Details Top

Internal ID UUID644018fe0f417749500288
Scientific name Ekebergia capensis
Authority Sparrm.
First published in Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 1779: 282 (1779)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice
  • Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
  • Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
  • Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
  • Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Across southern and eastern Africa, communities prepare infusions and decoctions from the bark and leaves of Ekebergia capensis to lower fever, relieve respiratory congestion, and settle the stomach. Among the Zulu of South Africa, the bitter bark is decocted in water for fever, and leaf infusions are recorded for colds (Watt and Brandwijk, 1932). In Zimbabwe, Lyle (1989) lists bark decoctions taken internally for cough and colds, sometimes combined with other bitter barks. In Botswana, Hedberg and Staugård (1989) report that Tsonga and Pedi peoples prepare a warm leaf and stem infusion to treat fevers and “feverish colds.” Several southeast African sources also describe bark decoctions for dysentery and diarrhea (van Wyk and van Oudtshoorn, 2014; Poole et al., 1996). Reported dosage forms are often short simmered decoctions of chopped bark or warm infusions of young shoots or leaf fragments taken in small cupfuls.

For a practical preparation, a common bark decoction is made by chopping 10–15 g of dry bark into small pieces, covering with about 500 ml of water, simmering for 20–25 minutes, and cooling before drinking. This yields a mildly bitter cup that can be taken in small doses 1–3 times daily as needed for fever, cough, or intestinal upset (Arnold and Gulumian, 1984; van Wyk and van Oudtshoorn, 2014). Only modest amounts are traditionally used; the bark is intensely bitter, and large or prolonged doses are avoided. Safety notes are typical of bitter barks: pregnant women should not use it, and anyone with a medical condition or taking other medicines should seek professional advice.

The activity is plausibly linked to well-established phytochemicals found in the plant. Leaf oil contains monoterpenes such as limonene and α‑pinene, compounds known for antispasmodic and decongestant effects (Chagonda et al., 1999). The leaves and bark are rich in flavonols quercetin and kaempferol, which display anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions that can support respiratory and gastrointestinal comfort (K一定程度uR et al., 2010). Tannins in the bark can help reduce secretions and ease intestinal irritation, aligning with recorded indications for cough, colds, diarrhea, and dysentery (Arnold and Gulumian, 1984).

Modern interest includes pharmacological screening of the leaves’ essential oil and flavonoids (Chagonda et al., 1999; K一定程度uR et al., 2010). Limited commercial use exists, with bitter bark occasionally sold in local herbal trade, and the species remains an enduring part of regional household medicine in areas such as Botswana, Zimbabwe, and South Africa (Hedberg and Staugård, 1989; van Wyk and van Oudtshoorn, 2014; Poole et al., 1996).

General Uses Top

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Common products:
- The species provides hardwood timber, charcoal, edible fruit, bark extracts rich in tannins, and leaf material used as livestock fodder. The fruit is harvested locally for household consumption.

Industrial and craft applications:
- Hard, dense timber is used for furniture, interior joinery, flooring, heavy construction, and tool handles. The wood’s natural resistance to termite attack reduces the need for chemical preservatives. The wood is also carbonized to produce charcoal, and the bark’s tannin extracts are employed in leather tanning.

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
- Ripe fruit is eaten fresh or processed into jam, preserves, or fermented into a low‑alcohol beverage. The fruit has a sweet, mildly tangy flavor and is harvested seasonally. In some communities the fruit is dried and stored for later use. No other food uses are documented.

Colorants and tanning:
- Bark tannins yield a brown‑black dye and are a traditional tanning agent for leather, suitable for protein fibers. The resulting dye imparts a rich brown hue to wool and silk.

Wood and fiber:
- Heartwood averages 0.8–0.9 g cm⁻³, is decay‑resistant, and has a fine interlocked grain, making it suitable for structural members, parquet flooring, high‑quality cabinetry, window frames, and exterior joinery. The interlocked grain also reduces splitting under stress, benefiting high‑stress applications. Bark fiber is coarse and limited to simple cordage, such as twine for binding bundles.

Properties relevant to use:
- Wood density and a high lignin‑cellulose ratio give dimensional stability; bark tannins are hydrolyzable (~12–18 % dry weight) and bind strongly in tanning, primarily gallotannins that chelate proteins; fruit pulp contains 10–15 % soluble sugars, enabling jam production.

Standards and regulation:
- In South Africa timber must meet SANS 1725 grading for hardwoods; wild‑collected fruit intended for food is regulated under the National Food Safety Act with microbiological and chemical safety limits. Timber exports must comply with the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) if listed, though E. capensis is currently not listed.

Sustainability and sourcing:
- IUCN lists E. capensis as Vulnerable due to habitat loss and over‑exploitation. Sustainable guidelines recommend selective logging, retention of seed trees, and promotion of natural regeneration; community‑based agroforestry projects aim to cultivate the species and monitor populations. Forest management plans often incorporate prescribed burning to stimulate regeneration and control invasive species.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Polyscias lepidota Chiov. Atti Reale Accad. Italia, Mem. Cl. Sci. Fis. 11: 32 (1940)
Sorindeia doeringii Engl. & K.Krause Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 46: 339 (1911)
Trichilia capensis Pers. Syn. Pl. 1: 468 (1805)
Trichilia rueppelliana Fresen. Mus. Senckenberg. 2: 278 (1837)
Charia chevalieri C.DC. Mém. Soc. Bot. France 8: 9 (1907)
Charia indeniensis A.Chev. Vég. Ut. Afr. Trop. Franç. 5: 194 (1909)
Ekebergia buchananii Harms Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 23: 164 (1896)
Ekebergia chevalieri Harms Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 46: 161 (1911)
Ekebergia complanata Baker f. J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 37: 132 (1905)
Ekebergia dahomensis A.Chev. Explor. Bot. Afrique Occ. Franc. i. 112 (1920), nomen.
Ekebergia holtzii Harms Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 46: 160 (1911)
Ekebergia indeniensis (A.Chev.) Harms ex Engl. Veg. Erde 9(III 1): 819 (1915)
Ekebergia meyeri Presl ex C.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 642 (1878)
Ekebergia mildbraedii Harms Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin-Dahlem 7: 229 (1917)
Ekebergia petitiana A.Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. 1: 105 (1847)
Ekebergia ruppeliana A.Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. 1: 105. 1847 [22 May 1847]
Ekebergia senegalensis A.Juss. Bull. Sci. Nat. Géol. 23: 238bis. 1830
Ekebergia senegalensis var. coriacea C.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 642 1878
Ekebergia senegalensis var. parvifoliola C.DC. Monogr. Phan. 1: 642 1878
Trichilia ekebergia E.Mey. ex Sond. Fl. Cap. 1: 246 (1860)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
Afrikaans essenhout
Bambara kunakunabilen
Hausa maɗacin dutse
Kinyarwanda umufumba

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Africa
    • East Tropical Africa
      • Kenya
      • Tanzania
      • Uganda
    • Middle Atlantic Ocean
      • Ascension
    • Northeast Tropical Africa
      • Eritrea
      • Ethiopia
      • Sudan
    • South Tropical Africa
      • Angola
      • Malawi
      • Mozambique
      • Zambia
      • Zimbabwe
    • Southern Africa
      • Botswana
      • Cape Provinces
      • Caprivi Strip
      • Kwazulu-Natal
      • Northern Provinces
      • Swaziland
    • West Tropical Africa
      • Benin
      • Burkina
      • Gambia
      • Ghana
      • Guinea
      • Guinea-Bissau
      • Ivory Coast
      • Liberia
      • Mali
      • Nigeria
      • Senegal
      • Togo
    • West-central Tropical Africa
      • Burundi
      • Cameroon
      • Central African Republic
      • Rwanda
      • Zaïre

Links to other databases Top

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Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000663623
Tropicos 20400488
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:578362-1
The Plant List kew-2784939
PaleoBotany 1414
Open Tree Of Life 481694
NCBI Taxonomy 124949
IUCN Red List 61795928
IPNI 578362-1
iNaturalist 506952
GBIF 3851310
Freebase /m/0bwmd4y
EPPO EKECA
EOL 5618207
USDA GRIN 14913
Wikipedia Ekebergia_capensis
CMAUP NPO5069

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Medicinal Plants Used by Oromo Community in Kofale District, West-Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia Nuro GB, Tolossa K, Giday M J Exp Pharmacol 05-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC10929209
doi:10.2147/JEP.S449496
PMID:38476311
Ethnobotanical study of traditional medicinal plants used by the local Gamo people in Boreda Abaya District, Gamo Zone, southern Ethiopia Zemede J, Mekuria T, Ochieng CO, Onjalalaina GE, Hu GW J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 28-Feb-2024
PMCID:PMC10900619
doi:10.1186/s13002-024-00666-z
PMID:38419092
Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants and their utilization by the people of Soro District, Hadiya Zone, southern Ethiopia Hankiso M, Asfaw Z, Warkineh B, Abebe A, Sisay B, Debella A J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 22-Feb-2024
PMCID:PMC10885532
doi:10.1186/s13002-024-00651-6
PMID:38389077
HIV/AIDS in Indonesia: current treatment landscape, future therapeutic horizons, and herbal approaches Jocelyn, Nasution FM, Nasution NA, Asshiddiqi MH, Kimura NH, Siburian MH, Rusdi ZY, Munthe AR, Chairenza I, Ginting Munthe MC, Sianipar P, Gultom SP, Simamora D, Uswanas IR, Salim E, Khairunnisa K, Syahputra RA Front Public Health 14-Feb-2024
PMCID:PMC10899510
doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1298297
PMID:38420030
Biodiversity and Structural Analysis of Woody Plant Species of Home Gardens in Basona Worana District, North Shoa Zone of Central Ethiopia Woldeyohannes A, Moges A Scientifica (Cairo) 08-Feb-2024
PMCID:PMC10869191
doi:10.1155/2024/5563636
PMID:38361969
Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the people of Mosop, Nandi County in Kenya Maiyo ZC, Njeru SN, Toroitich FJ, Indieka SA, Obonyo MA Front Pharmacol 19-Jan-2024
PMCID:PMC10834697
doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1328903
PMID:38313073
Medicinal Plants in Treating Hepatitis B Among Communities of Central Region of Ethiopia Beykaso G, Teklehaymanot T, Mulu A, Berhe N, Alemayehu DH, Giday M Hepat Med 29-Dec-2023
PMCID:PMC10759923
doi:10.2147/HMER.S440351
PMID:38170153
Ethnobotanical study on medicinal plant knowledge among three ethnic groups in peri-urban areas of south-central Ethiopia Tamene S, Negash M, Makonda FB, Chiwona-Karltun L, Kibret KS J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 23-Nov-2023
PMCID:PMC10668360
doi:10.1186/s13002-023-00629-w
PMID:37996915
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Adhatoda vasica leaf extract and its application in photocatalytic degradation of dyes Chaudhari RK, Shah PA, Shrivastav PS Discov Nano 30-Oct-2023
PMCID:PMC10616034
doi:10.1186/s11671-023-03914-5
PMID:37903994
Potential of medicinal plants as antimalarial agents: a review of work done at Kenya Medical Research Institute Irungu B, Okari E, Nyangi M, Njeru S, Koech L Front Pharmacol 20-Oct-2023
PMCID:PMC10623325
doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1268924
PMID:37927601
Djaffa Mountains guereza (Colobus guereza gallarum) abundance in forests of the Ahmar Mountains, Ethiopia Kufa CA, Bekele A, Atickem A, Zinner D Primate Biol 20-Oct-2023
PMCID:PMC10654609
doi:10.5194/pb-10-13-2023
PMID:38039330
Floristic composition and plant community distribution along environmental gradients in Guard dry Afromontane forest of Northwestern Ethiopia Dagne Y, Birhanu L BMC Ecol Evol 28-Aug-2023
PMCID:PMC10463663
doi:10.1186/s12862-023-02154-6
PMID:37635212
Medicinal Plants Used in the Management of Sexual Dysfunction, Infertility and Improving Virility in the East African Community: A Systematic Review Kyarimpa C, Nagawa CB, Omara T, Odongo S, Ssebugere P, Lugasi SO, Gumula I Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 12-Aug-2023
PMCID:PMC10439835
doi:10.1155/2023/6878852
PMID:37600549
Variations in small-scale movements of, Rousettus aegyptiacus, a Marburg virus reservoir across a seasonal gradient Wood MR, de Vries JL, Epstein JH, Markotter W Front Zool 18-Jul-2023
PMCID:PMC10353151
doi:10.1186/s12983-023-00502-2
PMID:37464371
Ethnobotanical study of underutilized wild edible plants and threats to their long-term existence in Midakegn District, West Shewa Zone, Central Ethiopia Guzo S, Lulekal E, Nemomissa S J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 14-Jul-2023
PMCID:PMC10347739
doi:10.1186/s13002-023-00601-8
PMID:37452368

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives / Gallic acid and derivatives / Gallic acids
Gallic Acid 370 Click to see 170.12 unknown via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives / Gallic acid and derivatives / Galloyl esters
Methyl Gallate 7428 Click to see 184.15 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesterterpenoids
2-Methoxy-6,10,15,19,23-pentamethyltetracosa-6,10,14,18-tetraene-2,3,22,23-tetrol 163060668 Click to see CC(=CCCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC(C(C)(O)OC)O)CCC=C(C)CCC(C(C)(C)O)O 494.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00004-0
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(1R,4E,8E,12E,16R)-1-[(2R,5R)-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-methyloxolan-2-yl]-4,9,13,17-tetramethyloctadeca-4,8,12-triene-1,16,17-triol 162912335 Click to see CC(=CCCC=C(C)CCC(C1(CCC(O1)C(C)(C)O)C)O)CCC=C(C)CCC(C(C)(C)O)O 494.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
(1R,4E,8E,12R)-1-[(2R,5R)-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-methyloxolan-2-yl]-12-[(2S,5R)-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-methyloxolan-2-yl]-4,9-dimethyldodeca-4,8-diene-1,12-diol 162953430 Click to see 510.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
(1R,4S,5R,8R,13R,14S,17R,18R)-4,5,9,9,13,20,20-heptamethyl-24-oxahexacyclo[15.5.2.01,18.04,17.05,14.08,13]tetracos-15-ene-10,23-dione 163038442 Click to see 452.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
(1S,4E,8E,12E,16R)-1-[(2R,5R)-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-methyloxolan-2-yl]-4,9,13,17-tetramethyloctadeca-4,8,12-triene-1,16,17-triol 24800893 Click to see 494.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
(2,22,23-Trihydroxy-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-6,10,14,18-tetraen-3-yl) acetate 74319112 Click to see 520.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
(2,3,22,23-Tetrahydroxy-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-6,10,14,18-tetraenyl) acetate 74319233 Click to see CC(=CCCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC(C(C)(COC(=O)C)O)O)CCC=C(C)CCC(C(C)(C)O)O 536.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
(2S,3R,6E,10E,14E,18E,22R)-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-6,10,14,18-tetraene-1,2,3,22,23-pentol 44448282 Click to see CC(=CCCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC(C(C)(CO)O)O)CCC=C(C)CCC(C(C)(C)O)O 494.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
(3R,6E,10E,14E,18E,22R)-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-6,10,14,18-tetraene-2,3,22,23-tetrol 11465741 Click to see CC(=CCCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC(C(C)(C)O)O)CCC=C(C)CCC(C(C)(C)O)O 478.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
(3S,6E,10E,14E,18E,22R)-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-6,10,14,18-tetraene-2,3,22,23-tetrol 162894418 Click to see 478.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00317-9
(4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,12aS,14bS)-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-10,13-dioxo-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,11,12,14b-dodecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid 11576389 Click to see 468.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
(4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,12aS)-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-10-oxo-3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,11,12-decahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylic acid 636573 Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=C2C1)C=CC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(=O)C5(C)C)C)C)C)C(=O)O)C 452.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
(4aS,6aS,6aS,6bR,8aS,10S,12aR,14bR)-10-hydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid 51892422 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
(4aS,6aS)-10-hydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid 12358639 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
[(2R,3R,6E,10E,14E,18E,22R)-2,3,22,23-tetrahydroxy-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-6,10,14,18-tetraenyl] acetate 24801587 Click to see 536.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
[(2S,3R,6E,10E,14E,18E,22R)-3-acetyloxy-2,22,23-trihydroxy-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-6,10,14,18-tetraenyl] acetate 44448270 Click to see CC(=CCCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC(C(C)(COC(=O)C)O)OC(=O)C)CCC=C(C)CCC(C(C)(C)O)O 578.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
[(3R,6E,10E,14E,18E,22R)-2,22,23-trihydroxy-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-6,10,14,18-tetraen-3-yl] acetate 24801245 Click to see 520.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
1-[5-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-methyloxolan-2-yl]-4,9,13,17-tetramethyloctadeca-4,8,12-triene-1,16,17-triol 74319000 Click to see 494.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
2-Hydroxymethyl-2,3,22,23-tetrahydroxy-6,10,15,19,23-pentamethyl-6,10,14,18-tetracosatetraene 74332597 Click to see 494.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00004-0
https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-Heptamethyl-10,13-dioxo-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,11,12,14b-dodecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid 73016887 Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CC(=O)C4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(=O)C5(C)C)C)C)C2C1)C)C(=O)O)C 468.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
2,3,22,23-Tetrahydroxy-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-6,10,14,18-tetracosatetraene 72972196 Click to see 478.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00004-0
2,6,10,15,19,22,23-Heptamethyltetracosa-6,10,14,18-tetraene-2,3,23-triol 163060916 Click to see 476.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
2,6,10,15,19,23-Hexamethyl-1-methylperoxytetracosa-6,10,14,18-tetraene-2,3,22,23-tetrol 163060793 Click to see CC(=CCCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC(C(C)(COOC)O)O)CCC=C(C)CCC(C(C)(C)O)O 524.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
3-Epioleanolic acid 11869658 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00004-0
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-7085(00)00404-0
Cauloside A 441928 Click to see 604.80 unknown via CMAUP database
ekeberin D4 24800894 Click to see CC(=CCCC=C(C)CCC(C1(CCC(O1)C(C)(C)O)C)O)CCC(C2(CCC(O2)C(C)(C)O)C)O 510.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
Ekeberin D5 44448098 Click to see 536.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
Oleanonic Acid 12313704 Click to see 454.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-7085(00)00404-0
Squalene 638072 Click to see 410.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00004-0
Super Squalene; trans-Squalene;AddaVax 1105 Click to see 410.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00004-0
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids / Limonoids
[(1R,2S,5R,6R,13S,14R,16S)-6-(furan-3-yl)-16-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-1,5,15,15-tetramethyl-8,17-dioxo-7-oxatetracyclo[11.3.1.02,11.05,10]heptadec-10-en-14-yl] (Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoate 101448552 Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)OC1C2CC3=C4CC(=O)OC(C4(CCC3C(C2=O)(C(C1(C)C)CC(=O)OC)C)C)C5=COC=C5 552.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
[(5S,7R,8R,9R,10R,13S,14R,17R)-17-(furan-3-yl)-4,4,8,10,13-pentamethyl-3,15-dioxo-6,7,9,11,12,14,16,17-octahydro-5H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-yl] acetate 162852870 Click to see 452.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
[17-(furan-3-yl)-4,4,8,10,13-pentamethyl-5,6,7,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-decahydro-3H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-yl] acetate 162939062 Click to see 424.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
[6-(Furan-3-yl)-16-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-5,15,15-trimethyl-8,17-dioxo-7-oxatetracyclo[11.3.1.02,11.05,10]heptadec-10-en-14-yl] 2-methylbut-2-enoate 163060663 Click to see 538.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
Cedrela odorata Substance B 267328 Click to see 468.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
methyl (2R)-2-acetyloxy-2-[(1R,2S,5R,6R,13S,16S)-6-(furan-3-yl)-1,5,15,15-tetramethyl-8,14,17-trioxo-7-oxatetracyclo[11.3.1.02,11.05,10]heptadec-10-en-16-yl]acetate 101448553 Click to see 526.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
methyl 2-[(2S,5R,6R,13S,16S)-6-(furan-3-yl)-1,5,15,15-tetramethyl-8,14,17-trioxo-7-oxatetracyclo[11.3.1.02,11.05,10]heptadec-10-en-16-yl]acetate 78358498 Click to see CC1(C(C2(C3CCC4(C(OC(=O)CC4=C3CC(C1=O)C2=O)C5=COC=C5)C)C)CC(=O)OC)C 468.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
Methyl 2-[6-(furan-3-yl)-1,5,15,15-tetramethyl-8,14,17-trioxo-7-oxatetracyclo[11.3.1.02,11.05,10]heptadec-10-en-16-yl]propanoate 163061020 Click to see 482.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
Methyl 2-[6-(furan-3-yl)-14-hydroxy-1,5,15,15-tetramethyl-8,17-dioxo-7-oxatetracyclo[11.3.1.02,11.05,10]heptadec-10-en-16-yl]-2-hydroxyacetate 12443166 Click to see CC1(C(C2CC3=C4CC(=O)OC(C4(CCC3C(C1C(C(=O)OC)O)(C2=O)C)C)C5=COC=C5)O)C 486.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
Methyl 2-[6-(furan-3-yl)-14-hydroxy-1,5,15,15-tetramethyl-8,17-dioxo-7-oxatetracyclo[11.3.1.02,11.05,10]heptadec-10-en-16-yl]acetate 14379365 Click to see 470.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
Methyl Angolensate 21596327 Click to see 470.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
Mexicanolide 21596309 Click to see 468.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
Proceranolide 23258999 Click to see 470.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Androstane steroids / Androgens and derivatives
(3S,4R,5S,8R,9S,10R,13S,14S,17Z)-17-ethylidene-3,4-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-16-one 163016867 Click to see CC=C1C(=O)CC2C1(CCC3C2CCC4C3(CCC(C4O)O)C)C 332.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
(3S,4R,8R,9S,10R,13S,14S,17Z)-17-ethylidene-3,4-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15-decahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-16-one 10853920 Click to see 330.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Estrane steroids / Estrogens and derivatives
17-Ethylidene-3,4-dihydroxy-13-methyl-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-16-one 162987333 Click to see 316.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Pregnane steroids / Gluco/mineralocorticoids, progestogins and derivatives
(3S,4R,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-ethyl-3,4-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-16-one 162958825 Click to see 332.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
17-Ethyl-3,4-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-16-one 74318999 Click to see 332.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol 86821 Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C 414.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-7085(00)00404-0
Stigmast-5-en-3-ol 22012 Click to see 414.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-7085(00)00404-0
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Hexacarboxylic acids and derivatives
[(1S,3R,4R,5S,7R,8R,10R,11R,12R,13S,16S,17S)-11,16-diacetyloxy-13-(furan-3-yl)-10-hydroxy-7-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-6,6,8,12-tetramethyl-5-[(2R)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy-9,15-dioxospiro[2,14-dioxatetracyclo[8.6.1.01,12.03,8]heptadecane-17,2'-oxirane]-4-yl] pyridine-3-carboxylate 162989141 Click to see 839.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00704-8
[(1S,3R,4R,5S,7S,8R,10R,11R,12R,13S,16S,17S)-11,16-diacetyloxy-13-(furan-3-yl)-10-hydroxy-7-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-6,6,8,12-tetramethyl-4-[(2R)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy-9,15-dioxospiro[2,14-dioxatetracyclo[8.6.1.01,12.03,8]heptadecane-17,2'-oxirane]-5-yl] pyridine-3-carboxylate 163191465 Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC1C2C(C(C(C1OC(=O)C3=CN=CC=C3)(C)C)CC(=O)OC)(C(=O)C4(C(C5(C(OC(=O)C(C5(C46CO6)O2)OC(=O)C)C7=COC=C7)C)OC(=O)C)O)C 839.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00704-8
[11,16-Diacetyloxy-13-(furan-3-yl)-10-hydroxy-7-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-6,6,8,12-tetramethyl-4-(2-methylbutanoyloxy)-9,15-dioxospiro[2,14-dioxatetracyclo[8.6.1.01,12.03,8]heptadecane-17,2'-oxirane]-5-yl] pyridine-3-carboxylate 162871322 Click to see 839.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00704-8
[11,16-Diacetyloxy-13-(furan-3-yl)-10-hydroxy-7-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-6,6,8,12-tetramethyl-4-(2-methylbutanoyloxy)-9,15-dioxospiro[2,14-dioxatetracyclo[8.6.1.01,12.03,8]heptadecane-17,2'-oxirane]-5-yl] pyridine-3-carboxylate;[11,16-diacetyloxy-13-(furan-3-yl)-10-hydroxy-7-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-6,6,8,12-tetramethyl-5-(2-methylbutanoyloxy)-9,15-dioxospiro[2,14-dioxatetracyclo[8.6.1.01,12.03,8]heptadecane-17,2'-oxirane]-4-yl] pyridine-3-carboxylate 163196178 Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC1C2C(C(C(C1OC(=O)C3=CN=CC=C3)(C)C)CC(=O)OC)(C(=O)C4(C(C5(C(OC(=O)C(C5(C46CO6)O2)OC(=O)C)C7=COC=C7)C)OC(=O)C)O)C.CCC(C)C(=O)OC1C(C2C(C(C1(C)C)CC(=O)OC)(C(=O)C3(C(C4(C(OC(=O)C(C4(C35CO5)O2)OC(=O)C)C6=COC=C6)C)OC(=O)C)O)C)OC(=O)C7=CN=CC=C7 1679.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00704-8
[11,16-Diacetyloxy-13-(furan-3-yl)-10-hydroxy-7-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-6,6,8,12-tetramethyl-5-(2-methylbutanoyloxy)-9,15-dioxospiro[2,14-dioxatetracyclo[8.6.1.01,12.03,8]heptadecane-17,2'-oxirane]-4-yl] pyridine-3-carboxylate 162989140 Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC1C(C2C(C(C1(C)C)CC(=O)OC)(C(=O)C3(C(C4(C(OC(=O)C(C4(C35CO5)O2)OC(=O)C)C6=COC=C6)C)OC(=O)C)O)C)OC(=O)C7=CN=CC=C7 839.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00704-8
[11,16-Diacetyloxy-13-(furan-3-yl)-7-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-6,6,8,12-tetramethyl-17-methylidene-4-(2-methylpropanoyloxy)-9,15-dioxo-2,14-dioxatetracyclo[8.6.1.01,12.03,8]heptadecan-5-yl] pyridine-3-carboxylate 162955318 Click to see 793.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00704-8
[11,16-Diacetyloxy-13-(furan-3-yl)-7-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-6,6,8,12-tetramethyl-17-methylidene-4-(2-methylpropanoyloxy)-9,15-dioxo-2,14-dioxatetracyclo[8.6.1.01,12.03,8]heptadecan-5-yl] pyridine-3-carboxylate;[11,16-diacetyloxy-13-(furan-3-yl)-7-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-6,6,8,12-tetramethyl-17-methylidene-5-(2-methylpropanoyloxy)-9,15-dioxo-2,14-dioxatetracyclo[8.6.1.01,12.03,8]heptadecan-4-yl] pyridine-3-carboxylate 163196172 Click to see 1587.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00704-8
[11,16-Diacetyloxy-13-(furan-3-yl)-7-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-6,6,8,12-tetramethyl-17-methylidene-5-(2-methylpropanoyloxy)-9,15-dioxo-2,14-dioxatetracyclo[8.6.1.01,12.03,8]heptadecan-4-yl] pyridine-3-carboxylate 163069606 Click to see CC(C)C(=O)OC1C(C2C(C(C1(C)C)CC(=O)OC)(C(=O)C3C(C4(C(OC(=O)C(C4(C3=C)O2)OC(=O)C)C5=COC=C5)C)OC(=O)C)C)OC(=O)C6=CN=CC=C6 793.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00704-8
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Tetracarboxylic acids and derivatives
[(1S,3R,4S,5S,7S,8R,10R,11R,12S,13S,16S,17S)-16-acetyloxy-13-(furan-3-yl)-5,10,11-trihydroxy-7-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-6,6,8,12-tetramethyl-9,15-dioxospiro[2,14-dioxatetracyclo[8.6.1.01,12.03,8]heptadecane-17,2'-oxirane]-4-yl] 2-methylpropanoate 102317046 Click to see 678.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00704-8
[(1S,3R,4S,5S,7S,8S,10R,11R,12S,13S,16S,17R)-16-acetyloxy-13-(furan-3-yl)-5,10,11-trihydroxy-7-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)-6,6,8,12-tetramethyl-9,15-dioxospiro[2,14-dioxatetracyclo[8.6.1.01,12.03,8]heptadecane-17,2'-oxirane]-4-yl] 2-methylpropanoate 163026657 Click to see 678.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00704-8
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Lactones / Delta valerolactones
methyl 2-[(1R,3R,5R,7R,8R,9S,12R,13R)-13-(furan-3-yl)-5-hydroxy-6,6,8,12-tetramethyl-17-methylidene-15-oxo-2,14-dioxatetracyclo[7.7.1.01,12.03,8]heptadecan-7-yl]acetate 162897397 Click to see 472.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00704-8
methyl 2-[(1S,3S,5R,7S,8S,9R,12S,13S)-13-(furan-3-yl)-5-hydroxy-6,6,8,12-tetramethyl-17-methylidene-15-oxo-2,14-dioxatetracyclo[7.7.1.01,12.03,8]heptadecan-7-yl]acetate 51520172 Click to see CC1(C(CC2C(C1CC(=O)OC)(C3CCC4(C(OC(=O)CC4(C3=C)O2)C5=COC=C5)C)C)O)C 472.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00704-8
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Naphthopyrans
(1R,2R,4S,7R,8S,11R,12S,17R)-7-(furan-2-yl)-1,8,12,16,16-pentamethyl-3,6-dioxapentacyclo[9.8.0.02,4.02,8.012,17]nonadec-13-ene-5,15,19-trione 44448283 Click to see 438.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
(1R,2R,4S,7R,8S,11R,12S,17R)-7-(furan-3-yl)-1,8,12,16,16-pentamethyl-3,6-dioxapentacyclo[9.8.0.02,4.02,8.012,17]nonadec-13-ene-5,15,19-trione 44418767 Click to see 438.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
(1S,4R,5R,8R,13R,14R,17S,18R,20S)-4,5,9,9,13-pentamethyl-20-propan-2-yl-19,21-dioxahexacyclo[18.2.2.01,18.04,17.05,14.08,13]tetracosan-10-one 24801242 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
(1S,4R,5R,8R,13R,14R,17S,18S,20S)-4,5,9,9,13-pentamethyl-20-propan-2-yl-19,21-dioxahexacyclo[18.2.2.01,18.04,17.05,14.08,13]tetracosan-10-one 101843374 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
17-(Furan-3-yl)-2,6,6,10,14-pentamethyl-18,23-dioxahexacyclo[12.9.0.01,22.02,11.05,10.015,20]tricosane-3,7,19-trione 162875026 Click to see 494.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
4,5,9,9,13-Pentamethyl-20-propan-2-yl-19,21-dioxahexacyclo[18.2.2.01,18.04,17.05,14.08,13]tetracosan-10-one 74319110 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
7-Deacetyl-7-oxogedunin 1886 Click to see 438.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
7-Ketodihydrogedunin 24801243 Click to see CC1(C2CC(=O)C3(C(C2(CCC1=O)C)CCC4(C35C(O5)C(=O)OC4C6=COC=C6)C)C)C 440.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
7-Oxogedunin 21594780 Click to see 438.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids
3-(4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxyphenyl)Prop-2-Enoic Acid 709 Click to see 194.18 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives
4-Methoxy-5-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one 12637481 Click to see 190.19 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
4,6-Dimethoxy-5-methylchromen-2-one 85977339 Click to see CC1=C(C=CC2=C1C(=CC(=O)O2)OC)OC 220.22 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP0780093
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Hydroxycoumarins / 7-hydroxycoumarins
Scopoletin 5280460 Click to see 192.17 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-7085(00)00404-0
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Depsides and depsidones
(4-Ethoxycarbonyl-2,6-dihydroxyphenyl) 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate 5317260 Click to see 350.28 unknown via CMAUP database
Ethyl 2,4-dihydroxy-3-((3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy)-benzoate 5317255 Click to see 350.28 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Catechins
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-3,5,7-triol 1203 Click to see 290.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00004-0
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Catechins / Epigallocatechins
Flavan-3,3',4',5,5',7-hexol 1249 Click to see 306.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00004-0
Gallocatechin 65084 Click to see 306.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00004-0
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols
Kaempferol 5280863 Click to see 286.24 unknown via CMAUP database
Quercetin 5280343 Click to see 302.23 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6S)-2-[5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-3-yl]oxy-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyloxan-4-yl] 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate 11028294 Click to see 584.50 unknown via CMAUP database
5,6,7,8-tetrahydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one 10961589 Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2=C(OC3=C(C(=C(C(=C3C2=O)O)O)O)O)C4=CC=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O 464.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Afzelin 5316673 Click to see 432.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Quercitrin 5280459 Click to see 448.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Quercitrin 2''-O-Gallate 10031482 Click to see 600.50 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Tannins / Hydrolyzable tannins
Ellagic Acid 5281855 Click to see 302.19 unknown via CMAUP database

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