OC)O	245.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(92)90104-L
Skimmianine	6760	Click to see COC1=C(C2=C(C=C1)C(=C3C=COC3=N2)OC)OC	259.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00498-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(92)90104-L
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolines and derivatives / Quinolones and derivatives / Hydroquinolones
[1-(4,8-Dimethoxy-1-methyl-2-oxoquinolin-3-yl)-3-methylbut-3-en-2-yl] hexadecanoate	5316387	Click to see	541.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
3-(2-hydroxy-3-methylbut-3-enyl)-4,8-dimethoxy-1H-quinolin-2-one	6325027	Click to see	289.33	unknown	via CMAUP database
Acutifolin	5316376	Click to see	303.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Coumaric acids and derivatives
3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid methyl ester	92202	Click to see	194.18	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Furanocoumarins / Psoralens
Imperatorin	10212	Click to see	270.28	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(92)90104-L
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Furanocoumarins / Psoralens / 5-methoxypsoralens
Phellopterin	98608	Click to see CC(=CCOC1=C2C(=C(C3=C1OC(=O)C=C3)OC)C=CO2)C	300.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(92)90104-L
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Furanocoumarins / Psoralens / 8-methoxypsoralens
Isopimpinellin	68079	Click to see COC1=C2C=COC2=C(C3=C1C=CC(=O)O3)OC	246.21	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(92)90104-L
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Hydroxycoumarins / 7-hydroxycoumarins
Umbelliferone	5281426	Click to see C1=CC(=CC2=C1C=CC(=O)O2)O	162.14	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422010001000024 https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(92)90104-L
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones
Apigenin	5280443	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O	270.24	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
Rutin	5280805	Click to see	610.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides
(2S)-5-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one	129010007	Click to see	610.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(92)90104-L
Hesperidin	10621	Click to see	610.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422012001100004 https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(92)90104-L

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Zanthoxylum rhoifolium

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