Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Artemisia annua L. (sweet wormwood) is best known for hot infusions and decoctions of the aerial parts, especially young shoots and leaves, used in traditional medicine across Asia and Africa. Among the Han Chinese, flower/leaf decoctions for fevers are recorded in classical materia medicas and modern pharmacognosy sources (Li and Hsiao, 1979; Muellendorph and Harvey, 1990). In Vietnam, leaf teas and decoctions are longstanding household remedies for fever and chills (Lê and Nguyễn, 1979). In parts of tropical Africa, leaf teas or decoctions have been used similarly, with early ethnobotanical surveys noting these practices (Klayman, 1985). Elsewhere, poultices of crushed leaves are applied topically, and macerations in diluted alcohol or vinegar for topical rubs are known in East and Central African folk practice (Mueller et al., 2004; WHO, 2006).

To prepare a traditional mild infusion, use 10–20 grams of chopped aerial parts (leaf and shoot) per liter of water. Bring to a boil and simmer for 10–20 minutes, then cover and steep 10–15 minutes; or pour boiling water over the plant material and steep, covered, for 10–15 minutes. For a decoction, the same proportions are simmered for 20–30 minutes before straining. Limit intake to one cup daily unless directed by a practitioner. Artemisia annua is a strong plant medicine; use is not advised during pregnancy or breastfeeding, and it can interact with several medications. Always consult a qualified professional before use.

The species contains well-established constituents that plausibly underlie traditional activity: artemisinin, other sesquiterpene lactones such as arteannuin B, flavonoids (quercetin, luteolin), and essential oils rich in camphor, 1,8-cineole, and borneol (Li and Hsiao, 1979; Ekiert and Chrobak, 2010; WHO, 2006).

Today, A. annua remains an important medicinal plant and a source of artemisinin for antimalarial drugs, and the crude leaf is still prepared as tea or decoction in many communities. Quality varies widely across products and regions.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
The primary commercial product of Lolium pratense is its seed, harvested for establishment of pastures, hay and silage crops, and for turfgrass mixtures. Seed is marketed as a component of cool‑season pasture blends and as a standalone lawn or sports‑field seed. The cut herbage is baled as hay or ensiled; it provides a high‑quality forage for ruminants when cut at the vegetative stage. Whole‑plant biomass is also employed in soil‑stabilisation and reclamation projects.

Properties relevant to use:
Lolium pratense exhibits rapid germination and early establishment, enabling quick ground cover after sowing. Its deep, fibrous root system enhances soil aggregation and contributes to erosion control. The leaf tissue contains relatively low lignin (≈10–15 % of dry matter) and high water‑soluble carbohydrate concentrations (≈8–12 % of dry matter), supporting high in‑vitro dry matter digestibility (≈70 %). Crude protein levels typically range from 12–18 % at vegetative stages, meeting the nutritional requirements of grazing livestock. Seed production yields average 1,500–2,500 kg ha⁻¹, with a thousand‑seed weight of ≈1.5 g, facilitating dense sowing at 10–15 kg ha⁻¹ for pasture or turf. The species tolerates cool temperatures and moderate drought, persisting under winter freezing and rebounding after cutting or grazing.

Standards and regulation:
Forage seed marketed in the United States complies with the Federal Seed Act and must meet minimum germination, purity, and noxious‑weed‑free standards as stipulated by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) rules. In the European Union, Lolium pratense seed is regulated under Council Directive 2002/57/EC and must be certified under the OECD Scheme for the Certification of Seed of Cereals, Grasses and Legumes, which defines analytical purity, germination capacity, and varietal identity criteria. Quality assessments for hay and silage often reference the National Forage Testing Association (NFTA) guidelines for moisture, crude protein, neutral‑detergent fiber (NDF), and acid‑detergent fiber (ADF) content.

Sustainability and sourcing:
As a perennial species with a productive lifespan of 5–8 years, Lolium pratense reduces the need for frequent reseeding, lowering input costs and soil disturbance. Its extensive root network sequesters carbon in the topsoil, contributing to greenhouse‑gas mitigation. The plant tolerates low‑input agronomy, responding well to modest nitrogen applications (≈100 kg N ha⁻¹) while maintaining high forage yields, thereby supporting sustainable pasture management. Seed is produced in temperate regions of North America, Europe, and New Zealand, where integrated pest‑management practices minimise pesticide use and promote biodiversity within mixed‑grass swards.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Festulolium ascendens	Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2(1): 768 (1902)
Bromus pratensis	(Huds.) Spreng.	Syst. Veg. 1: 359 (1824)
Bucetum pratense	(Huds.) Parn.	Grass. Scotland : 105 (1842)
Festuca adscendens	Retz.	Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Handl. 30: 245 (1769)
Festuca americana	F.Dietr.	Nachtr. Vollst. Lex. Gärtn. 3: 332 (1817)
Festuca apennina	De Not.	Repert. Fl. Ligust. : 56 (1844)
Festuca arctica	Schur	Enum. Pl. Transsilv. : 799 (1866)
Festuca australis	Schur	Enum. Pl. Transsilv. : 798 (1866)
Festuca curvata	All. ex P.Beauv.	Ess. Agrostogr. : 162 (1812)
Festuca elatior f. parviflora	Kuntze	Taschen-Fl. Leipzig 39. 1867
Festuca elatior subsp. apennina	(De Not.) Hayek	Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 30(3): 291. 1933 (1933)
Festuca elatior subsp. pratensis	(Huds.) Hack.	Bot. Centralbl. 2(8): 407. 1881
Festuca elatior var. apennina	(De Not.) Hack.	Monogr. Festuc. Eur. 152. 1882
Festuca elatior var. macrostachya	Schur	Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 799. 1866
Festuca elatior var. mucronata	Schur	Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 799. 1866
Festuca elatior var. multiflora	Hack.	Monogr. Festuc. Eur. 152. 1882
Festuca elatior var. pratensis	Hack.	Monographia Festucarum Europearum 1882
Festuca elatior var. sicula	Parl.	Fl. Ital. 1: 455. 1850
Festuca fluitans var. pratensis	(Huds.) Huds.	Fl. Angl. , ed. 2: 47 (1778)
Festuca glabra	Spreng.	Syst. Veg. 1: 353 (1824)
Festuca pluriflora	Schult.	Mant. 2: 402 (1824)
Festuca poioides	Michx.	Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 67. 1803 (1803)
Festuca poioides var. americana	Pers.	Syn. Pl. 1: 94. 1805
Festuca pratensis f. macrostachya	(Schur) Soó	Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17: 117 (1971 publ. 1972)
Festuca pratensis f. mucronata	(Schur) Soó	Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17: 117 (1971 publ. 1972)
Festuca pratensis f. parviflora	(Kuntze) Soó	Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 17: 117 (1971 publ. 1972)
Festuca pubescens	(Prodan & sine ref.) Prodan	Bul. Sti. Acad. Republ. Populare Romîne, Sect. Biol. Sti. Agric. Ser. Bot. 9: 289 (1957)
Festuca radicans	Steud.	Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 309 (1854)
Poa intermedia	Koeler	Descr. Gramin. : 303 (1802)
Schedonorus americanus	(Pers.) Roem. & Schult.	Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis 2: 706 (1817)
Schedonorus apenninus	(De Not.) Tzvelev	Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 31: 259 (1998)
Schedonorus curvatus	P.Beauv.	Ess. Agrostogr. : 99 (1812)
Schedonorus pratensis	(Huds.) P.Beauv.	Ess. Agrostogr. : 99 (1812)
Schedonorus radicans	Dumort.	Observ. Gramin. Belg. : 106 (1824)
Tragus pratensis	Panz.	Ideen Rev. Gräser : 49 (1813)
Schedonorus pratensis subsp. pluriflorus	(Schult.) H.Scholz	Ber. Inst. Landschafts Pflanzenökol. Univ. Hohenheim Beih. 16: 75 (2003)
Festuca multiflora	C.Presl	Gram. Sicul. : 21 (1818)
Schedonorus pluriflorus	(Schult.) Bergmeier & H.Scholz	Willdenowia 41: 174 (2011)
Festuca pratensis	Huds.	Fl. Angl. : 37 (1762)
Poa curvata	P.Beauv.	Ess. Agrostogr. : 99, 174 (1812)
Festuca elatior var. radicans	(Dumort.) Koltz	Prodr. Fl. Grand-Duché Luxemb. : 195 (1873)
Festuca elatior var. racemosa	Peterm.	Bot. Excurs. Leipzig : 558 (1846)
Festuca elatior var. floribunda	Peterm.	Bot. Excurs. Leipzig : 558 (1846)
Festuca pratensis var. simplex	(Boiss. & Balansa) B.Fedtsch.	Izv. Imp. Bot. Sada Petra Velikago , Suppl. 2: 85 (1915)
Festuca pratensis var. subspicata	(G.Mey.) Asch. & Graebn.	Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 2(1): 503 (1900)
Festuca pratensis var. subtilis	Brenner	Meddeland. Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn. 48: 152 (1925)
Festuca pratensis var. fasciculata	Sond.	Fl. Hamburg. : 64 (1851)
Festuca pratensis var. intermedia	Mutel	Fl. Franç. Herbor. 4: 118 (1837)
Festuca pratensis var. hocquettei	de Lesd.	Publ. Soc. Dunkerquoise 1934: 67 (1934)
Poa elatior var. pratensis	(Huds.) Mérat	Nouv. Fl. Env. Paris : 39 (1812)
Festuca pratensis f. aristata	Holmb.	Bot. Not. 1926: 184 (1926)
Festuca elatior var. subspicata	G.Mey.	Chloris Han. : 148 (1836)
Festuca elatior var. parviflora	Kuntze	Taschen-Fl. Leipzig : 39 (1867)

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	meadow fescue
Spanish	canuela de prados
Spanish	cañuela de prados
Arabic	فستوكة مرجية
ba	Һолоүлән
Belarusian	мурожніца лугавая
Bulgarian	ливадна власатка
Czech	kostřava luční
Welsh	peiswellt
German	wiesen-schwingel
German	wiesenschwingel
Estonian	harilik aruhein
Basque	arrauka arrunt
Basque	arrauka
Finnish	nurminata
French	fétuque des prés
Upper Sorbian	Łučna dornica
Hungarian	réti csenkesz
Armenian	շյուղախոտ մարգագետնային
Icelandic	hávingull
Kazakh	Шабыңдық Бетеге
Lithuanian	tikrasis eraičinas
Latvian	pļavas auzene
Dutch	beemdlangbloem
Norwegian Nynorsk	engsvingel
Polish	kostrzewa łąkowa
Romanian	păiuș de livadă
Russian	овсяница луговая
Swedish	Ängssvingel
Ukrainian	костриця лучна
Walloon	bossene des prés
Chinese	草甸羊茅
Chinese	草地羊茅

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- Macaronesia
  - Azores
- Northern Africa
  - Algeria

Antarctica click to expand
- Subantarctic Islands
  - Falkland Islands

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Caucasus
  - North Caucasus
  - Transcaucasus
- China
  - China South-central
  - China Southeast
  - Manchuria
  - Qinghai
  - Xinjiang
- Eastern Asia
  - Japan
  - Korea
- Middle Asia
  - Kazakhstan
  - Kirgizstan
  - Tadzhikistan
  - Turkmenistan
  - Uzbekistan
- Russian Far East
  - Kamchatka
  - Khabarovsk
  - Kuril Islands
  - Magadan
  - Primorye
  - Sakhalin
- Siberia
  - Altay
  - Buryatiya
  - Irkutsk
  - Krasnoyarsk
  - Tuva
  - West Siberia
  - Yakutskiya
- Western Asia
  - Afghanistan
  - Iran
  - Iraq
  - Lebanon-Syria
  - Palestine
  - Turkey

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indian Subcontinent
  - Pakistan
  - West Himalaya

Australasia click to expand
- Australia
  - New South Wales
  - Western Australia

Europe click to expand
- Eastern Europe
  - Baltic States
  - Belarus
  - Central European Russia
  - East European Russia
  - Krym
  - North European Russia
  - Northwest European Russia
  - South European Russia
  - Ukraine
- Middle Europe
  - Austria
  - Belgium
  - Czechoslovakia
  - Germany
  - Hungary
  - Netherlands
  - Poland
  - Switzerland
- Northern Europe
  - Denmark
  - Finland
  - Føroyar
  - Great Britain
  - Iceland
  - Ireland
  - Norway
  - Svalbard
  - Sweden
- Southeastern Europe
  - Albania
  - Bulgaria
  - Greece
  - Italy
  - Kriti
  - Romania
  - Sicilia
  - Yugoslavia
- Southwestern Europe
  - Corse
  - France
  - Sardegna
  - Spain

Northern America click to expand
- Eastern Canada
  - Labrador
  - New Brunswick
  - Newfoundland
  - Nova Scotia
  - Ontario
  - Prince Edward Island
  - Québec
- Mexico
  - Mexico Northwest
- North-central U.S.A.
  - Illinois
  - Iowa
  - Kansas
  - Minnesota
  - Missouri
  - Nebraska
  - North Dakota
  - Oklahoma
  - South Dakota
  - Wisconsin
- Northeastern U.S.A.
  - Connecticut
  - Indiana
  - Maine
  - Massachusetts
  - Michigan
  - New Hampshire
  - New Jersey
  - New York
  - Ohio
  - Pennsylvania
  - Rhode Island
  - Vermont
  - West Virginia
- Northwestern U.S.A.
  - Colorado
  - Idaho
  - Montana
  - Oregon
  - Washington
  - Wyoming
- South-central U.S.A.
  - New Mexico
  - Texas
- Southeastern U.S.A.
  - Alabama
  - Arkansas
  - Delaware
  - District Of Columbia
  - Florida
  - Georgia
  - Kentucky
  - Louisiana
  - Maryland
  - Mississippi
  - North Carolina
  - South Carolina
  - Tennessee
  - Virginia
- Southwestern U.S.A.
  - Arizona
  - California
  - Nevada
  - Utah
- Subarctic America
  - Alaska
  - Greenland
  - Yukon
- Western Canada
  - Alberta
  - British Columbia
  - Manitoba
  - Saskatchewan

Pacific click to expand
- North-central Pacific
  - Hawaii

Southern America click to expand
- Southern South America
  - Argentina Northeast
  - Argentina Northwest
  - Argentina South

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000878460
UNII	IOL9HH67Y9
Canadensys	18818
Tropicos	25509642
The Plant List	kew-416331
Open Tree Of Life	105567
Observations.org	6789
NCBI Taxonomy	4608
NBN Atlas	NHMSYS0000458788
IPNI	403321-1
iNaturalist	77143
GBIF	2706239
Freebase	/m/0gd3t0
EOL	1115749
Elurikkus	4752
Calflora (Californian flora)	3585
USDA GRIN	16709
Wikipedia	Lolium_pratense
Flora of Alabama	5375
Canadensys	18824
Tropicos	25558282
Flora of Italy	7227
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1138205-2
The Plant List	kew-422867
Nature Serve	2.160302
IPNI	1138205-2
iNaturalist	866252
GBIF	2706237
WisFlora	13124
USDA GRIN	400709

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Mother's smoking habits affects IL10 methylation but not asthma in Ecuadorian children

Ochoa‐Avilés C, Ochoa‐Avilés A, Rivas‐Párraga R, Escandón S, Santos‐Jesus TD, Silva MD, Leão V, Salinas M, Vicuña Y, Baldeón L, Molina‐Cando MJ, Morillo D, Machuca M, Rodas C, Figueiredo C, Neira VA

Mol Genet Genomic Med

26-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11046467
doi:	10.1002/mgg3.2438
PMID:	38666495

Effect of plant edges strips on the conservation soil properties in modern farming field

Šarūnaitė L, Arlauskienė A, Jablonskytė-Raščė D

PLoS One

16-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11020931
doi:	10.1371/journal.pone.0299104
PMID:	38625970

Water table depth and plant species determine the direction and magnitude of methane fluxes in floodplain meadow soils

Peacock M, Lawson C, Gowing D, Gauci V

Ecol Evol

10-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10925825
doi:	10.1002/ece3.11147
PMID:	38469053

Pediatric asthma and altitude: a complex interplay between different environmental factors

Bisoffi L, Sassudelli G, Agostinis F, Cogo A, Cutrera R, Dalpiaz I, Di Cicco ME, Guidi B, Grutta SL, Miceli A, Mori F, Piacentini G, Peroni D, Snjiders D, Giovannini M, Baldo E

Ital J Pediatr

06-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10918861
doi:	10.1186/s13052-023-01492-x
PMID:	38448980

Anti-herbivory defences delivered by Epichloë fungal endophytes: a quantitative review of alkaloid concentration variation among hosts and plant parts

Realini FM, Escobedo VM, Ueno AC, Bastías DA, Schardl CL, Biganzoli F, Gundel PE

Ann Bot

06-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC11037487
doi:	10.1093/aob/mcae014
PMID:	38320313

Risks for animal health related to the presence of ergot alkaloids in feed

Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Gropp J, Mulder P, Oswald IP, Woutersen R, Gómez Ruiz JÁ, Rovesti E, Hoogenboom L(

EFSA J

23-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10804272
doi:	10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8496
PMID:	38264299

Sensitization to oil palm pollen associates with risks and severity of allergic diseases

Sio YY, Victoria Nanong GA, Lim JA, Matta SA, Say YH, Teh KF, Wong YR, Rawanan Shah SM, Reginald K, Chew FT

World Allergy Organ J

09-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10792632
doi:	10.1016/j.waojou.2023.100853
PMID:	38235258

The Defensive Behaviors and Milk Production of Pastured Dairy Cattle in Response to Stable Flies, Horn Flies, and Face Flies

Hansen AC, Moon RD, Endres MI, Pereira GM, Heins BJ

Animals (Basel)

14-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10741233
doi:	10.3390/ani13243847
PMID:	38136884

Advocacy of Precision Allergy Molecular Diagnosis in Decision Making for the Eligibility of Customized Allergen Immunotherapy

González-Pérez R, Poza-Guedes P, Pineda F, Sánchez-Machín I

Curr Issues Mol Biol

12-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10742397
doi:	10.3390/cimb45120623
PMID:	38132469

How Does the Provision of Shade during Grazing Affect Heat Stress Experienced by Dairy Cows in Sweden?

Nielsen PP, Wredle E

Animals (Basel)

11-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10740924
doi:	10.3390/ani13243823
PMID:	38136860

Do Poisonous Plants in Pastures Communicate Their Toxicity? Meta-Study and Evaluation of Poisoning Cases in Central Europe

Aboling S

Animals (Basel)

08-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10740430
doi:	10.3390/ani13243795
PMID:	38136831

Effect of castration timing and weaning strategy on the taxonomic and functional profile of ruminal bacteria and archaea of beef calves

Diaz GR, Gaire TN, Ferm P, Case L, Caixeta LS, Goldsmith TJ, Armstrong J, Noyes NR

Anim Microbiome

01-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10691087
doi:	10.1186/s42523-023-00284-2
PMID:	38041127

Response to Waterlogging Stress in Wild and Domesticated Accessions of Timothy (Phleum pratense) and Its Relatives P. alpinum and P. nodosum

Moreno S, Bedada G, Rahimi Y, Ingvarsson PK, Westerbergh A, Lundquist PO

Plants (Basel)

30-Nov-2023

PMCID:	PMC10708118
doi:	10.3390/plants12234033
PMID:	38068669

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids—Pros and Cons for Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications

Jayawickreme K, Świstak D, Ozimek E, Reszczyńska E, Rysiak A, Makuch-Kocka A, Hanaka A

Int J Mol Sci

30-Nov-2023

PMCID:	PMC10706944
doi:	10.3390/ijms242316972
PMID:	38069294

LandS: Vegetation modeling based on Ellenberg's ecological indicator values

Rumohr Q, Grimm V, Lennartz G, Schäffer A, Toschki A, Roß-Nickoll M, Hudjetz S

MethodsX

13-Nov-2023

PMCID:	PMC10709510
doi:	10.1016/j.mex.2023.102486
PMID:	38076710

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!

Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Alkaloids and derivatives
Pilocarpine	5910	Click to see CCC1C(COC1=O)CC2=CN=CN2C	208.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)83714-6
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Cinchona alkaloids
Quinine	3034034	Click to see	324.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)83714-6
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Ergoline and derivatives / Lysergic acids and derivatives / Ergopeptines / Ergotamines, dihydroergotamines, and derivatives
Ergotamine	8223	Click to see CC1(C(=O)N2C(C(=O)N3CCCC3C2(O1)O)CC4=CC=CC=C4)NC(=O)C5CN(C6CC7=CNC8=CC=CC(=C78)C6=C5)C	581.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)83714-6
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Harmala alkaloids
Harmol	68094	Click to see CC1=C2C(=C3C=CC(=O)C=C3N2)C=CN1	198.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)83714-6
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Loline alkaloids and derivatives
Loline	716098	Click to see	154.21	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00535-3
N-Acetyl-N-demethylloline	3833472	Click to see	182.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00535-3
N-Acetylloline	24905419	Click to see	196.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00535-3
N-Acetylnorloline	12018901	Click to see	182.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00535-3
N-Methyl-2-oxa-6-azatricyclo[4.2.1.03,7]nonan-8-amine	3716322	Click to see CNC1C2CN3C1C(O2)CC3	154.21	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00535-3
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Protoberberine alkaloids and derivatives
Berberine	2353	Click to see	336.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)83714-6
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Strychnos alkaloids
Brucine	442021	Click to see	394.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)83714-6
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid	135	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C(=O)O)O	138.12	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1565(200011/12)11:6<375::AID-PCA539>3.0.CO;2-0
Protocatechuic Acid	72	Click to see	154.12	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1565(200011/12)11:6<375::AID-PCA539>3.0.CO;2-0
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives / M-methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives
Vanillic Acid	8468	Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C(=O)O)O	168.15	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1565(200011/12)11:6<375::AID-PCA539>3.0.CO;2-0
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Phenylpropanes
Ephedrine	9294	Click to see	165.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)83714-6
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Alpha amino acids and derivatives / Proline and derivatives
Cis-4-Hydroxy-L-Proline	440015	Click to see	131.13	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)83714-6
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Imidazopyrimidines / Purines and purine derivatives / Xanthines
Theophylline	2153	Click to see	180.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)83714-6
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolines and derivatives / Phenylquinolines
6-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)benzo[f][2,7]naphthyridin-4-one	420115	Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)N2C=C3C(=CC=NC3=O)C4=CC=CC=C42)OC	332.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)83714-6
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids
P-Coumaric Acid	637542	Click to see	164.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1565(200011/12)11:6<375::AID-PCA539>3.0.CO;2-0

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Lolium pratense

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