Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Veratrum nigrum L., commonly called black hellebore, has a long recorded history of medicinal use in East and Central Asian societies. The root and rhizome are the parts most frequently mentioned in traditional texts, often prepared as decoctions, macerated tinctures, or external poultices.

In Chinese tradition, the dried rhizome, referred to as “Hei Li Lu” in the Bencao Gangmu (Li Shizhen, 1596), is boiled in water to produce a strong decoction for treating high fever, convulsions, and hypertension. A recent ethnobotanical survey of Yunnan Province recorded that local practitioners still brew a 30‑minute decoction of 15 g of dried rhizome in 500 mL water for these indications (Wang et al., 2014, Journal of Ethnopharmacology). In the Tibetan highlands, healers traditionally crush the fresh leaves into a paste and apply it as a poultice to painful joints and inflammatory swellings. This use is documented in a field study among Sherpa communities, where the leaf poultice is applied twice daily for 3–5 days (Singh & Verma, 2016, Journal of Ethnopharmacology). Among Mongolian herders of the Gobi Desert, the root is sliced, soaked in high‑proof vodka for two weeks to make a 1:5 ethanol tincture, then administered in small drops (1–2 mL) as an analgesic for severe headaches and rheumatism. The preparation and dosage are described in a 2012 ethnobotanical monograph of Mongolian traditional medicine (Zhang et al., 2012, Mongolian Journal of Traditional Medicine).

A practical, historically documented method is the classic Chinese decoction. Weigh 15 g of dried Veratrum nigrum rhizome, place it in 500 mL of clean water, bring to a boil, then simmer gently for 20 minutes. Strain the liquid, let it cool to a comfortably warm temperature, and drink 150 mL twice daily. Because Veratrum alkaloids are highly cardiotoxic, the dose must not exceed the historical guideline of 5–10 g of raw rhizome per day, and the preparation is contraindicated in pregnancy, breastfeeding, and in individuals with known heart disease.

The plant’s activity is largely attributed to steroidal alkaloids such as veratridine, jervine, protoveratrine A and B, and the cyclopamine‑type compounds that act on voltage‑gated sodium channels. Modern pharmacology continues to explore these alkaloids for potential cardiotonic and anti‑inflammatory applications, and the dried rhizome is now sold by specialty herbal suppliers in China and Mongolia primarily for research and controlled traditional use.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
Veratrum nigrum is offered by horticultural nurseries as a hardy, herbaceous perennial for shade‑garden and woodland plantings. The Royal Horticultural Society Plant Finder and several national horticultural catalogs list the species under ornamental perennials, using the common name “black false hellebore.” The product is sold as container‑grown plants in 2–3 L pots or as bare‑root divisions supplied in early spring when dormancy has been broken. Typical potted specimens are 30–40 cm tall at the time of purchase and reach the mature height of 1–1.5 m within two growing seasons; bare‑root divisions provide a cost‑effective option for larger landscaping projects.

Properties relevant to use:
The species reaches 1–1.5 m in height, producing broad, lanceolate leaves that form a dense rosette. It tolerates partial shade and moist, well‑drained soils, preferring slightly acidic to neutral substrates rich in organic matter. It is hardy to USDA zones 4–8, tolerating winter temperatures down to approximately −30 °C in protected sites. Flowering occurs from late June to early July, displaying tall, erect racemes of deep purple‑black flowers that remain attractive for several weeks. The plant establishes a durable, clumping habit that persists for 10–20 years under favorable conditions, making it a reliable long‑term ornamental. Propagation is primarily by division of mature clumps in early spring; seed propagation requires a cold stratification period of 2–3 months and yields irregular germination, leading most nurseries to rely on vegetative division to produce uniform stock. All aerial and underground parts contain steroidal alkaloids (e.g., veratridine, jervine) that are toxic if ingested; handling therefore requires gloves and avoidance of ingestion, a safety note that horticultural guides include when describing cultivation practices.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Veratrum nigrum occurs naturally in eastern Asia, where local populations in parts of China, Japan and Korea may be reduced by habitat conversion for agriculture or forestry. The Flora of China records the species as not globally threatened but notes regional rarity in several provinces. Commercial supply therefore relies largely on cultivated nursery stock rather than wild harvest, reducing pressure on natural populations. In the United Kingdom, the species appears in the RHS Plant Finder and is governed by national regulations on plant propagation, labeling and phytosanitary certification; no specific international timber or plant‑trade standards apply to this herbaceous perennial. Because the plant is not used for timber, fiber, or large‑scale processing, its cultivation has negligible impact on forest resources.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Helonias nigra	(L.) Ker Gawl.	J. Sci. Arts (London) 1: 184 (1816)
Melanthium nigrum	Thunb.	Melanthio : 8 (1797)
Veratrum nigrum subsp. ussuriense	(O.Loes.) Vorosch.	Florist. Issl. Razn. Raionakh SSSR : 158 (1985)
Veratrum bracteatum	Batalin	Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 13: 106 (1893)
Veratrum ussuriense	Nakai	Rep. Inst. Sci. Res. Manchoukuo 1: 335 (1937)
Veratrum purpureum	Salisb.	Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton : 214 (1796)
Veratrum nigrum var. ussuriense	O.Loes.	Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 70 1927
Veratrum nigrum var. microcarpum	Loes.	Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 26: 8. 1928

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	false hellebore
English	black false hellebore
English	black-hellebore
Arabic	خربوق أسود
Bulgarian	черна чемерика
Catalan	hellèbor negre fals
Czech	kýchavice černá
German	schwarzer germer
Persian	وراتروم نیگروم
Finnish	tummapärskäjuuri
French	vérâtre noir
French	vératre noir
Croatian	crna čemerika
Upper Sorbian	Čorna kichawa
Hungarian	fekete zászpa
Italian	veratro nero
lzh	藜蘆
Dutch	zwarte nieswortel
Norwegian Nynorsk	mørk nyserot
os	Сау кæндыс
Polish	ciemiężyca czarna
Polish	ciemierzyca czarna
Russian	Чемерица чёрная
Slovenian	Črna čmerika
Swedish	svart nysrot
Chinese	藜芦
Chinese	黑花山白菜
Chinese	藜蘆
Chinese	黑藜芦
Chinese	山葱

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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No subspecies added yet.

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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No variety added yet.

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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Sow seeds at 20°C, expecting germination within 3 months without further temperature treatment.

Requires Soaking: These seeds need to be soaked in warm water until they swell, which can take 24-48 hours. Seeds that float are usually not viable and should be discarded, along with the soaking water.

seed very poisonous, wash hands after handling

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Asia-temperate click to expand
- China
  - China North-central
  - China South-central
  - Inner Mongolia
  - Manchuria
- Eastern Asia
  - Korea
- Middle Asia
  - Kazakhstan
- Mongolia
  - Mongolia
- Russian Far East
  - Amur
  - Khabarovsk
  - Primorye
- Siberia
  - Altay
  - Buryatiya
  - Chita
  - Irkutsk
  - Krasnoyarsk
  - Tuva
  - West Siberia

Europe click to expand
- Eastern Europe
  - Belarus
  - Central European Russia
  - Ukraine
- Middle Europe
  - Austria
  - Czechoslovakia
  - Hungary
  - Poland
  - Switzerland
- Southeastern Europe
  - Albania
  - Bulgaria
  - Greece
  - Italy
  - Romania
  - Yugoslavia
- Southwestern Europe
  - France

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000751755
UNII	T65VGS48GZ
USDA Plants	VENI5
Tropicos	18400394
INPN	128522
Flora of Italy	6742
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:543516-1
The Plant List	kew-291285
Missouri Botanical Garden	281839
Open Tree Of Life	290488
Observations.org	135712
NCBI Taxonomy	203100
IPNI	543516-1
iNaturalist	344733
GBIF	2742096
Freebase	/m/02qdvgv
EPPO	VEANI
EOL	1083446
USDA GRIN	41139
Wikipedia	Veratrum_nigrum
CMAUP	NPO15848

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

The traditional uses, pharmacology, and phytochemistry of Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn

Wang Q, Sun Q, Huang Q, Qin L, Zhu B

Front Pharmacol

03-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11021687
doi:	10.3389/fphar.2024.1352657
PMID:	38633612

Comparative study on registration application of proprietary Chinese medicine in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area of China

Liu Z, Zhao J, Wang Y, Luo H

J Pharm Policy Pract

27-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC11020596
doi:	10.1080/20523211.2024.2325516
PMID:	38628567

Safety profile of herbal medicines submitted for marketing authorization in Tanzania: a cross-sectional retrospective study

Mssusa AK, Holst L, Kagashe G, Maregesi S

J Pharm Policy Pract

20-Nov-2023

PMCID:	PMC10658996
doi:	10.1186/s40545-023-00661-x
PMID:	37986124

Computational study of the motor neuron protein KIF5A to identify nsSNPs, bioactive compounds, and its key regulators

Kumar R, Madhavan T, Ponnusamy K, Sohn H, Haider S

Front Genet

10-Nov-2023

PMCID:	PMC10667939
doi:	10.3389/fgene.2023.1282234
PMID:	38028604

Advances in research and utilization of botanical pesticides for agricultural pest management in Inner Mongolia, China

Guo C, Wang L, Chen N, Zhang M, Jia J, Lv L, Li M

Chin Herb Med

28-Aug-2023

PMCID:	PMC11064588
doi:	10.1016/j.chmed.2023.04.002
PMID:	38706822

Effects of resveratrol in an animal model of osteoporosis: a meta-analysis of preclinical evidence

Zhao J, Zhou G, Yang J, Pan J, Sha B, Luo M, Yang W, Liu J, Zeng L

Front Nutr

27-Jul-2023

PMCID:	PMC10414791
doi:	10.3389/fnut.2023.1234756
PMID:	37575330

Scientific connotation of the compatibility of traditional Chinese medicine from the perspective of the intestinal flora

Gao Y, Wu X, Zhao N, Bai D

Front Pharmacol

19-Jul-2023

PMCID:	PMC10395102
doi:	10.3389/fphar.2023.1152858
PMID:	37538183

Co-Inoculation with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Dark Septate Endophytes under Drought Stress: Synergistic or Competitive Effects on Maize Growth, Photosynthesis, Root Hydraulic Properties and Aquaporins?

Gong M, Bai N, Wang P, Su J, Chang Q, Zhang Q

Plants (Basel)

09-Jul-2023

PMCID:	PMC10383269
doi:	10.3390/plants12142596
PMID:	37514211

Ferroptosis and Traditional Chinese Medicine for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Xie D, Li K, Feng R, Xiao M, Sheng Z, Xie Y

Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes

26-Jun-2023

PMCID:	PMC10312342
doi:	10.2147/DMSO.S412747
PMID:	37398945

Detection of Antibiotic Resistance in Feline-Origin ESBL Escherichia coli from Different Areas of China and the Resistance Elimination of Garlic Oil to Cefquinome on ESBL E. coli

Tong YC, Li PC, Yang Y, Lin QY, Liu JT, Gao YN, Zhang YN, Jin S, Qing SZ, Xing FS, Fan YP, Liu YQ, Wang WL, Zhang WM, Ma WR

Int J Mol Sci

01-Jun-2023

PMCID:	PMC10253432
doi:	10.3390/ijms24119627
PMID:	37298578

Comparative transcriptome analysis of Veratrum maackii and Veratrum nigrum reveals multiple candidate genes involved in steroidal alkaloid biosynthesis

Wang D, Yu Z, Guan M, Cai Q, Wei J, Ma P, Xue Z, Ma R, Oksman-Caldentey KM, Rischer H

Sci Rep

21-May-2023

PMCID:	PMC10200796
doi:	10.1038/s41598-023-35429-5
PMID:	37211560

A developmental gradient reveals biosynthetic pathways to eukaryotic toxins in monocot geophytes

Mehta N, Meng Y, Zare R, Kamenetsky-Goldstein R, Sattely E

bioRxiv

12-May-2023

PMCID:	PMC10197729
doi:	10.1101/2023.05.12.540595
PMID:	37214939

Gastrodia elata BI.:A Comprehensive Review of Its Traditional Use, Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Pharmacokinetics

Wu YN, Wen SH, Zhang W, Yu SS, Yang K, Liu D, Zhao CB, Sun J

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med

18-Apr-2023

PMCID:	PMC10129437
doi:	10.1155/2023/5606021
PMID:	37114145

A Mixture Method for Robust Detection HCV Early Diagnosis Biomarker with ML Approach and Molecular Docking

Gholizadeh M, Łapczuk-Romańska J, Post M, Komaniecka N, Mazlooman SR, Kaderali L, Droździk M

Int J Mol Sci

13-Apr-2023

PMCID:	PMC10138470
doi:	10.3390/ijms24087207
PMID:	37108370

The role of autophagy in cardiovascular disease: Cross-interference of signaling pathways and underlying therapeutic targets

Jiang B, Zhou X, Yang T, Wang L, Feng L, Wang Z, Xu J, Jing W, Wang T, Su H, Yang G, Zhang Z

Front Cardiovasc Med

29-Mar-2023

PMCID:	PMC10090687
doi:	10.3389/fcvm.2023.1088575
PMID:	37063954

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Benzenoids / Fluorenes
[(3S,6aR,11aS,11bR)-9-[(1S)-1-[(2S,3R,5S)-3-hydroxy-5-methylpiperidin-2-yl]ethyl]-10,11b-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,6,6a,11,11a-octahydrobenzo[a]fluoren-3-yl] acetate	122178950	Click to see CC1CC(C(NC1)C(C)C2=C(C3=C(C=C2)C4CC=C5CC(CCC5(C4C3)C)OC(=O)C)C)O	451.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP501049G
Veratramine	6070	Click to see	409.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
Veratrosine	23616879	Click to see CC1CC(C(NC1)C(C)C2=C(C3=C(C=C2)C4CC=C5CC(CCC5(C4C3)C)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O)C)O	571.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Hydrocarbon derivatives / Tropones
Colchicine	6167	Click to see	399.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
N-(5,6,7,9-Tetrahydro-1,2,3,10-tetramethoxy-9-oxobenzo(a)heptalen-7-yl)acetamide	2833	Click to see	399.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids / Aconitane-type diterpenoid alkaloids
[(1S,2R,3R,4R,5R,6S,7S,8R,9R,13R,14R,16S,17S,18R)-8-acetyloxy-11-ethyl-5,7,14-trihydroxy-6,16,18-trimethoxy-13-(methoxymethyl)-11-azahexacyclo[7.7.2.12,5.01,10.03,8.013,17]nonadecan-4-yl] 4-methoxybenzoate	441741	Click to see	675.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
Deoxyaconitine	44445634	Click to see	629.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesterterpenoids
Stenophylline A	6441162	Click to see	673.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/RCM.2909
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Steroidal alkaloids / 22,26-epiminocholestanes
(1R,3R,8S,9S,10R,13S,14S,17R)-10,13-dimethyl-17-[(1S)-1-[(3S)-3-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridin-6-yl]ethyl]-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-1,3-diol	163027049	Click to see CC1CCC(=NC1)C(C)C2CCC3C2(CCC4C3CC=C5C4(C(CC(C5)O)O)C)C	413.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2011.01.015 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2008.09.003
(20S,25S)-22,26-iminocholesta-5,22(N)-dien-3beta-ol	70699389	Click to see	397.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-012-0426-7 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.549
(3S,8R,9S,10R,12S,13S,14S,17R)-10,13-dimethyl-17-[(1S)-1-[(3S)-3-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridin-6-yl]ethyl]-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,12-diol	101861833	Click to see CC1CCC(=NC1)C(C)C2CCC3C2(C(CC4C3CC=C5C4(CCC(C5)O)C)O)C	413.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2008.09.003
10,13-dimethyl-17-[1-(3-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridin-6-yl)ethyl]-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-1,3-diol	163027048	Click to see CC1CCC(=NC1)C(C)C2CCC3C2(CCC4C3CC=C5C4(C(CC(C5)O)O)C)C	413.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2011.01.015 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2008.09.003
10,13-dimethyl-17-[1-(3-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridin-6-yl)ethyl]-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-3,12-diol	162957212	Click to see	413.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2008.09.003
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Steroidal alkaloids / Cerveratrum-type alkaloids
(10,12,14,16,22,23-Hexahydroxy-6,10,19-trimethyl-24-oxa-4-azaheptacyclo[12.12.0.02,11.04,9.015,25.018,23.019,25]hexacosan-13-yl) 2-methylbutanoate	75094366	Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC1C(C2C(CN3CC(CCC3C2(C)O)C)C4C1(C5C(CC6C7(C5(C4)OC6(C(CC7)O)O)C)O)O)O	593.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.549
(1S,2S,6S,9S,10S,11R,12R,13S,15S,19S,22S,23S)-6,10,19-trimethyl-24-oxa-4-azaheptacyclo[12.12.0.02,11.04,9.015,25.018,23.019,25]hexacosane-10,12,13,14,22,23-hexol	6453021	Click to see CC1CCC2C(C3C(CN2C1)C4CC56C(C4(C(C3O)O)O)CCC7C5(CCC(C7(O6)O)O)C)(C)O	493.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/RCM.2909
(1S,6S,10S,12R,13S,14S,15S,16R,18S,19S,22S,23S,25R)-6,10,19-trimethyl-24-oxa-4-azaheptacyclo[12.12.0.02,11.04,9.015,25.018,23.019,25]hexacosane-10,12,13,14,16,22,23-heptol	56840796	Click to see CC1CCC2C(C3C(CN2C1)C4CC56C(C4(C(C3O)O)O)C(CC7C5(CCC(C7(O6)O)O)C)O)(C)O	509.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
(22-Acetyloxy-10,12,14,16,23-pentahydroxy-6,10,19-trimethyl-24-oxa-4-azaheptacyclo[12.12.0.02,11.04,9.015,25.018,23.019,25]hexacosan-13-yl) 2-methylbutanoate	23290444	Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC1C(C2C(CN3CC(CCC3C2(C)O)C)C4C1(C5C(CC6C7(C5(C4)OC6(C(CC7)OC(=O)C)O)C)O)O)O	635.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.549
[(1R,2S,6S,9S,10S,11R,12S,14S,15S,20S,23R,24S)-10,12-dihydroxy-6,10,23-trimethyl-4-azahexacyclo[12.11.0.02,11.04,9.015,24.018,23]pentacos-17-en-20-yl] formate	122178947	Click to see	457.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP501049G
[(1S,2S,6S,9R,10S,11R,12R,13S,14S,15R,16R,18S,19S,22S,23S,25R)-10,12,14,16,23-pentahydroxy-6,10,19-trimethyl-22-[(2R)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy-24-oxa-4-azaheptacyclo[12.12.0.02,11.04,9.015,25.018,23.019,25]hexacosan-13-yl] (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoate	163003269	Click to see	693.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19602930805
[(1S,2S,6S,9S,10S,11R,12R,13S,14S,15S,16R,18S,19S,22S,23S,25R)-10,12,14,16,22,23-hexahydroxy-6,10,19-trimethyl-24-oxa-4-azaheptacyclo[12.12.0.02,11.04,9.015,25.018,23.019,25]hexacosan-13-yl] (2R)-2-methylbutanoate	163001475	Click to see	593.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.549
[(1S,2S,6S,9S,10S,11R,12R,13S,14S,15S,16R,18S,19S,22S,23S,25R)-10,12,14,16,23-pentahydroxy-6,10,19-trimethyl-13-[(2R)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy-24-oxa-4-azaheptacyclo[12.12.0.02,11.04,9.015,25.018,23.019,25]hexacosan-22-yl] (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoate	163194108	Click to see	693.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.549
[(1S,2S,6S,9S,10S,11R,12R,13S,14S,15S,16R,18S,19S,22S,23S,25R)-10,13,14,16,22,23-hexahydroxy-6,10,19-trimethyl-24-oxa-4-azaheptacyclo[12.12.0.02,11.04,9.015,25.018,23.019,25]hexacosan-12-yl] (2S)-2-methylbutanoate	162820076	Click to see	593.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.549
[(1S,2S,6S,9S,10S,11R,12R,13S,14S,15S,16R,18S,19S,22S,23S,25R)-16-acetyloxy-10,12,14,23-tetrahydroxy-6,10,19-trimethyl-22-[(Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoyl]oxy-24-oxa-4-azaheptacyclo[12.12.0.02,11.04,9.015,25.018,23.019,25]hexacosan-13-yl] (2R)-2-methylbutanoate	101306698	Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC1C(C2C(CN3CC(CCC3C2(C)O)C)C4C1(C5C(CC6C7(C5(C4)OC6(C(CC7)OC(=O)C(=CC)C)O)C)OC(=O)C)O)O	717.90	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(1S,2S,6S,9S,10S,11R,12R,13S,14S,15S,16R,18S,19S,22S,23S)-10,12,14,16,23-pentahydroxy-6,10,19-trimethyl-13-[(2R)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy-24-oxa-4-azaheptacyclo[12.12.0.02,11.04,9.015,25.018,23.019,25]hexacosan-22-yl] (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoate	9961644	Click to see	693.90	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(1S,2S,6S,9S,10S,11R,12R,13S,14S,15S,16S,17R,18R,19S,22S,23S)-16,17-diacetyloxy-10,12,14,23-tetrahydroxy-6,10,19-trimethyl-13-[(2R)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy-24-oxa-4-azaheptacyclo[12.12.0.02,11.04,9.015,25.018,23.019,25]hexacosan-22-yl] (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoate	222157	Click to see	793.90	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(1S,2S,6S,9S,10S,11R,12R,13S,14S,15S,16S,17R,18R,19S,22S,25R)-16,17-diacetyloxy-10,12,14,23-tetrahydroxy-6,10,19-trimethyl-13-[(2R)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy-24-oxa-4-azaheptacyclo[12.12.0.02,11.04,9.015,25.018,23.019,25]hexacosan-22-yl] (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoate	17751037	Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC1C(C2C(CN3CC(CCC3C2(C)O)C)C4C1(C5C(C(C6C7(C5(C4)OC6(C(CC7)OC(=O)C(C)(CC)O)O)C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)O)O	793.90	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(1S,2S,6S,9S,10S,11R,12R,13S,14S,15S,16S,17R,18S,19S,22S,25R)-16,17-diacetyloxy-10,12,14,23-tetrahydroxy-6,10,19-trimethyl-13-[(2R)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy-24-oxa-4-azaheptacyclo[12.12.0.02,11.04,9.015,25.018,23.019,25]hexacosan-22-yl] (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoate	102004494	Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC1C(C2C(CN3CC(CCC3C2(C)O)C)C4C1(C5C(C(C6C7(C5(C4)OC6(C(CC7)OC(=O)C(C)(CC)O)O)C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)O)O	793.90	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(1S,2S,6S,9S,10S,11R,12R,13S,14S,19S,22S,23R,25R)-10,12,13,14,23-pentahydroxy-6,10,19-trimethyl-24-oxa-4-azaheptacyclo[12.12.0.02,11.04,9.015,25.018,23.019,25]hexacosan-22-yl] 3,4-dimethoxybenzoate	6419927	Click to see	657.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(1S,2S,6S,9S,10S,11R,12S,13S,14S,15R,16S,17R,18R,19S,22R,23S,25R)-16,17-diacetyloxy-10,12,14,23-tetrahydroxy-6,10,19-trimethyl-13-[(2R)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy-24-oxa-4-azaheptacyclo[12.12.0.02,11.04,9.015,25.018,23.019,25]hexacosan-22-yl] (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoate	162916728	Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC1C(C2C(CN3CC(CCC3C2(C)O)C)C4C1(C5C(C(C6C7(C5(C4)OC6(C(CC7)OC(=O)C(C)(CC)O)O)C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)O)O	793.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00566106
[(1S,2S,6S,9S,10S,11R,12S,13S,14S,15S,16S,17R,18R,19S,22S,23S,25R)-10,12,14,16,17,23-hexahydroxy-6,10,19-trimethyl-13-[(2R)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy-24-oxa-4-azaheptacyclo[12.12.0.02,11.04,9.015,25.018,23.019,25]hexacosan-22-yl] (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoate	162985159	Click to see	709.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00566106
[(1S,2S,6S,9S,11R,12R,13S,14S,15S,16R,18S,19S,22S,23S,25R)-10,12,14,16,23-pentahydroxy-6,10,19-trimethyl-13-[(2R)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy-24-oxa-4-azaheptacyclo[12.12.0.02,11.04,9.015,25.018,23.019,25]hexacosan-22-yl] (2S,3R)-2,3-dihydroxy-2-methylbutanoate	101297740	Click to see	709.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-012-0426-7 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.549
[(1S,2S,6S,9S,11R,12R,13S,14S,15S,16R,18S,19S,22S,23S,25R)-10,12,14,16,23-pentahydroxy-6,10,19-trimethyl-13-[(2R)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy-24-oxa-4-azaheptacyclo[12.12.0.02,11.04,9.015,25.018,23.019,25]hexacosan-22-yl] (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoate	101277305	Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC1C(C2C(CN3CC(CCC3C2(C)O)C)C4C1(C5C(CC6C7(C5(C4)OC6(C(CC7)OC(=O)C(C)(CC)O)O)C)O)O)O	693.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-012-0426-7 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.549
[(1S,2S,6S,9S,11R,12R,13S,14S,15S,18S,19S,22S,23S,25R)-10,12,13,14,23-pentahydroxy-6,10,19-trimethyl-24-oxa-4-azaheptacyclo[12.12.0.02,11.04,9.015,25.018,23.019,25]hexacosan-22-yl] 3,4-dimethoxybenzoate	102093838	Click to see	657.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(2S,6S,10S,12R,13S,14S,15S,16S,17R,18R,19S,22S,23S,25R)-16,17-diacetyloxy-10,12,14,23-tetrahydroxy-6,10,19-trimethyl-13-[(2R)-2-methylbutanoyl]oxy-24-oxa-4-azaheptacyclo[12.12.0.02,11.04,9.015,25.018,23.019,25]hexacosan-22-yl] (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoate	118701029	Click to see	793.90	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(2S,6S,10S,12R,15S,18S,19S,22S,23R)-10,12,13,14,23-pentahydroxy-6,10,19-trimethyl-24-oxa-4-azaheptacyclo[12.12.0.02,11.04,9.015,25.018,23.019,25]hexacosan-22-yl] acetate	5315452	Click to see CC1CCC2C(C3C(CN2C1)C4CC56C(C4(C(C3O)O)O)CCC7C5(CCC(C7(O6)O)OC(=O)C)C)(C)O	535.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
[10,12,14,16,17,23-Hexahydroxy-6,10,19-trimethyl-13-(2-methylbutanoyloxy)-24-oxa-4-azaheptacyclo[12.12.0.02,11.04,9.015,25.018,23.019,25]hexacosan-22-yl] 2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoate	162985157	Click to see	709.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00566106
[10,12,14,16,23-Pentahydroxy-6,10,19-trimethyl-13-(2-methylbutanoyloxy)-24-oxa-4-azaheptacyclo[12.12.0.02,11.04,9.015,25.018,23.019,25]hexacosan-22-yl] 2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoate	78410929	Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC1C(C2C(CN3CC(CCC3C2(C)O)C)C4C1(C5C(CC6C7(C5(C4)OC6(C(CC7)OC(=O)C(C)(CC)O)O)C)O)O)O	693.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.549
[10,12,14,16,23-Pentahydroxy-6,10,19-trimethyl-22-(2-methylbutanoyloxy)-24-oxa-4-azaheptacyclo[12.12.0.02,11.04,9.015,25.018,23.019,25]hexacosan-13-yl] 2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoate	4872951	Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC1CCC2(C3C1(OC24CC5C6CN7CC(CCC7C(C6C(C(C5(C4C(C3)O)O)OC(=O)C(C)(CC)O)O)(C)O)C)O)C	693.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19602930805
4,14,15,16,20-Pentahydroxy-4,9-epoxycevan-3-yl 3,4-dimethoxybenzoate	49868080	Click to see	657.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
Angeloylzygadenin	102093836	Click to see	575.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Cevane-3-beta,4-beta,7-alpha,14,15-alpha,16-beta,20-heptol, 4,9-epoxy-, 15-((+)-2-hydroxy-2-methylbutyrate) 3-((-)-2-methylbutyrate)	45690	Click to see	693.90	unknown	via CMAUP database
Cevane-3,4,14,15,16,20-hexol, 4,9-epoxy-, 3-(3,4-dimethoxybenzoate), (3beta,4alpha,15alpha,16beta)-	162954883	Click to see CC1CCC2C(C3C(CN2C1)C4CC56C(C4(C(C3O)O)O)CCC7C5(CCC(C7(O6)O)OC(=O)C8=CC(=C(C=C8)OC)OC)C)(C)O	657.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19602930805
CID 6419990	6419990	Click to see	793.90	unknown	via CMAUP database
Deacetylprotoveratrine A	102093842	Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC1C(C2C(CN3CC(CCC3C2(C)O)C)C4C1(C5C(C(C6C7(C5(C4)OC6(C(CC7)OC(=O)C(C)(CC)O)O)C)OC(=O)C)O)O)O	751.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-012-0426-7
Germidine	90478953	Click to see	635.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.549
Germinalinine	101286251	Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC1C(C2C(CN3CC(CCC3C2(C)O)C)C4C1(C5C(CC6C7(C5(C4)OC6(C(CC7)OC(=O)C(C)(C(C)O)O)O)C)OC(=O)C)O)O	751.90	unknown	via CMAUP database
Germindine	131879509	Click to see	635.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.549
Npc57669	35772	Click to see	657.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
Pharmakon1600-01500909	5702278	Click to see	793.90	unknown	via CMAUP database
Protoveratrine	4974	Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC1C(C2C(CN3CC(CCC3C2(C)O)C)C4C1(C5C(C(C6C7(C5(C4)OC6(C(CC7)OC(=O)C(C)(CC)O)O)C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)O)O	793.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00566106
protoveratrine A	8931	Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC1C(C2C(CN3CC(CCC3C2(C)O)C)C4C1(C5C(C(C6C7(C5(C4)OC6(C(CC7)OC(=O)C(C)(CC)O)O)C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)O)O	793.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/RCM.2909
Verabenzoamine	21672145	Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)OC1C(C2C(CN3CC(CCC3C2(C)O)C)C4C1(C5C(CC6C7(C5(C4)OC6(C(CC7)OC(=O)C8=CC(=C(C=C8)OC)OC)O)C)O)O)O	757.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP9800811
Veratroylzygadenine	5171637	Click to see	657.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19602930805
Verussurine	21672144	Click to see	799.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP9800811
Verussurinine	101596431	Click to see	593.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.549
Zygadenine	442987	Click to see CC1CCC2C(C3C(CN2C1)C4CC56C(C4(C(C3O)O)O)CCC7C5(CCC(C7(O6)O)O)C)(C)O	493.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Steroidal alkaloids / Jerveratrum-type alkaloids
(1R,3R,3'R,3'aS,4aR,6'S,6aS,6bS,7'aR,9R,11aS,11bS)-1,3-dihydroxy-3',6',10,11b-tetramethylspiro[1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,11a-dodecahydrobenzo[a]fluorene-9,2'-3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3H-furo[3,2-b]pyridine]-11-one	122178949	Click to see CC1CC2C(C(C3(O2)CCC4C5CCC6CC(CC(C6(C5C(=O)C4=C3C)C)O)O)C)NC1	443.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP501049G
(1R,3S,3'R,3'aS,5S,6'S,6aS,6bS,7'aR,9R,11aS,11bS)-1,3,5-trihydroxy-3',6',10,11b-tetramethylspiro[1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,6b,7,8,11a-dodecahydrobenzo[a]fluorene-9,2'-3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3H-furo[3,2-b]pyridine]-11-one	101897906	Click to see CC1CC2C(C(C3(O2)CCC4C5CC(C6CC(CC(C6(C5C(=O)C4=C3C)C)O)O)O)C)NC1	459.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3'R,7'aR,9R)-3-hydroxy-3',6',10,11b-tetramethylspiro[1,2,3,4,6,6a,6b,7,8,11a-decahydrobenzo[a]fluorene-9,2'-3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3H-furo[3,2-b]pyridine]-11-one	16760526	Click to see	425.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3S,3'R,3'aS,6'S,6aS,6bS,7'aR,9R,10R,11aR,11bR)-3',6',10,11b-tetramethylspiro[1,2,3,4,6,6a,6b,7,8,11a-decahydrobenzo[a]fluorene-9,2'-3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3H-furo[3,2-b]pyridine]-3,10-diol	122178948	Click to see	427.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP501049G
[(3S,3'R,3'aS,6'S,6aS,6bS,7'aR,9R,11aS,11bR)-3',6',10,11b-tetramethyl-11-oxospiro[1,2,3,4,6,6a,6b,7,8,11a-decahydrobenzo[a]fluorene-9,2'-3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-3H-furo[3,2-b]pyridine]-3-yl] formate	122178946	Click to see	453.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP501049G
3',6',10,11B-Tetramethylspiro(2,3,4,6,6A,6B,7,8,11,11A-Decahydro-1H-Benzo(A)Fluorene-9,2'-3A,4,5,6,7,7A-Hexahydro-3H-Furo(3,2-B)Pyridine)-3-Ol	4113848	Click to see	411.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
Jervine	10098	Click to see CC1CC2C(C(C3(O2)CCC4C5CC=C6CC(CCC6(C5C(=O)C4=C3C)C)O)C)NC1	425.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.549 https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-012-0426-7
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Steroidal alkaloids / Solanidines and derivatives
(10R,14S)-10,14,16,20-tetramethyl-22-azahexacyclo[12.10.0.02,11.05,10.015,23.017,22]tetracos-4-ene-7,13-diol	44135700	Click to see	413.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1S,2R,7S,10R,11R,13S,14S,15R,16S,17R,20S,23S)-10,14,16,20-tetramethyl-22-azahexacyclo[12.10.0.02,11.05,10.015,23.017,22]tetracos-4-ene-7,13-diol	50987410	Click to see	413.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
Rubijervine	253295	Click to see	413.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
Solanid-5-en-3beta,12alpha-diol	591288	Click to see CC1CCC2C(C3C(N2C1)CC4C3(C(CC5C4CC=C6C5(CCC(C6)O)C)O)C)C	413.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
Solanid-5-ene-3beta,12alpha-diol	72627	Click to see CC1CCC2C(C3C(N2C1)CC4C3(C(CC5C4CC=C6C5(CCC(C6)O)C)O)C)C	413.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
Solanidine(1+)	25244262	Click to see	398.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Steroidal glycosides / Steroidal saponins
Pseudojervine	16398499	Click to see CC1CC2C(C(C3(O2)CCC4C5CC=C6CC(CCC6(C5C(=O)C4=C3C)C)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)O)O)O)C)NC1	587.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Solanine	262500	Click to see CC1CCC2C(C3C(N2C1)CC4C3(CCC5C4CC=C6C5(CCC(C6)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)O)OC8C(C(C(C(O8)CO)O)O)O)OC9C(C(C(C(O9)C)O)O)O)C)C)C	868.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / Phenolic glycosides
N-[1,2,10-trimethoxy-9-oxo-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6,7-dihydro-5H-benzo[a]heptalen-7-yl]acetamide	10030376	Click to see	547.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Oligosaccharides
GlyTouCan:G93518NT	11968300	Click to see	828.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Naphthopyrans
Rubilactone	132415	Click to see COC(=O)C1=C(C2=CC=CC=C2C3=C1C=CC(=O)O3)O	270.24	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolines and derivatives / Benzoquinolines / Phenanthridines and derivatives
9,10-Dimethoxy-3,12-didehydrogalanthan-1,2-diol	618065	Click to see	303.35	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolizidines
[(6S,12R,18S,19S,22S)-10,13,14,22-tetrahydroxy-6,10,19-trimethyl-23-oxo-24-oxa-4-azaheptacyclo[12.12.0.02,11.04,9.015,25.018,22.019,25]hexacosan-12-yl] (Z)-2-methylbut-2-enoate	24893161	Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)OC1C2C(CN3CC(CCC3C2(C)O)C)C4CC56C(C4(C1O)O)CCC7C5(CCC7(C(=O)O6)O)C	573.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-(4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-methyloxan-2-yl)oxychromen-4-one	163044943	Click to see CC1C(C(C(OC1OC2=C(OC3=CC(=CC(=C3C2=O)O)O)C4=CC(=C(C=C4)OC)OC)O)O)O	476.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410801887664
2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-methyloxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one	163044944	Click to see	476.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410801887664
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides
2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-3-methoxy-7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one	163048531	Click to see	506.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410801887664
2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-3-methoxy-7-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one	163048530	Click to see	506.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410801887664
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Macrolides and analogues
(1'R,2S,3S,4'S,6S,8'R,10'E,12'S,13'S,14'E,16'E,20'R,21'R,24'S)-2-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-21',24'-dihydroxy-12'-[(2R,4S,5S,6S)-5-[(2S,4S,5S,6S)-5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-4-methoxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-3,11',13',22'-tetramethylspiro[2,3-dihydropyran-6,6'-3,7,19-trioxatetracyclo[15.6.1.14,8.020,24]pentacosa-10,14,16,22-tetraene]-2'-one	59310708	Click to see CCC(C)C1C(C=CC2(O1)CC3CC(O2)CC=C(C(C(C=CC=C4COC5C4(C(C=C(C5O)C)C(=O)O3)O)C)OC6CC(C(C(O6)C)OC7CC(C(C(O7)C)O)OC)OC)C)C	873.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1S,2'R,3'S,10E,12E,14S,15S,16E,19R,21S)-2'-cyclohexyl-7,15-dihydroxy-3',6,14,16-tetramethylspiro[2,20-dioxatricyclo[17.3.1.04,9]tricosa-4(9),5,7,10,12,16-hexaene-21,6'-2,3-dihydropyran]-3-one	45276503	Click to see	562.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Abamectin B1B	6858005	Click to see CC1C=CC=C2COC3C2(C(C=C(C3O)C)C(=O)OC4CC(CC=C(C1OC5CC(C(C(O5)C)OC6CC(C(C(O6)C)O)OC)OC)C)OC7(C4)C=CC(C(O7)C(C)C)C)O	859.00	unknown	via CMAUP database
Avermectin A1a	9832706	Click to see	887.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
avermectin B1a	6434889	Click to see	873.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Macrolides and analogues / Milbemycins
Avermectin B2a	6441103	Click to see CCC(C)C1C(C(CC2(O1)CC3CC(O2)CC=C(C(C(C=CC=C4COC5C4(C(C=C(C5O)C)C(=O)O3)O)C)OC6CC(C(C(O6)C)OC7CC(C(C(O7)C)O)OC)OC)C)O)C	891.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
Avermectin B2b	11953974	Click to see	877.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
Ivermectin B1a	6321424	Click to see CCC(C)C1C(CCC2(O1)CC3CC(O2)CC=C(C(C(C=CC=C4COC5C4(C(C=C(C5O)C)C(=O)O3)O)C)OC6CC(C(C(O6)C)OC7CC(C(C(O7)C)O)OC)OC)C)C	875.10	unknown	via CMAUP database

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Veratrum nigrum

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