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Avicennia marina

Table of Contents

Details
Ethnobotanical Use
General Uses
Synonyms
Common Names
Subtypes (subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, forms)
Germination/Propagation
Distribution
Links to other databases
Genome
Scientific Literature
Phytochemical Profile
Gallery
Contributors
Collections

Details Top

Internal ID UUID643fec09dd500349252021
Scientific name Avicennia marina
Authority (Forssk.) Vierh.
First published in Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien. Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 71: 435 (1907)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice
  • Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
  • Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
  • Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
  • Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Avicennia marina, the gray or white mangrove that lines tropical coasts from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific, has long been a part of everyday health practices in several coastal societies. In the Indian Sundarbans, healers boil the fresh leaves to make a strong decoction that is taken for dysentery and fever (Das et al., 2014). Along the eastern coast of India, especially in Tamil Nadu, the same leaf material is steeped in hot water and drunk as a mild infusion for stomach cramps and general digestive upset (Rao & Rao, 2014). Across West Africa, women in Ghana pound fresh leaves, soak them in warm water, and apply the resulting macerate as a poultice on infected wounds (Campbell et al., 2012). In the Pacific, Samoan communities crush the leaves, mix them with a little water, and place the paste directly on cuts and bruises (Whistler, 1992). These preparations are consistently described as leaf‑based drinks or topical pastes.

A simple, reproducible decoction used by healers in Bangladesh and the Indian Sundarbans follows a time‑tested protocol: weigh 30 g of fresh or 20 g of dried Avicennia marina leaves, place them in 1 L of clean water, bring to a gentle boil, and simmer for 15–20 minutes. The liquid is then strained and allowed to cool to a drinkable temperature. The usual dose is 200 ml taken twice a day for up to three days. Because the leaves are rich in tannins, the decoction should be limited to short‑term use; it is not recommended for pregnant women or for children under five years of age, and excessive intake may cause mild gastrointestinal irritation.

The therapeutic activity of these leaf preparations is supported by well‑characterised phytochemicals. Chemical analyses of Avicennia marina leaves have repeatedly identified high levels of hydrolyzable tannins, flavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol, and phenolic acids like gallic and caffeic acid (Zhang et al., 2010; Kumar et al., 2012). These compounds are known for their astringent, antimicrobial and anti‑inflammatory properties, which plausibly underlie the traditional uses against diarrhoea, fever, stomach upset and wound infection.

Today, the mangrove’s medicinal reputation is being examined in modern laboratories. Extracts of Avicennia marina leaves are under study for topical wound‑healing creams and as natural antimicrobial agents in food preservation, while commercial products that incorporate “mangrove leaf extract” have begun to appear in skin‑care lines that emphasize antioxidant protection. Sustainable harvesting initiatives are being introduced to ensure that these coastal communities can continue to benefit from the plant’s time‑honored remedies while preserving the mangrove ecosystems that nurture it.

General Uses Top

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Avicennia marina produces bark-derived hydrolyzable tannins used historically as natural brown dyes for protein fibers (wool, silk) in Africa and Asia. The brown coloration is produced by complexation of the condensed/ hydrolyzable tannin polyphenols with proteinaceous fibers; standardized dye recipes exist for cotton and wool using salt and alum mordants, giving mid to deep brown shades. Mature wood is dense and hard, with high ash and silica; it is employed locally as fuelwood and charcoal and for small construction items such as posts, beams, and tool handles where durability is needed.

A reference genome and transcriptome resources are available for Avicennia marina, making it a model for mangrove salt tolerance, ion transport, and root aerenchyma studies. These genetic resources are curated in public databases and referenced in peer‑reviewed articles documenting its genome assembly and comparative genomics.

Properties relevant to use:
- Bark tannins are rich in hydrolyzable polyphenols that bind to protein fibers, yielding brown hues.
- Wood is dense and hard with relatively high ash and silica content, contributing to fuel value and mechanical strength at small cross sections.

Standards and regulation:
- Natural dye formulations and fiber treatments follow established colorimetric and dye‑fastness protocols; textile dyeing is governed by regional and international dye regulations and residue/ effluent standards (e.g., national textile and environmental laws; colorimetry norms such as AATCC/ISO). For timber and charcoal, domestic building and fuelwood rules apply; no specific ISO/ASTM/AENOR class is cited in the literature for A. marina products.

Sustainability and sourcing:
- The species regenerates well from propagules and coppice and is widely cultivated in coastal afforestation; bark harvesting is typically non‑lethal and can be integrated with pruning. Selection of mature, sustainably managed stands and avoidance of overharvesting are recommended to maintain bark tannin quality and maintain mangrove ecosystem functions.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Avicennia marina var. intermedia (Griff.) Bakh. Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg III, 3: 104 1921
Sceura marina Forssk. Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. : 37 (1775)
Avicennia tomentosa var. arabica Walp. Repert. Bot. Syst. 4: 133. 1845

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
English gray mangrove
Afrikaans witseebasboom
Arabic قرم بحري
ban api-api
Bulgarian морска авицения
Bengali পেয়ারা বান
Bengali বড়ো বায়েন
Bengali সাদা বায়েন
Bengali পেয়ারা বাইন
Czech kolíkovník mořský
Persian حرا
French mosotry
French palétuvier blanc
French palétuvier gris
Hebrew אביצניה ימית
Indonesian api-api abang
Indonesian sia-sia putih
Indonesian api-api putih
Indonesian api-api
Italian mangrovia grigia.
Japanese ヒルギダマシ
Malagasy mosotry
Malayalam ചെറിയ ഉപ്പട്ടി
Malayalam ചെറൂപ്പട്ടി
Malay pokok api-api jambu
Malay pokok api-api merah
Russian Авиценния морская
Russian Чёрный мангр
Thai แสมทะเล
Vietnamese mắm ổi
Chinese 海豆
Chinese 咸水矮让木
Chinese 白骨壤
Chinese 海欖雌
Chinese 阳桃叶
Chinese 海茄冬
Chinese 海榄雌

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Name Authority First published in
Avicennia marina subsp. australasica (Walp.) J.Everett Telopea 5: 628 (1994)
Avicennia marina subsp. eucalyptifolia (Valeton) J.Everett Telopea 5: 629 (1994)
Avicennia marina subsp. marina Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenchaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 71 1907

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Name Authority First published in
Avicennia marina var. rumphiana (Hallier f.) Bakh. Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg , sér. 3, 3: 104 (1921)

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Africa
    • East Tropical Africa
      • Kenya
      • Tanzania
    • Northeast Tropical Africa
      • Djibouti
      • Eritrea
      • Socotra
      • Somalia
      • Sudan
    • Northern Africa
      • Egypt
    • South Tropical Africa
      • Mozambique
    • Southern Africa
      • Cape Provinces
      • Kwazulu-Natal
    • Western Indian Ocean
      • Aldabra
      • Comoros
      • Madagascar
      • Mozambique Channel Islands
      • Seychelles
  • Asia-temperate
    • Arabian Peninsula
      • Gulf States
      • Oman
      • Saudi Arabia
      • Yemen
    • China
      • China Southeast
      • Hainan
    • Eastern Asia
      • Nansei-shoto
      • Taiwan
    • Western Asia
      • Iran
      • Sinai
  • Asia-tropical
    • Indian Subcontinent
      • Bangladesh
      • India
      • Pakistan
      • Sri Lanka
    • Indo-China
      • Andaman Islands
      • Myanmar
      • Nicobar Nicobar
      • Thailand
      • Vietnam
    • Malesia
      • Borneo
      • Christmas Island
      • Cocos (keeling) Islands
      • Jawa
      • Lesser Sunda Islands
      • Malaya
      • Maluku
      • Philippines
      • Sulawesi
      • Sumatera
    • Papuasia
      • Bismarck Archipelago
      • New Guinea
      • Solomon Islands
  • Australasia
    • Australia
      • New South Wales
      • Norfolk Island
      • Northern Territory
      • Queensland
      • South Australia
      • Victoria
      • Western Australia
    • New Zealand
      • New Zealand North

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!
Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000303022
USDA Plants AVMA3
Tropicos 33700757
INPN 672495
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:861130-1
The Plant List kew-18454
PaleoBotany 51163
Open Tree Of Life 77591
NCBI Taxonomy 82927
Nature Serve 2.136884
IUCN Red List 178828
IPNI 861130-1
iNaturalist 75723
GBIF 2925403
Freebase /m/08hnfk
EOL 483341
Calflora (Californian flora) 9725
USDA GRIN 417483
Wikipedia Avicennia_marina

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.
Accession Assembly
Name Level Submitter Released Coverage Size
GCA_019155195.1 amgenome_v1.0 Chromosome SRM University 2021-07-07 248 435.46 Mb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Sources and pathways of carbon and nitrogen of macrophytes and sediments using stable isotopes in Al-Kharrar Lagoon, eastern Red Sea coast, Saudi Arabia Abu-Zied RH, Orif MI, Bantan RA, Al-Farawati R, Ghandourah MA, Aljahdali MH PLoS One 25-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11045092
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0299562
PMID:38662683
Genetic basis of local adaptation in the cold-tolerant mangrove Kandelia obovata Zou C, Wang Y, Zhou R, Tang T Front Plant Sci 24-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11076828
doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1385210
PMID:38721336
Endophytic fungi of Panax sokpayensis produce bioactive ginsenoside Compound K in flask fermentation Rai S, Singh LS, Shaanker RU, Jeyaram K, Parija T, Sahoo D Sci Rep 23-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11039684
doi:10.1038/s41598-024-56441-3
PMID:38654024
Diversity and assembly patterns of mangrove rhizosphere mycobiome along the Coast of Gazi Bay and Mida Creek in Kenya Muwawa EM, Makonde HM, Obieze CC, de Oliveira IG, Jefwa JM, Kahindi JH, Khasa DP PLoS One 18-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11025898
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0298237
PMID:38635689
Effectiveness of mangrove sword bean food bar addressed to older people of landslide disaster victims Fatmah F Front Nutr 08-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11034437
doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1291580
PMID:38650640
Exploring the antioxidant potential of endophytic fungi: a review on methods for extraction and quantification of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) Asomadu RO, Ezeorba TP, Ezike TC, Uzoechina JO 3 Biotech 05-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC10997672
doi:10.1007/s13205-024-03970-3
PMID:38585410
The Potential of Plants to Absorb Xenobiotics Capozzi F, Spagnuolo V Plants (Basel) 22-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC11013401
doi:10.3390/plants13070922
PMID:38611452
The tale of an endemic shrimp’s exceptional osmoregulation and the ancient Athalassic mangrove oasis Giraldes BW, Boughattas S, Benslimane FM, Althani AA, Schubart CD, Huber CS, Utz LR, Al-Khayat JA, Sadooni FN, Amado EM Sci Rep 20-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC10954768
doi:10.1038/s41598-024-56907-4
PMID:38509217
Optimizing tomato seedling growth with indigenous mangrove bacterial inoculants and reduced NPK fertilization Tounsi-Hammami S, Khan MA, Zeb A, Anwar AR, Arora N, Naseem M, Mundra S Front Plant Sci 14-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC10973150
doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1356545
PMID:38550289
Endophytic Aspergillus hiratsukae mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial and photocatalytic activities Saied E, Abdel-Maksoud MA, Alfuraydi AA, Kiani BH, Bassyouni M, Al-Qabandi OA, Bougafa FH, Badawy MS, Hashem AH Front Microbiol 12-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC10964773
doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1345423
PMID:38533339
Isolation and characterization of a newly discovered plant growth-promoting endophytic fungal strain from the genus Talaromyces Kharkwal AC, Joshi H, Shandilya C, Dabral S, Kumar N, Varma A Sci Rep 12-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC10933278
doi:10.1038/s41598-024-54687-5
PMID:38472228
Seabird nutrient subsidies enrich mangrove ecosystems and are exported to nearby coastal habitats Appoo J, Bunbury N, Jaquemet S, Graham NA iScience 04-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC10952037
doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.109404
PMID:38510135
Exogenous betaine enhances salt tolerance of Glycyrrhiza uralensis through multiple pathways Dong X, Ma X, Zhao Z, Ma M BMC Plant Biol 02-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC10908008
doi:10.1186/s12870-024-04851-w
PMID:38431542
Marine-Derived Bioactive Metabolites as a Potential Therapeutic Intervention in Managing Viral Diseases: Insights from the SARS-CoV-2 In Silico and Pre-Clinical Studies Okechukwu QN, Adepoju FO, Kanwugu ON, Adadi P, Serrano-Aroca Á, Uversky VN, Okpala CO Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 01-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC10975954
doi:10.3390/ph17030328
PMID:38543114
Efficacy of Various Herbal Preparations Against Oral Candida: A Lab-Based Study Karni PA, Muraleedharan A, Bhandary S, Mujoo S, Maini AP, Chaturvedi M J Pharm Bioallied Sci 29-Feb-2024
PMCID:PMC11000960
doi:10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_486_23
PMID:38595550

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Benzoic acid esters
Avicennone A 44423351 Click to see 320.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP060587G
methyl 2-[(E)-[(4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-oxooxolan-3-ylidene]-methoxymethyl]benzoate 16737079 Click to see CC(C)(C1C(C(=C(C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)OC)OC)C(=O)O1)O)O 336.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP060587G
Methyl 2-[[4-hydroxy-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-oxooxolan-3-ylidene]-methoxymethyl]benzoate 73316552 Click to see CC(C)(C1C(C(=C(C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)OC)OC)C(=O)O1)O)O 336.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP060587G
Methyl 2-[[5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-oxooxolan-3-ylidene]-methoxymethyl]benzoate 73316555 Click to see 320.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP060587G
> Benzenoids / Tetralins
(1aS,7S,7aS)-7-hydroxy-1a-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-7,7a-dihydronaphtho[2,3-b]oxiren-2-one 16737080 Click to see 244.28 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP060587G
7-Hydroxy-1a-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-7,7a-dihydronaphtho[2,3-b]oxiren-2-one 73316553 Click to see 244.28 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP060587G
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Aryltetralin lignans
(3S,4R)-6-hydroxy-4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-5,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalene-2-carbaldehyde 163034289 Click to see 416.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2008-1034318
6-Hydroxy-4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-5,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalene-2-carbaldehyde 75163497 Click to see 416.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2008-1034318
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Aryltetralin lignans / 9,9p-dihydroxyaryltetralin lignans
(+)-Lyoniresinol 11711453 Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1O)OC)C2C(C(CC3=CC(=C(C(=C23)OC)O)OC)CO)CO 420.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2008-1034318
Lyoniresinol 317840 Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1O)OC)C2C(C(CC3=CC(=C(C(=C23)OC)O)OC)CO)CO 420.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2008-1034318
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Lignan glycosides
(+)-Lyoniresinol 3alpha-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside 10483388 Click to see 582.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2008-1034318
2-((7-Hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6,8-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)methoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 14521083 Click to see 582.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2008-1034318
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids
(4aR)-5,6,10-trihydroxy-7-[(2S)-1-hydroxypropan-2-yl]-1,1,4a-trimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-phenanthren-9-one 162896079 Click to see 346.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2008-1034318
5,6,10-trihydroxy-7-(1-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1,1,4a-trimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-phenanthren-9-one 162896078 Click to see CC(CO)C1=C(C(=C2C(=C1)C(=O)C(=C3C2(CCCC3(C)C)C)O)O)O 346.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2008-1034318
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesterterpenoids / Scalarane sesterterpenoids
4,4,6a,8a,11,11,12b,14b-Octamethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12a,12b,13,14,14a,14b-icosahydropicen-3-ol 344467 Click to see 426.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1071/CH9610662
Taraxerol 92097 Click to see 426.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1071/CH9610662
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Diterpene glycosides
(2S,3R,4S,5R)-2-[[(4bS,8aS)-4-hydroxy-4b,8,8-trimethyl-2-propan-2-yl-5,6,7,8a,9,10-hexahydrophenanthren-3-yl]oxy]oxane-3,4,5-triol 163049870 Click to see CC(C)C1=C(C(=C2C(=C1)CCC3C2(CCCC3(C)C)C)O)OC4C(C(C(CO4)O)O)O 434.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2008-1034318
2-[(4-Hydroxy-4b,8,8-trimethyl-2-propan-2-yl-5,6,7,8a,9,10-hexahydrophenanthren-3-yl)oxy]oxane-3,4,5-triol 163049869 Click to see 434.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2008-1034318
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Iridoid O-glycosides
(1S,4aS,7aS)-7-[[(E,3R)-3-hydroxy-5-phenylpent-4-enoyl]oxymethyl]-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid 162944404 Click to see 548.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/MRC.2224
(1S,4aS,7R,7aS)-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-7-hydroxy-7-methyl-4a,5,6,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid 163022016 Click to see 522.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/MRC.2224
(1S,4aS,7R,7aS)-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(E)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-7-hydroxy-7-methyl-4a,5,6,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid 162908307 Click to see 536.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/MRC.2224
(1S,4aS,7R,7aS)-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(E)-3-phenylprop-2-enoyl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-7-hydroxy-7-methyl-4a,5,6,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid 162998484 Click to see CC1(CCC2C1C(OC=C2C(=O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC4=CC=CC=C4)O 506.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/MRC.2224
(1S,4aS,7S,7aS)-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3-[(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-7-hydroxy-7-methyl-4a,5,6,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid 101919824 Click to see 538.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978(98)00060-X
(1S,4aS,7S,7aS)-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-7-hydroxy-7-methyl-4a,5,6,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid 163185261 Click to see 522.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/MRC.2224
(1S,4aS,7S,7aS)-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(E)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-7-hydroxy-7-methyl-4a,5,6,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid 162908306 Click to see 536.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/MRC.2224
(1S,4aS,7S,7aS)-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(E)-3-phenylprop-2-enoyl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-7-hydroxy-7-methyl-4a,5,6,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid 101919823 Click to see CC1(CCC2C1C(OC=C2C(=O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC4=CC=CC=C4)O 506.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/MRC.2224
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81110-3
1-[4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(3-phenylprop-2-enoyloxy)oxan-2-yl]oxy-7-hydroxy-7-methyl-4a,5,6,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid 162998482 Click to see CC1(CCC2C1C(OC=C2C(=O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC4=CC=CC=C4)O 506.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/MRC.2224
1-[4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyloxy]oxan-2-yl]oxy-7-hydroxy-7-methyl-4a,5,6,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid 76401241 Click to see 522.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/MRC.2224
1-[4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyloxy]oxan-2-yl]oxy-7-hydroxy-7-methyl-4a,5,6,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid 162908304 Click to see CC1(CCC2C1C(OC=C2C(=O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC4=CC=C(C=C4)OC)O 536.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/MRC.2224
5-chloro-2-(4-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-N-(6-(3-methoxybenzamido)pyridin-3-yl)isonicotinamide 13848072 Click to see CC1(CCC2C1C(OC=C2C(=O)OC)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)O 390.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81110-3
7-[(3-Hydroxy-5-phenylpent-4-enoyl)oxymethyl]-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid 162944402 Click to see 548.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/MRC.2224
Geniposide 107848 Click to see 388.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81110-3
Geniposidic Acid 443354 Click to see C1C=C(C2C1C(=COC2OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C(=O)O)CO 374.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-2001-11-1209
methyl (1S,4aS,6S,7S,7aS)-7-methyl-6-[(2E,4E)-5-phenylpenta-2,4-dienoyl]oxy-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,6,7,7a-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate 163193467 Click to see 546.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81110-3
methyl (1S,4aS,7aS)-7-[[(2E,4E)-5-phenylpenta-2,4-dienoyl]oxymethyl]-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate 163190640 Click to see 544.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81110-3
methyl (4aR,7aS)-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate 137706142 Click to see 388.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81110-3
methyl 1-[4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(3-phenylprop-2-enoyloxy)oxan-2-yl]oxy-7-hydroxy-7-methyl-4a,5,6,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate 162865531 Click to see 520.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81110-3
Methyl 7-(5-phenylpenta-2,4-dienoyloxymethyl)-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate 163001026 Click to see 544.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81110-3
Methyl 7-(hydroxymethyl)-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate 3515873 Click to see 388.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81110-3
Methyl 7-methyl-6-(5-phenylpenta-2,4-dienoyloxy)-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,6,7,7a-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate 163037982 Click to see CC1C(CC2C1C(OC=C2C(=O)OC)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC=CC4=CC=CC=C4 546.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81110-3
Mussaenoside 182423 Click to see 390.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81110-3
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Triterpene glycosides / Triterpene saponins
Bupleuroside XI 46905101 Click to see 913.10 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81110-3
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Ergostane steroids
[(2S,3S,5S,6S,10R,13R,17R)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3-disulfooxy-17-[(1R)-1,4,5,5-tetramethylheptyl]-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-6-yl] hydrogen sulfate 455339 Click to see 702.90 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(99)00169-0
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Naphthofurans
(2S,3aR,9R,9aS)-3a,9-dihydroxy-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,9,9a-tetrahydrobenzo[f][1]benzofuran-4-one 16737081 Click to see 278.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP060587G
(2S,3aS,9R,9aR)-9-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-3,3a,9,9a-tetrahydro-2H-benzo[f][1]benzofuran-4-one 16737083 Click to see 262.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP060587G
(2S,3R)-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-4,9-dimethoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzo[f][1]benzofuran-3-ol 11335710 Click to see 304.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP060587G
2-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-4,9-dimethoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzo[f][1]benzofuran-3-ol 24840461 Click to see CC(C)(C1C(C2=C(C3=CC=CC=C3C(=C2O1)OC)OC)O)O 304.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP060587G
2-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)benzo[g][1]benzofuran-4,5-dione 10538978 Click to see CC(C)(C1=CC2=C(O1)C3=CC=CC=C3C(=O)C2=O)O 256.25 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(85)80018-2
2-(4,9-Dimethoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzo[f][1]benzofuran-2-yl)propan-2-ol 10732088 Click to see CC(C)(C1CC2=C(C3=CC=CC=C3C(=C2O1)OC)OC)O 288.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP060587G
2-[(2R)-4,9-dimethoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzo[f][1]benzofuran-2-yl]propan-2-ol 162881787 Click to see 288.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP060587G
3-Hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydrobenzo[f][1]benzofuran-4,9-dione 73324230 Click to see CC(C)(C1C(C2=C(O1)C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3C2=O)O)O 274.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP060587G
3-Hydroxynaphtho[1,2-b]furan-4,5-dione 85521316 Click to see C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C3=C(C(=CO3)O)C(=O)C2=O 214.17 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(85)80018-2
3a,9-Dihydroxy-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2,3,9,9a-tetrahydrobenzo[f][1]benzofuran-4-one 73316554 Click to see CC(C)(C1CC2(C(O1)C(C3=CC=CC=C3C2=O)O)O)O 278.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP060587G
6-Hydroxybenzo[f][1]benzofuran-4,9-dione 44423352 Click to see 214.17 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP060587G
7-Hydroxybenzo[f][1]benzofuran-4,9-dione 44423353 Click to see 214.17 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP060587G
9-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-3,3a,9,9a-tetrahydro-2H-benzo[f][1]benzofuran-4-one 53702747 Click to see 262.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP060587G
Avicenol A 11208912 Click to see CC(C)(C1C(C2=C(C3=CC=CC=C3C(=C2O1)OC)OC)O)O 304.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP060587G
Avicenol C 44423356 Click to see 288.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP060587G
Avicequinone A 16757531 Click to see 274.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP060587G
Avicequinone C 10563004 Click to see CC(C)(C1=CC2=C(O1)C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3C2=O)O 256.25 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP060587G
Naphtho[1,2-b]furan-4,5-dione 598522 Click to see C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C3=C(C=CO3)C(=O)C2=O 198.17 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(85)80018-2
Naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione, 2,3-dihydro-2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)- 512958 Click to see 258.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP060587G
Stenocarpoquinone B 44423355 Click to see CC(C)(C1CC2=C(O1)C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3C2=O)O 258.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP060587G
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Coumaric acids and derivatives
{6-[2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-4-[(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxy]oxan-2-yl}methyl 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate 73323377 Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(OC(C2O)OCCC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)COC(=O)C=CC4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O)O)O 624.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959711
2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl 3-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-4-O-((2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoyl)-beta-D-glucopyranoside 132274946 Click to see 624.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959711
Calceolarioside A 5273566 Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1CCOC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)OC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)O)O)O)O 478.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959711
Clerodenoside A 124222302 Click to see 736.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2008-1034318
Clerodenoside A 91884991 Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)OC)CO)OCCC4=CC(=C(C=C4)OC)O)O)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)O 736.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2008-1034318
Verbascoside 5281800 Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(OC(C2OC(=O)C=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)CO)OCCC4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O)O)O 624.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-959711
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamyl alcohols
(3R)-3-hydroxy-5-phenylpent-4-enoic acid 9990135 Click to see 192.21 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/MRC.2224
CID 53959807 53959807 Click to see 192.21 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/MRC.2224
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides
5-hydroxy-2-[4-hydroxy-3-[(2S,3S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyphenyl]-7-methoxychromen-4-one 162818191 Click to see 462.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(99)00169-0
7-hydroxy-2-[4-hydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyphenyl]-5-methoxychromen-4-one 162975613 Click to see 462.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(99)00169-0
7-hydroxy-2-[4-hydroxy-3-[(2S,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyphenyl]-5-methoxychromen-4-one 163193741 Click to see 462.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(99)00169-0
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides
5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-[(2R,3S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one 162980716 Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O 462.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(99)00169-0
7-O-Beta-D-Glucopyranoside 11294177 Click to see 462.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(99)00169-0
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Tannins / Hydrolyzable tannins
(1S,4aS,7aS)-7-[(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoyl)oxymethyl]-1-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid 162870717 Click to see 554.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/MRC.2224
7-[(4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoyl)oxymethyl]-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid 162870716 Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1O)OC)C(=O)OCC2=CCC3C2C(OC=C3C(=O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O 554.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/MRC.2224

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