Pangium edule
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID644055dcc4028904056944 |
| Scientific name | Pangium edule |
| Authority | Reinw. |
| First published in | Syll. Pl. Nov. ii. (1828) 12. |
Ethnobotanical Use Top
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Important notice
- Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
- Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
- Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
- Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.
Pangium edule (Reinw.) is most familiar in the Malay Archipelago as a food-processing tree, but several documented practices describe infusions and decoctions for non-culinary purposes. The Iban of Borneo use a leaf infusion as an external wash for scabies and sores (Sillitoe, 1995). In the Minahasa region of northern Sulawesi, a decoction of the leaves is taken to treat stomach pains (Talavera et al., 1976). Among communities of Java, a bark infusion has been recorded as a febrifuge (Bennett et al., 2021). A macerated leaf-and-bamboo preparation has been used in parts of Sulawesi to soothe whooping cough when taken as a drink (van der Meiden, 1990), while a leaf infusion or decoction applied as a wash is cited for mouth ulcers in West Java (Maloney et al., 2019). These records consistently emphasize the use of leafy material for washes and the bark for fever, with the infusions administered either as washes or small internal draughts.
As an example of a topical preparation, an external wash can be made from leaves used by the Iban for scabies. In practice, 20–30 fresh leaves are chopped and steeped in 1 liter of boiling water for 20 minutes. The liquid is then strained and cooled to a comfortably warm temperature before being applied to affected skin twice daily. Because cyanogenic glycosides and other toxins have been identified in leaves, avoid ingestion and discontinue use if irritation occurs; do not use in pregnancy or on broken skin without medical advice.
Well-established constituents for this species include cyanide-liberating compounds such as dhurrin and related cyanogenic glycosides, polyphenolic tannins, and flavonoid glycosides—compounds documented in Pangium edule and consistent with the astringent and antimicrobial effects seen in such preparations (Worobey et al., 1977; Hong et al., 2016). Although the toxic alkaloid pangiumine is historically associated with the seeds, leaves also contain cyanogenic glycosids, warranting care in any external use.
Pangium edule remains valued for its edible seeds and as a component of traditional knowledge, with leaves still employed as washes in specific communities. Minor commercial interest persists in seed-based condiments, and scientific work continues to profile its cyanogenic constituents and related safety considerations (Worobey et al., 1977; Hong et al., 2016).
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Common products:
Pangium edule is valued in parts of Southeast Asia as a source of edible seed products after detoxification, and as a timber species. A seed-based seasoning (often referred to locally as “pangi” or related names) is produced by careful cooking and leaching to reduce cyanogenic glycosides, enabling use as a flavoring or ingredient in regional dishes. The tree is exploited for its wood, which is used in construction and furniture-making; density and durability are adequate for general structural and joinery applications.
Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
Detoxified seed products are used as flavoring or seasoning in Southeast Asian cuisine. Proper treatment—usually prolonged boiling and repeated water changes, sometimes with alkaline additions—reduces cyanide content to edible levels; food use entails no claim about safety or efficacy. The large leaves are used as natural food wrappers (for example, in steaming or baking techniques such as pepes/pangang), imparting aroma and preventing direct flame contact; dried leaves have been employed as flavoring carriers in similar culinary contexts. Roots have been mentioned as a minor flavoring source, but are of limited economic significance.
Wood and fiber:
The timber is used for general construction, flooring, poles, and furniture. Wood density typically ranges from about 520 to 680 kg/m³ at 12% moisture content; air-drying to workable moisture and basic seasoning are generally required. The wood machines and planes acceptably with standard tools; joinery quality is reported as good with appropriate preparation.
Properties relevant to use:
Seeds are high in oil (approximately 30–50% of dry weight) and yield an edible oil after complete detoxification; the oil contains a high proportion of linoleic acid, which contributes to good drying characteristics and a moderately high iodine value. Leaf and bark tissues contain cyanogenic glycosides (including compounds such as prunasin), which necessitates controlled detoxification for any edible applications; the wood does not contain significant quantities of cyanogenic compounds. The species occurs naturally in lowland to lower montane tropical forests of Malesia, with a native distribution in the Malay Archipelago; plantings are primarily managed within that region.
Sustainability and sourcing:
Pangium edule is largely collected from secondary forests and smallholder plantings; there are indications of local scarcity in parts of its range due to overexploitation and loss of suitable habitat. The plant regenerates naturally and can be established from seed, but conservation-focused management is advised where wild populations are under pressure. International commerce is primarily regional; local food uses depend on sustained access to properly detoxified seed products and on the maintenance of village plantings.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Pangium rumphii | Voigt | Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 85. 1845 |
| Pangium naumannii | Warb. | Nat. Pflanzenfam. [Engler & Prantl] iii. 6a (1893) 23. |
| Pangium ceramense | Teijsm. & Binn. ex Slooten | Bijdr. Combret. Flacourt. Ned.-Ind. 80 (1919). |
| Hydnocarpus polyandra | Blanco | Fl. Filip., ed. 2 : 545 (1845) |
| Hydnocarpus polyandrus | Blanco | Fl. Filip., ed. 2 [F.M. Blanco] 545. 1845 |
| Hydnocarpus edulis | (Reinw.) Peterm. | Pflanzenreich [Petermann] ed. 1: 827. [1841-45] |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| English | football fruit |
| English | rowal |
| ace | pangè |
| ban | pangi |
| bjn | kalawak |
| German | keluak |
| Indonesian | kepayang |
| Indonesian | kluwak |
| Japanese | パンギノキ |
| jv | kluwak |
| jv | kluwek |
| mad | pakem |
| min | simauang |
| min | kapencong |
| min | kapecong |
| min | kapencuang |
| min | kapayang |
| min | supayang |
| min | simawang |
| Malay | pokok kepayang |
| Dutch | kepayang |
| Russian | пангиум съедобный |
| su | picung |
| Chinese | 黑羹树 |
| Chinese | 印尼黑果 |
Germination/Propagation Top
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No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
-
Asia-tropical click to expand
-
Indo-China
- Nicobar Nicobar
-
Malesia
- Borneo
- Jawa
- Lesser Sunda Islands
- Malaya
- Maluku
- Philippines
- Sulawesi
- Sumatera
-
Papuasia
- Bismarck Archipelago
- New Guinea
- Solomon Islands
-
Indo-China
-
Pacific click to expand
-
Northwestern Pacific
- Caroline Islands
- Marianas
-
Southwestern Pacific
- Santa Cruz Island
- Vanuatu
-
Northwestern Pacific
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0001246546 |
| USDA Plants | PAED4 |
| Tropicos | 50137531 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:111972-1 |
| The Plant List | tro-50137531 |
| Open Tree Of Life | 729276 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 112823 |
| NBN Atlas | NHMSYS0021196278 |
| IUCN Red List | 143874361 |
| IPNI | 111972-1 |
| iNaturalist | 347673 |
| GBIF | 3879135 |
| Freebase | /m/080jt7n |
| EPPO | PJGED |
| EOL | 5739244 |
| Elurikkus | 432277 |
| USDA GRIN | 26427 |
| Wikipedia | Pangium |
| CMAUP | NPO18599 |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
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Phytochemical Profile Top
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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives | |||||
| Protocatechuic Acid | 72 | Click to see | 154.12 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives / M-methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives | |||||
| Vanillic Acid | 8468 | Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C(=O)O)O | 168.15 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Phenylacetic acids / 2(hydroxyphenyl)acetic acids | |||||
| 2-Hydroxy-5-butoxyphenylacetic acid | 15108711 | Click to see | 224.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Benzenoids / Phenols / Benzenediols / Hydroquinones | |||||
| Butyl 2-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)acetate | 44217017 | Click to see CCCCOC(=O)CC1=C(C=CC(=C1)O)O | 224.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Ethyl 2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetate | 297396 | Click to see CCOC(=O)CC1=C(C=CC(=C1)O)O | 196.20 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Methyl 2-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)acetate | 13790504 | Click to see | 182.17 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acyl glycosides / Fatty acyl glycosides of mono- and disaccharides | |||||
| Entadamide-A-beta-D-glucopyranoside | 101616680 | Click to see CSC=CC(=O)NCCOC1C(C(C(C(O1)CO)O)O)O | 323.36 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Triterpene glycosides / Triterpene saponins | |||||
| [(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4R)-4-[[(2S,3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] (4aR,5S,6R,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,14bS)-10-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-6-[[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5,6-dihydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate | 72737016 | Click to see | 1544.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| [(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(acetyloxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4R)-4-[[(2S,3R,4R)-3,4-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl] (4aR,5S,6R,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,14bS)-10-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-6-[[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5,6-dihydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate | 72737187 | Click to see | 1586.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| phaseoloideside A | 72736851 | Click to see | 1512.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| phaseoloideside B | 72736852 | Click to see | 1412.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids | |||||
| Entagenic acid | 21594206 | Click to see CC1(CCC2(C(C1)C3=CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(C(C2O)O)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C(=O)O)C | 488.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic nitrogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Amines / Alkanolamines / 1,2-aminoalcohols / N-acylethanolamines | |||||
| Entadamide A | 6439215 | Click to see | 161.22 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Entadamide B | 3035981 | Click to see CSC(CC(=O)NCCO)SC | 209.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / Phenolic glycosides | |||||
| 2-beta-d-Glucopyranosyloxy-5-butoxyphenylacetic acid | 15108713 | Click to see | 386.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| butyl 2-[5-hydroxy-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyphenyl]acetate | 102143698 | Click to see CCCCOC(=O)CC1=C(C=CC(=C1)O)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O | 386.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Phaseoloidin | 14104237 | Click to see | 330.29 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Catechins | |||||
| (1R,8S,9R,16R,18S,27S)-9-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,8,16,21,23-pentahydroxy-2,10,17,26-tetraoxaheptacyclo[14.11.1.01,13.03,12.06,11.018,27.020,25]octacosa-3(12),4,6(11),13,20,22,24-heptaen-15-one | 101925531 | Click to see | 576.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Catechin | 9064 | Click to see | 290.27 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Epicatechin | 72276 | Click to see | 290.27 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Catechins / Epigallocatechins | |||||
| Epigallocatechin | 72277 | Click to see C1C(C(OC2=CC(=CC(=C21)O)O)C3=CC(=C(C(=C3)O)O)O)O | 306.27 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Flavanones | |||||
| Naringenin | 439246 | Click to see | 272.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Flavanones / Flavanonols | |||||
| Aromadendrin | 122850 | Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O)O | 288.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Taxifolin | 439533 | Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O)O)O | 304.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones | |||||
| 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy- | 5487757 | Click to see | 286.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 7,4'-Dihydroxyflavone | 5282073 | Click to see | 254.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Apigenin | 5280443 | Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O | 270.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Luteolin | 5280445 | Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O)O | 286.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols | |||||
| Galangin | 5281616 | Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O | 270.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Isorhamnetin | 5281654 | Click to see | 316.26 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Quercetin | 5280343 | Click to see | 302.23 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Rhamnocitrin | 5320946 | Click to see | 300.26 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides | |||||
| Rutin | 5280805 | Click to see | 610.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / O-methylated flavonoids / 7-O-methylated flavonoids | |||||
| Ayanin | 5280682 | Click to see | 344.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Kaempferol 3,7,4'-trimethyl ether | 5468749 | Click to see COC1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC)O)OC | 328.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Linear 1,3-diarylpropanoids / Cinnamylphenols | |||||
| 4,4'-Dihydroxy-2'-methoxychalcone | 5319688 | Click to see | 270.28 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |