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Aconitum violaceum

Table of Contents

Details
Ethnobotanical Use
General Uses
Synonyms
Common Names
Subtypes (subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, forms)
Germination/Propagation
Distribution
Links to other databases
Genome
Scientific Literature
Phytochemical Profile
Gallery
Contributors
Collections

Details Top

Internal ID UUID6440071bda7c7937127044
Scientific name Aconitum violaceum
Authority Jacquem. ex Stapf
First published in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Calcutta) 10: 144 (1905)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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General Uses Top

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Common products:
Aconitum violaceum is cultivated as an ornamental herbaceous perennial. Plants and cut flower spikes are sold by horticultural nurseries and garden centers for use in border plantings, rock gardens, mixed perennial displays, and as fresh‑cut flowers (Flora of China, vol. 5, 2002; RHS Plant Finder, 2023). The species is listed in horticultural catalogs as a summer‑flowering perennial with violet‑blue, bell‑shaped flowers on upright spikes up to about 1 m tall. Nursery production is carried out by seed propagation or vegetative division, providing cultivated material for the ornamental trade.

Properties relevant to use:
The tall, racemose inflorescence and the presence of anthocyanin pigments in the tepals give the plant its prominent violet‑blue coloration, which provides visual impact in garden design. The flowers remain notable for several weeks when cut, making the spikes suitable for fresh‑flower arrangements. The upright growth habit and sturdy stems support the use of cut spikes in floral displays.

Standards and regulation:
All members of the genus Aconitum, including A. violaceum, are included in CITES Appendix II, which obliges exporters and importers to obtain permits for any international trade of live plants, seeds, tissue culture, or derived material (CITES Species Database, 2024). In the European Union the trade is further governed by Council Regulation (EU) No 449/2012, requiring CITES documentation for import and export. National horticultural regulations, such as phytosanitary certificates, may also apply to shipments of nursery stock.

Sustainability and sourcing:
A. violaceum is confined to alpine meadow habitats of the eastern Himalayas (China, Nepal, India) and has a relatively narrow distribution (Flora of China, 2002). Because of this limited range, sustainable sourcing practices are emphasized for horticultural use. International horticultural societies encourage the use of cultivated material and traceability for trade in alpine perennials, supporting sustainable sourcing. Propagation by seed or division in controlled nursery environments is the recommended method to supply the ornamental market without relying on wild collection, and to minimize impact on natural populations.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Aconitum multifidum Royle Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. [Royle] 56. 1834 [Mar 1834]
Aconitum violaceum var. multifidum (Royle) Qureshi & Chaudhri Pakistan Syst. 4: 44 (1988)
Aconitum violaceum var. weileri (Gilli) Riedl Willdenowia 8: 325 (1978)
Aconitum weileri Gilli Oesterr. Bot. Z. 104: 305 (1957)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
Nepali बिख

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Asia-tropical
    • Indian Subcontinent
      • Nepal
      • Pakistan
      • West Himalaya

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!
Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000518301
Tropicos 27103046
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:707944-1
The Plant List kew-2619738
Open Tree Of Life 698587
NCBI Taxonomy 279771
IUCN Red List 50126562
IPNI 707944-1
iNaturalist 499369
GBIF 7278196
Freebase /m/0k92pct
Wikipedia Aconitum_violaceum
CMAUP NPO2458
PFAF Aconitum violaceum

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Cross-cultural ethnobotany of the Baltis and Shinas in the Kharmang district, Trans-Himalaya India-Pakistan border Hussain B, Abbas Z, Alam J, Harun N, Khan SM, Ahmad Z, Han H, Yoo S, Raposo A Heliyon 27-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC10998220
doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28613
PMID:38586350
Green synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles using crude extract of Aconitum violaceum and evaluation of their antibacterial, antioxidant and photocatalytic activities Ahmad S, Ahmad S, Xu Q, Khan I, Cao X, Yang R, Yan H Front Bioeng Biotechnol 10-Jan-2024
PMCID:PMC10807692
doi:10.3389/fbioe.2023.1320739
PMID:38268939
Comparative Study on the Biochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Picrorhiza kurrooa Rolye ex Benth. Obtained from Uttarakhand Pokhriyal A, Prakash S, Patni B Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 07-Dec-2023
PMCID:PMC10721352
doi:10.1155/2023/8792414
PMID:38099237
The local medicinal plant knowledge in Kashmir Western Himalaya: a way to foster ecological transition via community-centred health seeking strategies Manzoor M, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Gillani SW, Shaheen H, Pieroni A, Al-Ghamdi AA, Elshikh MS, Saqib S, Makhkamov T, Khaydarov K J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 30-Nov-2023
PMCID:PMC10688143
doi:10.1186/s13002-023-00631-2
PMID:38037066
The known, unknown, and the intriguing about members of a critically endangered traditional medicinal plant genus Aconitum Kakkar RA, Haneen MA, Parida AC, Sharma G Front Plant Sci 28-Jul-2023
PMCID:PMC10421671
doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1139215
PMID:37575934
Neuropharmacological Potential of Diterpenoid Alkaloids Salehi A, Ghanadian M, Zolfaghari B, Jassbi AR, Fattahian M, Reisi P, Csupor D, Khan IA, Ali Z Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 14-May-2023
PMCID:PMC10223254
doi:10.3390/ph16050747
PMID:37242531
A cross-cultural study of high-altitude botanical resources among diverse ethnic groups in Kashmir Himalaya, India Haq SM, Waheed M, Khoja AA, Amjad MS, Bussmann RW, Ali K J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 13-Apr-2023
PMCID:PMC10100632
doi:10.1186/s13002-023-00582-8
PMID:37055855
Pattern of β-Diversity and Plant Species Richness along Vertical Gradient in Northwest Himalaya, India Wani ZA, Khan S, Bhat JA, Malik AH, Alyas T, Pant S, Siddiqui S, Moustafa M, Ahmad AE Biology (Basel) 18-Jul-2022
PMCID:PMC9312975
doi:10.3390/biology11071064
PMID:36101443
A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Plant Resources among Five Ethnic Groups in the Western Himalayan Region of Jammu and Kashmir Haq SM, Hassan M, Bussmann RW, Calixto ES, Rahman IU, Sakhi S, Ijaz F, Hashem A, Al-Arjani AB, Almutairi KF, Abd_Allah EF, Aziz MA, Ali N Biology (Basel) 23-Mar-2022
PMCID:PMC9032642
doi:10.3390/biology11040491
PMID:35453691
High-Frequency Plant Regeneration, Genetic Uniformity, and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Regenerants in Ruta chalepensis L. Qahtan AA, Faisal M, Alatar AA, Abdel-Salam EM Plants (Basel) 20-Dec-2021
PMCID:PMC8704675
doi:10.3390/plants10122820
PMID:34961291
Plant Resources Utilization among Different Ethnic Groups of Ladakh in Trans-Himalayan Region Haq SM, Yaqoob U, Calixto ES, Rahman IU, Hashem A, Abd_Allah EF, Alakeel MA, Alqarawi AA, Abdalla M, Hassan M, Bussmann RW, Abbasi AM, Ur Rahman S, Ijaz F Biology (Basel) 26-Aug-2021
PMCID:PMC8468708
doi:10.3390/biology10090827
PMID:34571704
Methods of green synthesis of Au NCs with emphasis on their morphology: A mini-review Sayadi K, Akbarzadeh F, Pourmardan V, Saravani-Aval M, Sayadi J, Chauhan NP, Sargazi G Heliyon 09-Jun-2021
PMCID:PMC8220187
doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07250
PMID:34189304
Status and consolidated list of threatened medicinal plants of India Gowthami R, Sharma N, Pandey R, Agrawal A Genet Resour Crop Evol 25-May-2021
PMCID:PMC8148398
doi:10.1007/s10722-021-01199-0
PMID:34054223
Comparative Assessment of Medicinal Plant Utilization among Balti and Shina Communities in the Periphery of Deosai National Park, Pakistan Abbas Z, Kousar S, Aziz MA, Pieroni A, Aldosari AA, Bussmann RW, Raza G, Abbasi AM Biology (Basel) 14-May-2021
PMCID:PMC8153600
doi:10.3390/biology10050434
PMID:34068859
Micropropagation of Tricholepis roylei Hook. F.—a point endemic species of the Western Himalaya Panwar GS, Joshi B J Genet Eng Biotechnol 10-Aug-2020
PMCID:PMC7415789
doi:10.1186/s43141-020-00051-9
PMID:32776183

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.
Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives / Gallic acid and derivatives / Gallic acids
Gallic Acid 370 Click to see 170.12 unknown via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives / Gallic acid and derivatives / Galloyl esters
Methyl Gallate 7428 Click to see 184.15 unknown via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Phenylpropanes
p-Cymen-8-ol 14529 Click to see 150.22 unknown via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Naphthalenes / Naphthols and derivatives
2-Naphthol 8663 Click to see 144.17 unknown via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Phenols / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids
4-[(2R,5R)-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yl]phenol 25775479 Click to see CC1=C(C(OC1C2=CC=C(C=C2)O)C3=CC=C(C=C3)O)C 282.30 unknown via CMAUP database
4-[(2S,3R,5S)-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methyl-4-methylideneoxolan-2-yl]phenol 73213070 Click to see 282.30 unknown via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Methoxyphenols
4-[(2S,3R,5S)-5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-4-methylideneoxolan-2-yl]-2-methoxyphenol 73213151 Click to see 342.40 unknown via CMAUP database
4,4'-(3,4-Dimethyl-2,5-dihydrofuran-2alpha,5beta-diyl)bis(2-methoxyphenol) 73213069 Click to see CC1=C(C(OC1C2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)OC)C3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)OC)C 342.40 unknown via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Tyrosols and derivatives / Tyrosols
Tyrosol 10393 Click to see 138.16 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Furanoid lignans / Tetrahydrofuran lignans / 7,7-epoxylignans
(-)-Larreatricin 26389403 Click to see 284.30 unknown via CMAUP database
Meso-3,3'-Didemethoxynectandrin B 14213224 Click to see CC1C(C(OC1C2=CC=C(C=C2)O)C3=CC=C(C=C3)O)C 284.30 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acyl glycosides / Fatty acyl glycosides of mono- and disaccharides
(6R,9S)-Roseoside 11165077 Click to see 386.40 unknown via CMAUP database
[(E)-2-cyano-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybut-2-enyl] (E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate 11972424 Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C=CC(=O)OCC(=CCOC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O)C#N)O 451.40 unknown via CMAUP database
[(E)-2-cyano-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybut-2-enyl] (E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate 11972423 Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C=CC(=O)OCC(=CCOC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O)C#N)O 421.40 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohol esters
CID 36690979 36690979 Click to see CC(CCCC(=C)C)CCOC(=O)C 198.30 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols
Rhodinol 81263 Click to see 156.26 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids / Aconitane-type diterpenoid alkaloids
[8-Acetyloxy-11-ethyl-5,14-dihydroxy-6,16,18-trimethoxy-13-(methoxymethyl)-11-azahexacyclo[7.7.2.12,5.01,10.03,8.013,17]nonadecan-4-yl] benzoate 5100366 Click to see CCN1CC2(C(CC(C34C2C(C(C31)C5(CC(C6(CC4C5C6OC(=O)C7=CC=CC=C7)O)OC)OC(=O)C)OC)OC)O)COC 629.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97417-X
Bikhaconitine 441713 Click to see 673.80 unknown via CMAUP database
Indaconitine 60208143 Click to see 629.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97417-X
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Acyclic monoterpenoids
beta-OCIMENE, (3E)- 5281553 Click to see 136.23 unknown via CMAUP database
beta-Ocimene, (3Z)- 5320250 Click to see 136.23 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Bicyclic monoterpenoids
(-)-Sabinene 11051711 Click to see CC(C)C12CCC(=C)C1C2 136.23 unknown via CMAUP database
(+)-3-Carene 443156 Click to see 136.23 unknown via CMAUP database
alpha-Pinene, (+)- 82227 Click to see 136.23 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Menthane monoterpenoids
(+)-Limonene 440917 Click to see 136.23 unknown via CMAUP database
(+)-Terpinen-4-ol 2724161 Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1)(C(C)C)O 154.25 unknown via CMAUP database
d-beta-Phellandrene 442484 Click to see 136.23 unknown via CMAUP database
Terpinolene 11463 Click to see 136.23 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
beta-Humulene 5318102 Click to see 204.35 unknown via CMAUP database
Caryophyllene 5281515 Click to see CC1=CCCC(=C)C2CC(C2CC1)(C)C 204.35 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Tricarboxylic acids and derivatives
2-(Carboxymethyl)-2-hydroxybutanedioate;hydron 88113319 Click to see [H+].[H+].C(C(=O)O)C(CC(=O)[O-])(C(=O)[O-])O 192.12 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acid esters / Coumaric acid esters
Methyl p-coumarate 92203 Click to see 178.18 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Biflavonoids and polyflavonoids
Gallocatechin-(4alpha->8)-gallocatechin-(4alpha->8)-gallocatechin 71664720 Click to see 914.80 unknown via CMAUP database
Prodelphinidin B3 13831068 Click to see C1C(C(OC2=C1C(=CC(=C2C3C(C(OC4=CC(=CC(=C34)O)O)C5=CC(=C(C(=C5)O)O)O)O)O)O)C6=CC(=C(C(=C6)O)O)O)O 610.50 unknown via CMAUP database
Prodelphinidin B4 442682 Click to see 610.50 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols
Kaempferol 5280863 Click to see 286.24 unknown via CMAUP database
Myricetin 5281672 Click to see C1=C(C=C(C(=C1O)O)O)C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O 318.23 unknown via CMAUP database
Quercetin 5280343 Click to see 302.23 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Anthocyanidin 3-O-p-coumaroyl glycosides / Anthocyanidin 3-O-6-p-coumaroyl glycosides
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-1-benzopyran-1-ium-3-yl 6-O-[(2Z)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]-beta-D-glucopyranoside 118797966 Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C=CC(=O)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OC3=CC4=C(C=C(C=C4[O+]=C3C5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O 595.50 unknown via CMAUP database
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)chromenium-3-yl 6-O-[(2Z)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]-beta-D-glucopyranoside 72193639 Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C=CC(=O)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OC3=CC4=C(C=C(C=C4[O+]=C3C5=CC(=C(C(=C5)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O 611.50 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Anthocyanins / Anthocyanidin-3-O-glycosides
(2R,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-[5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)chromenylium-3-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol 101942241 Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OC3=CC4=C(C=C(C=C4[O+]=C3C5=CC(=C(C(=C5)OC)O)OC)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O 639.60 unknown via CMAUP database
Delphinidin 3-O-glucoside cation 443650 Click to see C1=C(C=C(C(=C1O)O)O)C2=[O+]C3=CC(=CC(=C3C=C2OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O 465.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside 5492231 Click to see 611.50 unknown via CMAUP database
Keracyanin cation 441674 Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OC3=CC4=C(C=C(C=C4[O+]=C3C5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O 595.50 unknown via CMAUP database
Kuromanin 441667 Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=[O+]C3=CC(=CC(=C3C=C2OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O)O 449.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Malvidin 3-Glucoside 443652 Click to see 493.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside 443648 Click to see 433.40 unknown via CMAUP database
pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside 443917 Click to see 579.50 unknown via CMAUP database
Peonidin 3-O-rutinoside 90470732 Click to see 609.60 unknown via CMAUP database
Peonidin-3-glucoside 443654 Click to see 463.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Petunidin 3-Glucoside 443651 Click to see 479.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Petunidin 3-rutinoside 101949843 Click to see 625.60 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides
Myricetin 3'-glucoside 5486615 Click to see 480.40 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
(2S,3S,4R,5R)-2-[5,7-dihydroxy-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)chromenylium-3-yl]oxyoxane-3,4,5-triol 101603499 Click to see 435.40 unknown via CMAUP database
[3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-2,8-dioxatricyclo[7.3.1.05,13]trideca-1(12),3,5(13),6,9-pentaen-11-ylidene]oxidanium 101198724 Click to see 565.50 unknown via CMAUP database
[7-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)-2,8-dioxatricyclo[7.3.1.05,13]trideca-1(12),3,5(13),6,9-pentaen-11-ylidene]oxidanium 101198725 Click to see 581.50 unknown via CMAUP database
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one 12358426 Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O 448.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Astragalin 5282102 Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O 448.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Hyperoside 5281643 Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O 464.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Isoquercetin 5280804 Click to see 464.40 unknown via CMAUP database
kaempferol 3-O-beta-L-glucopyranoside 9911508 Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O 448.40 unknown via CMAUP database
myricetin 3-O-alpha-L-glucopyranoside 72551451 Click to see 480.40 unknown via CMAUP database
myricetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside 5318606 Click to see C1=C(C=C(C(=C1O)O)O)C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O 480.40 unknown via CMAUP database

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