Euryale ferox
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID64401bf2e157f607224430 |
| Scientific name | Euryale ferox |
| Authority | Salisb. |
| First published in | Ann. Bot. (König & Sims) 2: 74 (1805) |
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
- Seed kernels are harvested from ponds, sun-dried, and roasted to produce puffed “makhana,” which is eaten as a ready-to-eat snack and used as an ingredient in Indian sweets and savory mixes.
- Dried kernels may be milled into flour or fine particles for inclusion in confectionery (e.g., laddu), bakery mixes, or extruded products, depending on local processing practices.
Standards and regulation:
- “Makhana” is recognized and regulated as a standardized food in India under the Food Safety and Standards (Food Products Standards and Food Additives) Regulations, 2011.
- The “Bihar Makhana” product is protected by a Geographical Indication, and “makhana” is listed under APEDA’s scheduled products for export certification.
- In China, the plant is a cultivated aquatic food material listed in national food standards (GB standards) for the category of nuts and dried fruits.
Properties relevant to use:
- The starchy seed endosperm puffs efficiently under dry-heat roasting, yielding a light, porous structure suitable for snack applications.
- Moisture content of raw kernels (typically 10–14% as reported for makhana) and the high starch content are key to achieving uniform expansion during roasting.
- Bulk density and crispness of the final puffed product vary with kernel size and roasting regimen.
Sustainability and sourcing:
- Production is predominantly from cultivated and semi-natural water bodies in the Gangetic floodplains of Bihar and in parts of eastern and northeastern India; management of pond ecology and water quality is central to sustainable yields.
- Harvesting schedules during the monsoon period affect kernel maturity and puffing quality, influencing end-product consistency.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Anneslea spinosa | Andrews | Bot. Repos. x. t. 618. |
| Euryale indica | Planch. | Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. , sér. 3, 19: 29 (1853) |
| Euryale ferox f. ussuriense | Regel | Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7 , 4(4): 15 (1861) |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| English | prickly water lily |
| English | prickly lotus |
| English | onibasu |
| English | gorgon |
| English | fox nut |
| English | gorgon plant |
| English | prickly waterlily |
| Spanish | aneslea |
| Arabic | يوريال فيروكس |
| Azerbaijani | qorxunc evrial |
| Azerbaijani | evrial |
| Bengali | মাখনা |
| Persian | نیلوفر آبی روباه |
| French | nénuphar épineux |
| Hebrew | אוריאלה קוצנית |
| Hebrew | יוריילה קוצנית |
| Hindi | मखाना |
| Croatian | eurijale |
| Japanese | オニバス属 |
| Japanese | オニバス |
| Korean | 가시연꽃 |
| Korean | 가시연 |
| lzh | 芡 |
| mai | मखान |
| mnc | ᡤᠠᡥᠠ ᠶᠠᠰᠠ |
| Burmese | ဆင်ကြာ |
| Punjabi | ਮਖਾਣਾ |
| Polish | eurjala |
| Polish | eurjala kolczasta |
| Polish | rozłożnia |
| Polish | rozłożnia kolczasta |
| Russian | Эвриала устрашающая |
| Russian | Эвриала |
| Swedish | rävnäckrossläktet |
| Swedish | rävnäckros |
| Tamil | அல்லி விதைகள் |
| Telugu | పూల్ మఖానా |
| Thai | เคียมซิก |
| Vietnamese | khiếm thực |
| Chinese | 刺莲藕 |
| Chinese | 芡实（芡） |
| Chinese | 芡实叶 |
| Chinese | 芡实根 |
| Chinese | 芡 |
| Chinese | 芡屬 |
| Chinese | 芡实茎 |
| Chinese | 假莲藕 |
| Chinese | 芡实属 |
| Chinese | 湖南根 |
| Chinese | 芡实 |
| Chinese | 鸡头米 |
| Chinese | 鸡头荷 |
| Chinese | 鸡头莲 |
| Chinese | 水鸡头 |
| Chinese | 肇實 |
Germination/Propagation Top
Suggest a correction or add new data!
No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
-
Asia-temperate click to expand
-
China
- China North-central
- China South-central
- China Southeast
- Hainan
- Inner Mongolia
- Manchuria
-
Eastern Asia
- Japan
- Korea
- Taiwan
-
Russian Far East
- Primorye
-
China
-
Asia-tropical click to expand
-
Indian Subcontinent
- Assam
- Bangladesh
- India
- West Himalaya
-
Indo-China
- Myanmar
-
Indian Subcontinent
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0000683330 |
| UNII | A1528YW4L9 |
| USDA Plants | EUFE6 |
| Tropicos | 22600010 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:605350-1 |
| The Plant List | kew-2805127 |
| Open Tree Of Life | 583533 |
| Observations.org | 125130 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 4414 |
| IUCN Red List | 168756 |
| IPNI | 605350-1 |
| iNaturalist | 183481 |
| GBIF | 5333335 |
| Freebase | /m/0bs5jz |
| EPPO | EYUFE |
| EOL | 485242 |
| USDA GRIN | 16447 |
| Wikipedia | Euryale_ferox |
| CMAUP | NPO2438 |
| PaleoBotany | 116405 |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
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Phytochemical Profile Top
Add a new one!
Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acyl glycosides / Fatty acyl glycosides of mono- and disaccharides | |||||
| (2R)-2-hydroxy-N-[(2S,3R,4E,8E)-3-hydroxy-1-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyhexadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl]docosanamide | 16757499 | Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(C(=O)NC(COC1C(C(C(C(O1)CO)O)O)O)C(C=CCCC=CCCCCCCC)O)O | 770.10 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP070095J |
| (2R)-2-hydroxy-N-[(2S,3R,4E,8E)-3-hydroxy-1-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyhexadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl]tetracosanamide | 16757500 | Click to see | 798.20 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP070095J |
| 2-hydroxy-N-[3-hydroxy-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyhexadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl]docosanamide | 73324218 | Click to see | 770.10 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP070095J |
| 2-hydroxy-N-[3-hydroxy-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyhexadeca-4,8-dien-2-yl]tetracosanamide | 73324219 | Click to see | 798.20 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP070095J |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids | |||||
| (1R,7R,7'R,14S,16R,19S)-4',5',7,7',10,11,16,21,22-nonamethyl-7,7',16-tris[(4R,8R)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]spiro[8,13,15-trioxapentacyclo[12.4.4.01,14.03,12.04,9]docosa-3(12),4(9),10,21-tetraene-19,2'-8,9-dihydro-1H-furo[3,2-f]chromene]-20-one | 163100590 | Click to see | 1272.00 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP070095J |
| (1S,7R,7'R,14R,16R,19R)-4',5',7,7',10,11,16,21,22-nonamethyl-7,7',16-tris[(4R,8R)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]spiro[8,13,15-trioxapentacyclo[12.4.4.01,14.03,12.04,9]docosa-3(12),4(9),10,21-tetraene-19,2'-8,9-dihydro-1H-furo[3,2-f]chromene]-20-one | 163100589 | Click to see CC1=C(C2=C(CC34CCC(OC3(O2)C(=C(C(=O)C45CC6=C(O5)C(=C(C7=C6CCC(O7)(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C)C)C)C)C)(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C)C8=C1OC(CC8)(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C)C | 1272.00 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP070095J |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Sesquiterpene lactones / Guaianolides and derivatives | |||||
| (3abeta,4R,6abeta,9abeta,9balpha)-3,6,9-Trismethylene-4alpha-(4-hydroxyphenylacetyloxy)-8alpha-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)dodecahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-2-one | 10076444 | Click to see C=C1CC(C2C(C3C1CC(C3=C)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)OC(=O)C2=C)OC(=O)CC5=CC=C(C=C5)O | 558.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (3aS,5R,6aR,8S,9aR,9bS)-5-hydroxy-3,6,9-trimethylidene-8-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3a,4,5,6a,7,8,9a,9b-octahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-2-one | 10455028 | Click to see | 424.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 8-Epicrepiside E | 21636138 | Click to see C=C1CC(C2C(C3C1CC(C3=C)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)OC(=O)C2=C)O | 424.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Ftidkiazunxncj-wbyqcalvsa- | 21636136 | Click to see | 426.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Vernoflexuoside | 442320 | Click to see C=C1CCC2C(C3C1CC(C3=C)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)OC(=O)C2=C | 408.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues / Purine nucleosides | |||||
| 2-amino-9-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-3H-purin-6-one | 6802 | Click to see | 283.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 9-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-3H-purin-6-one | 6021 | Click to see | 268.23 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Adenosine | 60961 | Click to see C1=NC(=C2C(=N1)N(C=N2)C3C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)N | 267.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues / Purine nucleosides / Purine 2-deoxyribonucleosides | |||||
| 2-amino-9-[(2R,4S,5R)-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-3H-purin-6-one | 187790 | Click to see | 267.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 5-(6-Aminopurin-9-Yl)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)Oxolan-3-Ol | 636 | Click to see | 251.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 9-[(2R,4S,5R)-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]purin-6-ol | 5280798 | Click to see C1C(C(OC1N2C=NC3=C2N=CN=C3O)CO)O | 252.23 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Deoxyadenosine | 13730 | Click to see | 251.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues / Pyrimidine nucleosides | |||||
| Cytidine | 6175 | Click to see C1=CN(C(=O)N=C1N)C2C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O | 243.22 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Uridine | 6029 | Click to see | 244.20 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues / Pyrimidine nucleosides / Pyrimidine 2-deoxyribonucleosides | |||||
| 2'-dC B-D-threo | 451823 | Click to see | 227.22 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Deoxycytidine | 13711 | Click to see | 227.22 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Deoxyuridine | 13712 | Click to see | 228.20 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Thymidine | 5789 | Click to see CC1=CN(C(=O)NC1=O)C2CC(C(O2)CO)O | 242.23 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Diazines / Pyrimidines and pyrimidine derivatives / Hydroxypyrimidines | |||||
| 5-methylpyrimidine-2,4-diol | 5274265 | Click to see | 126.11 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Diazines / Pyrimidines and pyrimidine derivatives / Pyrimidones | |||||
| Cytosine | 597 | Click to see C1=C(NC(=O)N=C1)N | 111.10 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Dihydrofurans / Furanones / Butenolides | |||||
| D-ascorbic acid | 54690394 | Click to see C(C(C1C(=C(C(=O)O1)O)O)O)O | 176.12 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Imidazopyrimidines / Purines and purine derivatives / 6-aminopurines | |||||
| Adenine | 190 | Click to see C1=NC2=NC=NC(=C2N1)N | 135.13 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Imidazopyrimidines / Purines and purine derivatives / Purinones / Hypoxanthines | |||||
| CID 790 | 790 | Click to see | 136.11 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Imidazopyrimidines / Purines and purine derivatives / Xanthines | |||||
| Xanthine | 1188 | Click to see | 152.11 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |