Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Cassia fistula, the golden‑shower tree, has a long record of use in traditional medicine across South Asia, East Asia, and West Africa. In Ayurvedic practice, the bark is boiled into a decoction to treat acute diarrhea and dysentery; the leaves are brewed as a mild tonic for fever and general weakness (Sharma and Singh, 2018). Traditional Chinese medicine employs a decoction of the bark as a purgative and a poultice of the leaves for skin lesions and wounds (Li et al., 2019). In Nigeria, the bark is macerated in water to produce a tea that is drunk to relieve stomach cramps and to treat urinary tract infections, while the leaves are ground into a paste and applied to cuts and bruises (Okoro et al., 2020). Across these cultures, the common theme is the use of infusions or decoctions of bark and leaves, and the application of leaf macerations or poultices for external wounds.

A simple, safe preparation is a mild bark tea that can be made at home. Take 5 g of dried bark, place it in a small saucepan, and add 250 ml of boiling water. Let the mixture steep for 10 minutes, then strain and allow it to cool to a drinkable temperature. Consume one cup in the morning or evening. This dose is well below the levels that cause laxative effects; however, pregnant women and individuals with a history of gastrointestinal sensitivity should avoid it, and the tea should not be taken in excess of 2 cups per day.

The therapeutic properties of Cassia fistula are largely attributed to its anthraquinone compounds, notably emodin and chrysophanol, which have documented laxative and anti‑inflammatory activity. Flavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol, along with condensed tannins, contribute to the plant’s antimicrobial and wound‑healing effects. These constituents have been isolated from the bark and leaves in several phytochemical studies, providing a biochemical basis for the traditional uses described above.

Modern research continues to explore Cassia fistula’s potential. Recent in‑vitro studies confirm its anti‑inflammatory activity, and clinical trials in India are evaluating its efficacy as a natural laxative for mild constipation. The bark extract is also available as a commercial herbal supplement in several countries, and its use remains common in rural communities where the tree is abundant.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
- Fruit pulp: natural sweetener and flavoring agent in confectionery and beverages.
- Seed oil: edible oil and feedstock for biodiesel.
- Wood: timber for furniture, construction, turned objects.
- Bark: tannin extract for leather tanning.
- Flowers: natural dye source.
- Leaves: fodder and green manure.

Industrial and craft applications:
- Wood for interior joinery, furniture, tool handles, and decorative objects.
- Bark tannins used in leather tanning processes.
- Seed oil as a non‑edible oil for biodiesel production.
- Flower extract as a natural yellow‑orange dye for textile fibers.

Food and beverages (non‑medicinal):
- Fruit pulp incorporated into Indian sweets and fruit‑based drinks as a sweetener.
- Roasted seeds consumed as a snack.
- Fresh or dried flowers used as garnish or in salads.
- Young leaves cooked as a vegetable in some Asian cuisines.

Colorants and tanning:
- Bark yields hydrolyzable tannins (≈15 % dry weight) suitable for leather tanning.
- Flowers contain flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol) that provide a yellow dye for wool, silk, and other protein fibers.

Wood and fiber:
- Wood density 0.60–0.80 g cm⁻³, hard and durable, resistant to termites; used for furniture, flooring, and construction.
- Bark fibers have limited documented use for cordage.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
- Essential oil distilled from leaves and flowers is employed in perfumery and scented soaps.

Properties relevant to use:
- High mechanical strength and natural termite resistance of the wood.
- Hydrolyzable tannin profile of bark provides effective leather tanning.
- Seed oil rich in linoleic (≈45 %) and oleic (≈30 %) acids, suitable for cooking oil and biodiesel conversion.
- Flavonoid pigments in flowers yield stable yellow coloration.

Standards and regulation:
- Timber graded under Indian Standard IS 401; preservation requirements follow EN 13402 for leather products.
- Seed oil for edible use complies with Codex Alimentarius; biodiesel feedstock meets ISO 17088.
- Food applications of fruit pulp are subject to national food‑safety regulations (e.g., FDA, EU Novel Food Regulation).

Sustainability and sourcing:
- Cassia fistula is cultivated in agroforestry systems across South and Southeast Asia, providing shade, soil improvement, and fodder.
- Bark and wood are harvested from community‑managed plantations; seed oil can be sourced from cultivated or wild trees.
- Conservation efforts promote cultivation to reduce pressure on natural populations.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Bactyrilobium fistula	(L.) Willd.	Enum. Pl.: 440 (1809)
Cassia rhombifolia	Roxb.	Fl. Ind.2: 334 (1824)
Cassia bonplandiana	DC.	Prodr.2: 490 (1825)
Cassia fistuloides	Collad.	Hist. Nat. Méd. Casses: 87 (1816)
Cathartocarpus excelsus	G.Don	Gen. Hist.2: 453 (1832)
Cathartocarpus fistula	(L.) Pers.	Syn. Pl.1: 459 (1805)
Cathartocarpus fistuloides	(Collad.) G.Don	J.C.Loudon, Hort. Brit.: 167 (1830)
Cathartocarpus rhombifolius	(Roxb.) G.Don	Gen. Hist.2: 453 (1832)
Cassia fistula var. ovata	DC.	Prodr.2: 492 (1825)
Cassia excelsa	Kunth	Nov. Gen. Sp. 6: 339 (1824)

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	golden shower
English	golden shower tree
English	indian laburnum
English	golden rain
English	purging cassia
English	pudding-pipe tree
English	bactyrilobium fistula
English	cassia bonplandiana
English	cathartocarpus excelsus
English	cassia fistuloides
English	cassia rhombifolia
Spanish	caña fistula
Spanish	caña fístula
Spanish	ratchaphruek
Spanish	bactyrilobium fistula
Spanish	cassia bonplandiana
Spanish	cathartocarpus excelsus
Spanish	cathartocarpus fistula
Spanish	cathartocarpus fistuloides
Spanish	cathartocarpus rhombifolius
Spanish	cassia fistuloides
Spanish	cassia rhombifolia
ace	beuraksa
Arabic	خيار شنبر
Arabic	قثاء هندي
Arabic	بكبر هندي
Arabic	خروب هندي
Assamese	সোণাৰু
Azerbaijani	borucuqlu səna
ban	trengguli
Bengali	সোনালী
Bengali	অমলতাস
Bengali	বাঁদরলাঠি
Bengali	সোনালু
Catalan	canyafístula
Czech	kasie obecná
German	röhren-kassie
German	fisettkassie
German	indischer goldregen
German	purgierkassie
German	röhrenkassie
Persian	درخت فلوس
Persian	فلوس
Finnish	kultasadekassia
French	cassier
French	casse
French	canéficier
French	canéfier
French	cytise indien
French	douche d'or
French	faux caroubier
French	faux séné
gom	बायो – cassia fistula
Gujarati	ગરમાળો
Hebrew	כסית האבוב
Hindi	अमलतास
Upper Sorbian	trubkojta kasija
ht	kas zabitan
Indonesian	tengguli
Igbo	golden rain
Igbo	golden shower
Igbo	indian laburnum
Igbo	pudding-pipe tree
Igbo	purging cassia
Igbo	bactyrilobium fistula
Igbo	cassia bonplandiana
Igbo	cassia fistuloides
Igbo	cassia rhombifolia
Igbo	cathartocarpus excelsus
Japanese	ナンバンサイカチ
jv	téngguli
Kannada	ಕೊಂದೆ
Kannada	ಕಕ್ಕೆ ಗಿಡ
Korean	라차프륵
Korean	카시아
lo	ດອກຄູນ
lzh	阿勒勃
mad	kalobhur
mai	राजवृक्ष
Malayalam	കടക്കൊന്ന
Malayalam	kanikkonna
Malayalam	അരഗ്വധം
Malayalam	കണികൊന്ന
Malayalam	വിഷുക്കൊന്ന
Malayalam	സുവർണ്ണകം
Malayalam	കണിക്കൊന്ന
Marathi	बाहवा
Marathi	बहावा
Malay	kayu raja
Burmese	ငုပင်
Nepali	राजवृक्ष
Dutch	indische goudenregen
Dutch	pijpkassia
Dutch	trommelstokkenboom
Oriya	ସୁନାରି ଗଛ
Oriya	ସୁନାରୀ ଗଛ
Oriya	ସୁନାରି
Punjabi	ਅਮਲਤਾਸ
Polish	strączyniec cewiasty
Punjab	املتاس
Pashto	پلوس
Pashto	جړانګو
Pashto	جړانگو
Pashto	املتاس
Pashto	اميلتاس
Pashto	امیلتاس
Pashto	امېلتاس
Pashto	لانډس
Pashto	لانډيس
Pashto	لانډیس
Pashto	لانډېس
Pashto	چمبړخيال
Portuguese	cássia-imperial
Portuguese	canafístula
Portuguese	cássia imperial
Russian	Кассия трубчатая
sa	अरग्वदवृक्षः
sd	املتاس
Tamil	கொன்றை மரம்
Tamil	கொன்றை
Tamil	சரக்கொன்றை
Tamil	சரக்கொன்னை
Telugu	అరగ్వద
Telugu	రేల
Thai	ราชพฤกษ์
Thai	คูน
Thai	ดอกคูน
Thai	กุเพยะ
Thai	ดอกราชพฤกษ์
Thai	ต้นคูณ
Thai	ต้นคูน
Thai	ต้นราชพฤกษ์
Thai	ไม้คูน
Thai	ลมแล้ง
Thai	ลักเกลือ
Thai	ลักเคย
Thai	อ้อดิบ
Tonga	mafatakikoula
Urdu	املتاس
Vietnamese	bò cạp nước
Vietnamese	Điệp vàng
Vietnamese	hoàng điệp
Vietnamese	muồng hoàng hậu
Vietnamese	muồng hoàng yến
Chinese	腊肠树
Chinese	牛角树
Chinese	婆罗门皂荚
Chinese	婆罗门皂荚叶
Chinese	腊肠果
Chinese	阿勃勒
Chinese	波斯皂荚
Chinese	黃金雨
Chinese	南蠻皂莢
Chinese	婆羅門皂莢
Chinese	波斯皂莢
Chinese	豬腸豆
Chinese	金急雨
Chinese	阿勒勃
Chinese	一种维管植物

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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No subspecies added yet.

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- East Tropical Africa
  - Kenya
  - Tanzania
  - Uganda
- Macaronesia
  - Cape Verde
- Northeast Tropical Africa
  - Ethiopia
- Northern Africa
  - Egypt
- South Tropical Africa
  - Angola
  - Malawi
  - Zimbabwe
- West Tropical Africa
  - Gambia
  - Senegal
- West-central Tropical Africa
  - Cameroon
  - Gulf Of Guinea Islands
  - Zaïre
- Western Indian Ocean
  - Comoros

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Arabian Peninsula
  - Yemen
- China
  - China Southeast
- Western Asia
  - Iraq

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indian Subcontinent
  - Assam
  - Bangladesh
  - East Himalaya
  - India
  - Laccadive Islands
  - Maldives
  - Nepal
  - Pakistan
  - Sri Lanka
  - West Himalaya
- Indo-China
  - Andaman Islands
  - Cambodia
  - Laos
  - Myanmar
  - Thailand
  - Vietnam
- Malesia
  - Borneo
  - Jawa
  - Lesser Sunda Islands
  - Malaya
  - Maluku
  - Philippines
  - Sulawesi
  - Sumatera
- Papuasia
  - New Guinea

Australasia click to expand
- Australia
  - Northern Territory
  - Queensland
  - Western Australia

Northern America click to expand
- Mexico
  - Mexico Southwest

Pacific click to expand
- Northwestern Pacific
  - Caroline Islands
  - Marianas
- South-central Pacific
  - Society Islands
- Southwestern Pacific
  - Vanuatu

Southern America click to expand
- Caribbean
  - Southwest Caribbean
  - Trinidad-Tobago
- Central America
  - El Salvador
  - Nicaragua
  - Panamá
- Northern South America
  - French Guiana
  - Guyana
  - Venezuela
- Western South America
  - Colombia
  - Ecuador
  - Peru

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000163802
UNII	LS6U4E0H5H
Florida Plant Atlas	1678
USDA Plants	CAFI3
Tropicos	13028064
INPN	447035
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:484507-1
The Plant List	ild-1022
Missouri Botanical Garden	280435
Open Tree Of Life	959676
NCBI Taxonomy	53852
NBN Atlas	NBNSYS0200003447
Nature Serve	2.149961
IUCN Red List	136142327
IPNI	484507-1
iNaturalist	68679
IFPNI	2AA78445-4FC1-14B7-8114-BFAB805A0B2D
GBIF	5357108
Freebase	/m/04x1z1
EPPO	CASFI
EOL	704102
USDA GRIN	9334
Wikipedia	Cassia_fistula
Plantarium	48305

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

From nature to nanomedicine: bioengineered metallic nanoparticles bridge the gap for medical applications

Patel J, Kumar GS, Roy H, Maddiboyina B, Leporatti S, Bohara RA

Discov Nano

09-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11082127
doi:	10.1186/s11671-024-04021-9
PMID:	38724833

Study of medicinal plants used in ethnoveterinary medical system in riverine areas of Punjab, Pakistan

Umair M, Altaf M, Ahsan T, Bussmann RW, Abbasi AM, Gatasheh MK, Elrobh M

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

07-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11077875
doi:	10.1186/s13002-024-00686-9
PMID:	38715115

Unleashing the promise of emerging nanomaterials as a sustainable platform to mitigate antimicrobial resistance

Rahman S, Sadaf S, Hoque ME, Mishra A, Mubarak NM, Malafaia G, Singh J

RSC Adv

01-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11062400
doi:	10.1039/d3ra05816f
PMID:	38694553

Fractionation of Carlina acaulis L. Root Methanolic Extract as a Promising Path towards New Formulations against Bacillus cereus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Wnorowska S, Grzegorczyk A, Kurzepa J, Maggi F, Strzemski M

Molecules

24-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11085459
doi:	10.3390/molecules29091939
PMID:	38731430

Immunomodulatory effect of Unani polyherbal formulation - Tiryaq Wabai in mild to moderate COVID-19 patients – A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial

Kumar A, Khan MS, Haque ZU, Rai A, Fazil M, Rabbani G

J Ayurveda Integr Med

04-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC10997826
doi:	10.1016/j.jaim.2024.100903
PMID:	38574518

Isolation, characterization and pharmacological potentials of methanol extract of Cassia fistula leaves: Evidenced from mice model along with molecular docking analysis

Taher MA, Laboni AA, Islam MA, Hasnat H, Hasan MM, Ferdous J, Shompa SA, Khan M

Heliyon

27-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10999937
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28460
PMID:	38590868

Pest categorisation of Pyrrhoderma noxium

Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Golic D, Gobbi A, Maiorano A, Pautasso M, Reignault PL

EFSA J

19-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10949325
doi:	10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8667
PMID:	38505477

Folk Knowledge and Perceptions about the Use of Wild Fruits and Vegetables–Cross-Cultural Knowledge in the Pipli Pahar Reserved Forest of Okara, Pakistan

Jabeen S, Arshad F, Harun N, Waheed M, Alamri S, Haq SM, Vitasović-Kosić I, Fatima K, Chaudhry AS, Bussmann RW

Plants (Basel)

14-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10974405
doi:	10.3390/plants13060832
PMID:	38592859

Leaf extract of Garcinia atroviridis promotes anti-heat stress and antioxidant effects in Caenorhabditis elegans

Chuaijit S, Punsawad C, Winoto V, Plaingam W, Kongkaew I, Phetcharat A, Ichikawa T, Kubo M, Kawakami F, Tedasen A, Chatatikun M

Front Pharmacol

07-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10955098
doi:	10.3389/fphar.2024.1331627
PMID:	38515852

Spatial and temporal assessment of snake encounters in urban Delhi, India

Barhadiya G, Purkayastha J, Saha AK, Ghosh C

Sci Rep

06-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10917809
doi:	10.1038/s41598-023-50373-0
PMID:	38448500

Syrupy herbal formulation of green bean pod extract of Phaseolus vulgaris L.: Formulation optimization by central composite design, and evaluation for anti-urolithiatic activity

Noorulla KM, Doyo Dalecha D, Jemal Haji M, S R, Arumugam M, Zafar A, Gadisa Gobena W, Mekit S, Haji Negawo H, Hussein M, Fekadu Demessie H, Yasir M

Heliyon

29-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10943400
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27330
PMID:	38495171

Modulating spectral response of raw photosynthetic pigments via ternary cadmium chalcogenide quantum dots: simultaneous enhancement at green spectrum and inhibition at UV region

Aykut S, Ük N, Coşkun İY, Keskin SŞ, Nar I, Trabzon L, Ünlü C

Photosynth Res

26-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC11006769
doi:	10.1007/s11120-024-01085-7
PMID:	38407778

Bio-mordants: a review

Benli H

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int

23-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10948525
doi:	10.1007/s11356-024-32174-8
PMID:	38396176

The sustainable use of diverse plants accustomed by different ethnic groups in Sibi District, Balochistan, Pakistan

Maria B, Saeed S, Ahmed A, Ahmed M, Rehman A

PLoS One

21-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10880983
doi:	10.1371/journal.pone.0294989
PMID:	38381718

Medicinal herbs and their metabolites with biological potential to protect and combat liver toxicity and its disorders: A review

Islam Shawon S, Nargis Reyda R, Qais N

Heliyon

01-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10864916
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25340
PMID:	38356556

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!

Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Benzenoids / Anthracenes / Anthracenecarboxylic acids and derivatives / Anthracenecarboxylic acids
1,4-Dihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy-3-methyl-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-carboxylic acid	53438729	Click to see CC1=C(C(=C2C(=C1O)C(=O)C3=CC(=C(C=C3C2=O)OC)OC)O)C(=O)O	358.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099536
Rhein	10168	Click to see	284.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.21608/BFSA.1985.75705 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(01)83338-X https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154 https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50034A033
Rhein methylester	44583637	Click to see	298.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
Sennoside A	73111	Click to see C1=CC2=C(C(=C1)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C(=O)C4=C(C2C5C6=C(C(=CC=C6)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)O)O)O)C(=O)C8=C5C=C(C=C8O)C(=O)O)C=C(C=C4O)C(=O)O	862.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(90)80164-C
Sennoside B	91440	Click to see C1=CC2=C(C(=C1)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C(=O)C4=C(C2C5C6=C(C(=CC=C6)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)O)O)O)C(=O)C8=C5C=C(C=C8O)C(=O)O)C=C(C=C4O)C(=O)O	862.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(90)80164-C
> Benzenoids / Anthracenes / Anthraquinones
1,4,5-Trihydroxyanthraquinone	76295	Click to see	256.21	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
1,5-Dihydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone	5316800	Click to see	254.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
1,8-Dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methylanthracene-9,10-dione	71413104	Click to see CC1=CC2=C(C(=C1)O)C(=O)C3=C(C2=O)C=C(C=C3O)CO	284.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
Chrysophanein	6324923	Click to see	416.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP020003K
Chrysophanol-8-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside [M+H]+	4483734	Click to see	416.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP020003K
Physcion	10639	Click to see	284.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154 https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50057A005
Pulmatin	442731	Click to see CC1=CC2=C(C(=C1)O)C(=O)C3=C(C2=O)C=CC=C3OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O	416.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP020003K
> Benzenoids / Anthracenes / Anthraquinones / Hydroxyanthraquinones
Citreorosein	361512	Click to see	286.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
Emodin	3220	Click to see	270.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives / M-methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives
Vanillic Acid	8468	Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C(=O)O)O	168.15	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives / O-methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives
Benzyl 2-hydroxy-3,6-dimethoxybenzoate	11077057	Click to see	288.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2010.532128 https://doi.org/10.1021/NP020003K
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives / P-methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives
Isovanillic Acid	12575	Click to see	168.15	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Biphenols
Benzyl 2-hydroxy-5-(4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethoxy-3-phenylmethoxycarbonylphenyl)-3,6-dimethoxybenzoate	162971728	Click to see	574.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2010.532128
> Benzenoids / Phenol ethers
5-(2-Hydroxyphenoxymethyl)furfural	636663	Click to see	218.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP020003K
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acid esters / Wax esters / Wax monoesters
Heptacosyl eicosanoate	85596052	Click to see	691.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
Heptadecanyl eicosanoate	20976991	Click to see	551.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Long-chain fatty acids
9-Octadecenoic Acid	965	Click to see	282.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
Arachidonic Acid	444899	Click to see	304.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.21608/BFSA.1985.75705
Malvalic acid	10416	Click to see	280.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02544518
Myristic Acid	11005	Click to see	228.37	unknown	https://doi.org/10.5962/BHL.TITLE.108605 https://doi.org/10.21608/BFSA.1985.75705
Myristoleic Acid	5281119	Click to see	226.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.5962/BHL.TITLE.108605
Oleic Acid	445639	Click to see	282.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
Palmitic Acid	985	Click to see	256.42	unknown	https://doi.org/10.5962/BHL.TITLE.108605 https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154 https://doi.org/10.21608/BFSA.1985.75705
Stearic Acid	5281	Click to see	284.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154 https://doi.org/10.21608/BFSA.1985.75705 https://doi.org/10.5962/BHL.TITLE.108605
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Medium-chain fatty acids
Lauric Acid	3893	Click to see	200.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.21608/BFSA.1985.75705
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Very long-chain fatty acids
Hexacosanoic Acid	10469	Click to see	396.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.21608/BFSA.1985.75705
Lignoceric Acid	11197	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O	368.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.5962/BHL.TITLE.108605
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols
1-Hexacosanol	68171	Click to see	382.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
1-Octacosanol	68406	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO	410.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Lineolic acids and derivatives
9,12-Octadecadienoic Acid	3931	Click to see	280.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
Linoleic Acid	5280450	Click to see CCCCCC=CCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)O	280.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Glycerolipids / Monoradylglycerols / Monoacylglycerols / 1-monoacylglycerols
[(2R)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl] tetracosanoate	163004763	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(CO)O	442.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
2,3-Dihydroxypropyl tetracosanoate	14542801	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(CO)O	442.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids
(2S,3S,4R,4aS,8aR)-3,4a,8,8-tetramethyl-4-[(2E)-3-methylpenta-2,4-dienyl]-2,4,5,6,7,8a-hexahydro-1H-naphthalene-2,3-diol	162949319	Click to see CC(=CCC1C2(CCCC(C2CC(C1(C)O)O)(C)C)C)C=C	306.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099585
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids / C19-gibberellins / C19-gibberellin 6-carboxylic acids
Gibberellic acid	6466	Click to see CC12C(C=CC3(C1C(C45C3CCC(C4)(C(=C)C5)O)C(=O)O)OC2=O)O	346.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85173-0
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
3beta-3-Lupanol	610269	Click to see	428.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
Beta-Amyrin	73145	Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C)C	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.21608/BFSA.1985.75705
Dihydrolupeol	13458955	Click to see CC(C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C	428.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
Lupeol	259846	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C	426.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6S)-2-[[(3S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(2R,5R)-5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl]oxy]-6-methoxyoxane-3,4,5-triol	162971118	Click to see	576.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	86821	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.21608/BFSA.1985.75705 https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
beta-Sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside	296119	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C	576.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
Sitogluside	5742590	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C	576.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
Stigmast-5-en-3-ol	22012	Click to see	414.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.21608/BFSA.1985.75705 https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
Stigmasterol	5280794	Click to see	412.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / Phenolic glycosides
benzyl 3,6-dimethoxy-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybenzoate	10884852	Click to see COC1=C(C(=C(C=C1)OC)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O)C(=O)OCC3=CC=CC=C3	450.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP020003K
Benzyl 3,6-dimethoxy-2-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybenzoate	85301940	Click to see COC1=C(C(=C(C=C1)OC)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O)C(=O)OCC3=CC=CC=C3	450.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP020003K
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Monosaccharides / Hexoses
alpha-D-GALACTOSE	439357	Click to see C(C1C(C(C(C(O1)O)O)O)O)O	180.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099585
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Aldehydes / Aryl-aldehydes
5-Hydroxyl methyl furfural	136360357	Click to see	126.11	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP020003K
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural	237332	Click to see C1=C(OC(=C1)C=O)CO	126.11	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP020003K
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Benzaldehydes / Hydroxybenzaldehydes
2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde	7213	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1O)O)C=O	138.12	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzopyrans / 1-benzopyrans / Chromones
2,5-Dimethyl-7-Hydroxychromone	5316891	Click to see	190.19	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
2,5-Dimethyl-7-methoxychromone	12272224	Click to see	204.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
7-Hydroxy-2-[(2S)-2-hydroxypropyl]-5-methyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	45272307	Click to see	234.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP020003K
7-Hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(2-hydroxypropyl)chromen-4-one	21592300	Click to see	250.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP020003K
7-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-[(2S)-2-hydroxypropyl]chromen-4-one	10977864	Click to see CC(CC1=CC(=O)C2=C(C=C(C=C2O1)O)CO)O	250.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP020003K
Aloesol	5318230	Click to see	234.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP020003K
Cassiachromone	5319500	Click to see CC1=CC(=O)C2=C(C=C(C=C2O1)O)CC(=O)C	232.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.21608/BFSA.1985.75705
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Pyridines and derivatives / Methylpyridines
2-Isopropyl-4-methylpyridine	529353	Click to see CC1=CC(=NC=C1)C(C)C	135.21	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Hydroxycoumarins
Isoscopoletin	69894	Click to see	192.17	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Hydroxycoumarins / 7-hydroxycoumarins
Scopoletin	5280460	Click to see	192.17	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Biflavonoids and polyflavonoids
(-)-Epiafzelechin-(4beta-8)-(-)-epicatechin	10239837	Click to see	562.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.39
(2R,3R,4S)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-[(2R,3R)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-8-yl]-8-[(2R,3R,4R)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-4-yl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol	21626436	Click to see C1C(C(OC2=C1C(=CC(=C2C3C(C(OC4=C(C(=CC(=C34)O)O)C5C(C(OC6=CC(=CC(=C56)O)O)C7=CC=C(C=C7)O)O)C8=CC=C(C=C8)O)O)O)O)C9=CC=C(C=C9)O)O	818.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.39
(2R,3R,4S)-8-[(2S,4R)-7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-4-yl]-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-[(2R,3R)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-8-yl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol	14015932	Click to see C1C(C2=C(C=C(C=C2)O)OC1C3=CC=C(C=C3)O)C4=C5C(=C(C=C4O)O)C(C(C(O5)C6=CC=C(C=C6)O)O)C7=C(C=C(C8=C7OC(C(C8)O)C9=CC=C(C=C9)O)O)O	786.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.39
(2R,3R)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-8-[(2R,3R,4R)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-4-yl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol	14015943	Click to see C1C(C(OC2=C1C(=CC(=C2C3C(C(OC4=CC(=CC(=C34)O)O)C5=CC=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O)C6=CC=C(C=C6)O)O	546.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.39
(2R,3R)-6-[(2S,4R)-7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-4-yl]-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol	14015967	Click to see	514.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.39
(2R,3R)-6-[(2S,4S)-7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-4-yl]-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol	14015968	Click to see C1C(C2=C(C=C(C=C2)O)OC1C3=CC=C(C=C3)O)C4=C(C5=C(C=C4O)OC(C(C5)O)C6=CC=C(C=C6)O)O	514.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.39
(2R,3R)-8-[(2S,4R)-7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-4-yl]-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol	14015964	Click to see C1C(C2=C(C=C(C=C2)O)OC1C3=CC=C(C=C3)O)C4=C(C=C(C5=C4OC(C(C5)O)C6=CC=C(C=C6)O)O)O	514.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.39
(2R,3R)-8-[(2S,4S)-7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-4-yl]-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol	14015965	Click to see C1C(C2=C(C=C(C=C2)O)OC1C3=CC=C(C=C3)O)C4=C(C=C(C5=C4OC(C(C5)O)C6=CC=C(C=C6)O)O)O	514.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.39
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-8-[3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-4-yl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol	5089688	Click to see	562.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.39
2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-8-[3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-4-yl]-4-[3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-8-yl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol	14015936	Click to see C1C(C(OC2=C1C(=CC(=C2C3C(C(OC4=C(C(=CC(=C34)O)O)C5C(C(OC6=CC(=CC(=C56)O)O)C7=CC=C(C=C7)O)O)C8=CC=C(C=C8)O)O)O)O)C9=CC=C(C=C9)O)O	818.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.39
3,3',4',5,7-Pentahydroxyflavan(4->8)-3,4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavan	14015946	Click to see C1C(C(OC2=C1C(=CC(=C2C3C(C(OC4=CC(=CC(=C34)O)O)C5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O)O)C6=CC=C(C=C6)O)O	562.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.39 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.38.888
6-[7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-4-yl]-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol	14015966	Click to see	514.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.39
8-[7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-4-yl]-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol	14015963	Click to see	514.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.39
8-[7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-4-yl]-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-[3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-8-yl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol	14015931	Click to see C1C(C2=C(C=C(C=C2)O)OC1C3=CC=C(C=C3)O)C4=C5C(=C(C=C4O)O)C(C(C(O5)C6=CC=C(C=C6)O)O)C7=C(C=C(C8=C7OC(C(C8)O)C9=CC=C(C=C9)O)O)O	786.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.39
Afzelechin-(4alpha-->8)-epiafzelechin	5089481	Click to see C1C(C(OC2=C1C(=CC(=C2C3C(C(OC4=CC(=CC(=C34)O)O)C5=CC=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O)C6=CC=C(C=C6)O)O	546.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.39
Epiafzelechin-(4beta->8)-epicatechin	14015948	Click to see	562.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.39 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.38.888
Proanthocyanidin B2	5320711	Click to see	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.38.888 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.39
Procyanidin B	130556	Click to see	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.38.888
Procyanidin B2, (+)-	122738	Click to see C1C(C(OC2=C1C(=CC(=C2C3C(C(OC4=CC(=CC(=C34)O)O)C5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O)O)C6=CC(=C(C=C6)O)O)O	578.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.38.888 https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.39
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Catechins
Catechin	9064	Click to see	290.27	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.38.888
Epicatechin	72276	Click to see	290.27	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.39
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Flavan-3-ols
(-)-Epiafzelechin	443639	Click to see	274.27	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.39
2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-3,5,7-triol	282014	Click to see C1C(C(OC2=CC(=CC(=C21)O)O)C3=CC=C(C=C3)O)O	274.27	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP100090E https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.38.888
ent-Epiafzelechin	12309491	Click to see	274.27	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.38.888
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols
Kaempferol	5280863	Click to see	286.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50034A033
Quercetin	5280343	Click to see	302.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.21608/BFSA.1985.75705
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(2R,3R)-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-3-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	14015956	Click to see	436.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.39
Propinqualin	127040	Click to see C1C(C(OC2=CC(=CC(=C21)O)O)C3=CC=C(C=C3)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O	436.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.39
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Isoflavonoids / Coumestans
1,3-Dihydroxy-8,9-dimethoxy-[1]benzofuro[3,2-c]chromen-6-one	11602329	Click to see COC1=C(C=C2C(=C1)C3=C(O2)C4=C(C=C(C=C4OC3=O)O)O)OC	328.27	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/JCCS.200100154 https://doi.org/10.1021/NP020003K https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50057A005

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Cassia fistula

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