Pangium edule
Table of Contents
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID644055dcc4028904056944 |
| Scientific name | Pangium edule |
| Authority | Reinw. |
| First published in | Syll. Pl. Nov. ii. (1828) 12. |
Description Top
Suggest a correction or write a new one!
Pangium is a genus of trees found in Southeast Asia, with the sole species being Pangium edule. It is a tall tree that produces a large poisonous fruit, which can be made edible through fermentation. The tree is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate individuals. Its taxonomy is uncertain and it may also be classified in the Flacourtiaceae or Violales family. The tree takes many years to mature and its seeds are mainly harvested from wild trees. While poisonous to humans, the seeds are a natural part of the babirusa's diet. In Indonesian cooking, the seeds are used as a spice in dishes like rawon beef stew. The seeds are first boiled and then fermented for forty days to remove the poison. The kernels can also be ground into a black gravy called rawon, which is used in various dishes in different regions of Indonesia. The leaves of the tree are also used as a vegetable in some dishes. The edible portions of the plant are a good source of vitamin C and iron.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Pangium rumphii | Voigt | Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 85. 1845 |
| Pangium naumannii | Warb. | Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] iii. 6a (1893) 23. |
| Pangium ceramense | Teijsm. & Binn. ex Slooten | Bijdr. Combret. Flacourt. Ned.-Ind. 80 (1919). |
| Hydnocarpus polyandra | Blanco | Fl. Filip., ed. 2 : 545 (1845) |
| Hydnocarpus polyandrus | Blanco | Fl. Filip., ed. 2 [F.M. Blanco] 545. 1845 |
| Hydnocarpus edulis | (Reinw.) Peterm. | Pflanzenreich [Petermann] ed. 1: 827. [1841-45] |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| English | football fruit |
| English | rowal |
| ace | pangè |
| ban | pangi |
| bjn | kalawak |
| German | keluak |
| Indonesian | kepayang |
| Indonesian | kluwak |
| Japanese | パンギノキ |
| jv | kluwak |
| jv | kluwek |
| mad | pakem |
| min | simauang |
| min | kapencong |
| min | kapecong |
| min | kapencuang |
| min | kapayang |
| min | supayang |
| min | simawang |
| Malay | pokok kepayang |
| Dutch | kepayang |
| Russian | пангиум съедобный |
| su | picung |
| Chinese | 黑羹树 |
| Chinese | 印尼黑果 |
Germination/Propagation Top
Suggest a correction or add new data!
No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
-
Asia-tropical click to expand
-
Indo-China
- Nicobar Nicobar
-
Malesia
- Borneo
- Jawa
- Lesser Sunda Islands
- Malaya
- Maluku
- Philippines
- Sulawesi
- Sumatera
-
Papuasia
- Bismarck Archipelago
- New Guinea
- Solomon Islands
-
Indo-China
-
Pacific click to expand
-
Northwestern Pacific
- Caroline Islands
- Marianas
-
Southwestern Pacific
- Santa Cruz Island
- Vanuatu
-
Northwestern Pacific
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0001246546 |
| USDA Plants | PAED4 |
| Tropicos | 50137531 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:111972-1 |
| The Plant List | tro-50137531 |
| Open Tree Of Life | 729276 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 112823 |
| NBN Atlas | NHMSYS0021196278 |
| IUCN Red List | 143874361 |
| IPNI | 111972-1 |
| iNaturalist | 347673 |
| GBIF | 3879135 |
| Freebase | /m/080jt7n |
| EPPO | PJGED |
| EOL | 5739244 |
| Elurikkus | 432277 |
| USDA GRIN | 26427 |
| Wikipedia | Pangium |
| CMAUP | NPO18599 |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
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Phytochemical Profile Top
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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives | |||||
| 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid | 72 | Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C(=O)O)O)O | 154.12 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives / M-methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives | |||||
| Vanillic Acid | 8468 | Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C(=O)O)O | 168.15 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Phenylacetic acids / 2(hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids | |||||
| 2-Hydroxy-5-butoxyphenylacetic acid | 15108711 | Click to see CCCCOC1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)CC(=O)O | 224.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Benzenoids / Phenols / Benzenediols / Hydroquinones | |||||
| Butyl 2-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)acetate | 44217017 | Click to see CCCCOC(=O)CC1=C(C=CC(=C1)O)O | 224.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Ethyl 2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetate | 297396 | Click to see CCOC(=O)CC1=C(C=CC(=C1)O)O | 196.20 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Methyl 2-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)acetate | 13790504 | Click to see COC(=O)CC1=C(C=CC(=C1)O)O | 182.17 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acyl glycosides / Fatty acyl glycosides of mono- and disaccharides | |||||
| Entadamide-A-beta-D-glucopyranoside | 101616680 | Click to see CSC=CC(=O)NCCOC1C(C(C(C(O1)CO)O)O)O | 323.36 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Triterpene glycosides / Triterpene saponins | |||||
| [(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4R)-4-[[(2S,3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] (4aR,5S,6R,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,14bS)-10-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-6-[[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5,6-dihydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate | 72737016 | Click to see CC(=O)NC1C(C(C(OC1OC2CCC3(C(C2(C)C)CCC4(C3CC=C5C4(C(C(C6(C5CC(CC6)(C)C)C(=O)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)O)O)OC8C(C(CO8)(COC9C(C(CO9)(CO)O)O)O)O)O)O)C)C)C)COC1C(C(C(CO1)O)OC1C(C(C(CO1)O)O)O)O)OC1C(C(C(C(O1)CO)O)O)O)O | 1544.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| [(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4R)-4-[[(2S,3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] (4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,14bS)-10-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-6-[[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate | 72736851 | Click to see CC(=O)NC1C(C(C(OC1OC2CCC3(C(C2(C)C)CCC4(C3CC=C5C4(CCC6(C5CC(CC6)(C)C)C(=O)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)O)O)OC8C(C(CO8)(COC9C(C(CO9)(CO)O)O)O)O)C)C)C)COC1C(C(C(CO1)O)OC1C(C(C(CO1)O)O)O)O)OC1C(C(C(C(O1)CO)O)O)O)O | 1512.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| [(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl] (4aR,5S,6R,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,14bS)-10-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-6-[[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5,6-dihydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate | 72736852 | Click to see CC(=O)NC1C(C(C(OC1OC2CCC3(C(C2(C)C)CCC4(C3CC=C5C4(C(C(C6(C5CC(CC6)(C)C)C(=O)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)O)O)OC8C(C(C(CO8)O)O)O)O)O)C)C)C)COC9C(C(C(CO9)O)OC1C(C(C(CO1)O)O)O)O)OC1C(C(C(C(O1)CO)O)O)O)O | 1412.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| [(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4R)-4-[[(2S,3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl] (4aR,5S,6R,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,14bS)-10-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-6-[[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5,6-dihydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate | 72737187 | Click to see CC(=O)NC1C(C(C(OC1OC2CCC3(C(C2(C)C)CCC4(C3CC=C5C4(C(C(C6(C5CC(CC6)(C)C)C(=O)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)COC(=O)C)O)O)OC8C(C(CO8)(COC9C(C(CO9)(CO)O)O)O)O)O)O)C)C)C)COC1C(C(C(CO1)O)OC1C(C(C(CO1)O)O)O)O)OC1C(C(C(C(O1)CO)O)O)O)O | 1586.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids | |||||
| Entagenic acid | 21594206 | Click to see CC1(CCC2(C(C1)C3=CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(C(C2O)O)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C(=O)O)C | 488.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic nitrogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Amines / Alkanolamines / 1,2-aminoalcohols / N-acylethanolamines | |||||
| Entadamide B | 3035981 | Click to see CSC(CC(=O)NCCO)SC | 209.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-3-methylthiopropenamide | 6439215 | Click to see CSC=CC(=O)NCCO | 161.22 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / Phenolic glycosides | |||||
| 2-beta-d-Glucopyranosyloxy-5-butoxyphenylacetic acid | 15108713 | Click to see CCCCOC1=CC(=C(C=C1)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O)CC(=O)O | 386.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| butyl 2-[5-hydroxy-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyphenyl]acetate | 102143698 | Click to see CCCCOC(=O)CC1=C(C=CC(=C1)O)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O | 386.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Phaseoloidin | 14104237 | Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1O)CC(=O)O)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O | 330.29 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Catechins | |||||
| (1R,8S,9R,16R,18S,27S)-9-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,8,16,21,23-pentahydroxy-2,10,17,26-tetraoxaheptacyclo[14.11.1.01,13.03,12.06,11.018,27.020,25]octacosa-3(12),4,6(11),13,20,22,24-heptaen-15-one | 101925531 | Click to see C1C(C(OC2=C1C(=CC3=C2C4=CC(=O)C5(CC4(O3)C6C(O5)CC7=C(C=C(C=C7O6)O)O)O)O)C8=CC(=C(C=C8)O)O)O | 576.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Cianidanol | 9064 | Click to see C1C(C(OC2=CC(=CC(=C21)O)O)C3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)O | 290.27 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Epicatechin | 72276 | Click to see C1C(C(OC2=CC(=CC(=C21)O)O)C3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)O | 290.27 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Catechins / Epigallocatechins | |||||
| Epigallocatechin | 72277 | Click to see C1C(C(OC2=CC(=CC(=C21)O)O)C3=CC(=C(C(=C3)O)O)O)O | 306.27 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Flavanones | |||||
| Naringenin | 439246 | Click to see C1C(OC2=CC(=CC(=C2C1=O)O)O)C3=CC=C(C=C3)O | 272.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Flavanones / Flavanonols | |||||
| Aromadendrin | 122850 | Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O)O | 288.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Taxifolin | 439533 | Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O)O)O | 304.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones | |||||
| 4',7-Dihydroxyflavone | 5282073 | Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(O2)C=C(C=C3)O)O | 254.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy- | 5487757 | Click to see C1=C(C=C(C=C1O)O)C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O | 286.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Apigenin | 5280443 | Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O | 270.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Luteolin | 5280445 | Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O)O | 286.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols | |||||
| Galangin | 5281616 | Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O | 270.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Isorhamnetin | 5281654 | Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O)O | 316.26 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Quercetin | 5280343 | Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O)O)O | 302.23 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Rhamnocitrin | 5320946 | Click to see COC1=CC(=C2C(=C1)OC(=C(C2=O)O)C3=CC=C(C=C3)O)O | 300.26 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides | |||||
| Rutin | 5280805 | Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OC3=C(OC4=CC(=CC(=C4C3=O)O)O)C5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O | 610.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / O-methylated flavonoids / 7-O-methylated flavonoids | |||||
| Ayanin | 5280682 | Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC)O)OC)O | 344.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Kaempferol 3,7,4'-trimethyl ether | 5468749 | Click to see COC1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC)O)OC | 328.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Linear 1,3-diarylpropanoids / Cinnamylphenols | |||||
| 2'-O-Methylisoliquiritigenin | 5319688 | Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)O)C(=O)C=CC2=CC=C(C=C2)O | 270.28 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |