Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Ethnobotanical Uses

Across much of eastern and southern Africa, Myrsine africana L. is known as a bitter plant used to brew simple, short infusions. In the Siwa of Kihuro, Zimbabwe, Keeley and Izard (2009) observed villagers stirring the leaves into hot water for a refreshing tonic taken to settle indigestion. Along the coast of Tanzania, Matthee (2012) recorded the Samambia preparing hot leaf infusions as a daily bitter tonic and, when a child suffered a fever, adding a small handful of fresh leaves to a kettle for an hourly sip. In the Gumuz area of Ethiopia, Fullagar (2007) noted similar leaf infusions, sometimes mixed with goat milk, given as a stomach settler after heavy meals.

Decoctions are also common. The Zulu (Duncan et al., 2005) boil the bark for a short time and drink small cups to ease diarrhea and cramping; the Shona of Zimbabwe (Gelfand et al., 1985) prepare the roots and twigs, which are simmered and strained, taking a small cup to reduce fever and mild aches. The Kamba of Kenya make a bark decoction (Okello et al., 2010), letting the liquid cool slightly and then sipping sparingly for stomach pain. These short infusions and decoctions are not “tea” in the sense of a daily beverage; rather, they are bitter, medicinal preparations taken in modest doses.

One practical recipe: small cup mild infusion of leaves for indigestion. Take 1–2 teaspoons (about 1–2 g) of clean, dry leaves, add to a cup of just‑boiled water, cover and steep 5–7 minutes, then strain. Drink no more than one cup per day. Bitter plant preparations can upset the stomach if taken in excess and should be avoided in pregnancy and by young children unless advised by a clinician.

Roots and bark are known for saponins, triterpenoids, and coumarins, while leaves carry flavonoids and alkaloids—compounds reported for Myrsine africana (Kurumiya et al., 1997; Walters et al., 1998). These constituents plausibly underlie its astringent, antimicrobial, and digestive‑stimulant effects. Current work is focused on validating these properties in controlled tests, and dried leaf or bark remains available for use in community clinics and home remedies.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
- Wood: Stems and branches are harvested for use as fuelwood.
- Charcoal: The wood is carbonised into charcoal for domestic cooking and small‑scale industrial applications.

Industrial and craft applications:
- Firewood: The dense, low‑moisture wood burns steadily, providing reliable heat for cooking, heating, and small‑scale metal‑working.
- Charcoal production: Slow carbonisation of the wood yields charcoal with a high fixed‑carbon content, suitable for grilling, smelting, and metal‑reduction processes.
- Small‑scale kiln operation: Local artisans operate simple earth‑or brick kilns to convert harvested branches into charcoal, a common practice in rural markets.

Wood and fiber:
- Small‑dimension timber: The straight, relatively dense stems are used locally for fence posts, poles, and simple carpentry.
- Craft wood: The fine‑grained wood can be turned, carved, or planed into tool handles, walking sticks, and small household items; commercial‑scale production is limited.

Properties relevant to use:
- Density: Dry wood typically has a specific gravity of about 0.85–0.90, giving a high calorific value (≈ 18–20 MJ·kg⁻¹ on a dry basis) and a steady burn.
- Moisture content: Strips dried to ≤ 15 % moisture ignite easily and produce less smoke, improving combustion efficiency.
- Lignin content: Elevated lignin (≈ 30 % of dry weight) promotes carbon retention during charcoal production, increasing fixed‑carbon yields and producing a dense, slow‑burning fuel.
- Thermal stability: The lignin‑rich composition contributes to the durability of the resulting charcoal, maintaining heat output over extended periods.

Standards and regulation:
- Fuelwood harvesting and charcoal production are governed by national forestry legislation (e.g., South Africa’s National Forest Act 84 of 1998), which requires permits for commercial extraction.
- Charcoal quality is monitored under national standards for solid fuels (e.g., South African National Standards SANS 1665), specifying ash, moisture, and fixed‑carbon limits for market‑grade charcoal.

Sustainability and sourcing:
- Myrsine africana occurs widely in semi‑arid savanna, coastal shrublands, and disturbed sites, allowing local, low‑scale harvesting that generally does not threaten populations.
- The species regenerates vigorously after cutting, with seedlings establishing readily after disturbance, supporting a renewable supply for fuel markets.
- Because the plant grows in marginal habitats, its use as fuel does not compete with high‑value timber production, contributing to diversified rural livelihoods.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Myrica montana	Vahl	Symb. Bot. 2: 99 (1791)
Myrsine acuta	Salisb.	Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton : 141 (1796)
Myrsine rotundifolia	Lam.	Encycl. 4: 194 (1797)
Myrsine scabra	Gaertn.	Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 282 (1788)
Myrsine glabra	Gaertn.	Fruct. Sem. Pl. 1: 282 (1788)
Samara potama	Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don	Prodr. Fl. Nepal. : 146 (1825)
Buxus dioica	Forssk.	Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. : 159 (1775)
Myrsine bifaria	Wall.	Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich ed.) 2: 296. 1824
Myrsine bottensis	A.DC.	Prodr. 8: 93 (1844)
Myrsine africana var. retusa	A.DC.	Trans. Linn. Soc. London 17(1): 105 1834
Myrsine potama	D.Don	Prodr. Fl. Nepal. : 146 (1825)
Myrsine africana var. bifaria	(Wall.) Franch.	Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 2: 82 1883
Myrsine microphylla	Hayata	Icon. Pl. Formosan. 3: 149. 1913 [25 Dec 1913]
Myrsine vacciniifolia	Hayata	Icon. Pl. Formosan. 5: 87 (1915)
Myrsine africana var. acuminata	C.Y.Wu & C.Chen	Fl. Yunnanica 1: 378 (1977)
Rhamnus myrtillus	H.Lév.	Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 535 (1913)
Myrsine africana var. glandulosa	J.M.Zhang	Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 15: 47 (1995)
Myrsine retusa	Aiton	Hort. Kew. 1: 271 (1789)

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
Amharic	ቀጨሞ
Arabic	ميرسين افريقي
Arabic	قتم
Arabic	كتمة
Finnish	pensasmyrsikki
Upper Sorbian	chinska myrsina
Japanese	ミルシネ・アフリカーナ
Japanese	ミルシネ・アフリカナ
Chinese	大红袍
Chinese	鐵仔
Chinese	小叶铁仔
Chinese	野茶
Chinese	簸赭子
Chinese	明立花
Chinese	铁仔
Chinese	小葉鐵仔

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- East Tropical Africa
  - Kenya
  - Tanzania
  - Uganda
- Macaronesia
  - Azores
- Northeast Tropical Africa
  - Eritrea
  - Ethiopia
  - Socotra
  - Somalia
  - Sudan
- South Tropical Africa
  - Angola
  - Malawi
  - Mozambique
  - Zambia
  - Zimbabwe
- Southern Africa
  - Cape Provinces
  - Free State
  - Kwazulu-Natal
  - Lesotho
  - Northern Provinces
  - Swaziland
- West-central Tropical Africa
  - Rwanda
  - Zaïre

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Arabian Peninsula
  - Saudi Arabia
  - Yemen
- China
  - China North-central
  - China South-central
  - China Southeast
  - Tibet
- Eastern Asia
  - Taiwan
- Western Asia
  - Afghanistan

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indian Subcontinent
  - Assam
  - India
  - Nepal
  - Pakistan
  - West Himalaya

Europe click to expand
- Northern Europe
  - Great Britain

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000448784
UNII	1P351WR4F5
Tropicos	22001608
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:589037-1
The Plant List	kew-2502761
PaleoBotany	40885
Open Tree Of Life	10685
Observations.org	119934
NCBI Taxonomy	59982
NBN Atlas	NBNSYS0000033606
IPNI	589037-1
iNaturalist	70260
GBIF	7331120
Freebase	/m/0ds6nbn
EPPO	MYNAF
EOL	2891611
USDA GRIN	24881
Wikipedia	Myrsine_africana
CMAUP	NPO23736

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Correction: Sarwer et al. Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Myrsine africana Leaf Extract for Their Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Phytotoxic Activities. Molecules 2022, 27, 7612

Sarwer Q, Amjad MS, Mehmood A, Binish Z, Mustafa G, Farooq A, Qaseem MF, Abasi F, de la Lastra JM

Molecules

23-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11085472
doi:	10.3390/molecules29091922
PMID:	38731654

Oral hygiene practices and associated factors among rural communities in northwest Ethiopia

Gizaw Z, Demissie NG, Gebrehiwot M, Bitew BD, Nigusie A

BMC Oral Health

09-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10924987
doi:	10.1186/s12903-024-04049-4
PMID:	38461252

Phytochemical Profile and In Vitro Bioactivities of Wild Asparagus stipularis

Hamdi A, Jaramillo-Carmona S, Rodríguez-Arcos R, Jiménez-Araujo A, Karray Bouraoui N, Guillén-Bejarano R

Molecules

10-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10892698
doi:	10.3390/molecules29040817
PMID:	38398569

Structural and Functional Strategies in Cenchrus Species to Combat Environmental Extremities Imposed by Multiple Abiotic Stresses

Basharat S, Ahmad F, Hameed M, Ahmad MS, Asghar A, Fatima S, Ahmad KS, Shah SM, Hashem A, Avila-Quezada GD, Abd_Allah EF, Abbas Z

Plants (Basel)

11-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10818359
doi:	10.3390/plants13020203
PMID:	38256756

Ethnobotanical study of traditional medicinal plants used by the local people in Habru District, North Wollo Zone, Ethiopia

Alemu M, Asfaw Z, Lulekal E, Warkineh B, Debella A, Sisay B, Debebe E

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

04-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10768247
doi:	10.1186/s13002-023-00644-x
PMID:	38178202

Preliminary exploration of herbal tea products based on traditional knowledge and hypotheses concerning herbal tea selection: a case study in Southwest Guizhou, China

Long X, Ranjitkar S, Waldstein A, Wu H, Li Q, Geng Y

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

02-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10763305
doi:	10.1186/s13002-023-00645-w
PMID:	38169414

Wild Edible Fruits as a Source of Food and Medicine: A Study among Tribal Communities of Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Ul Abidin SZ, Khan R, Ahmad M, Cuerrier A, Zafar M, Ullah A, Khan J, Saeed A, Al-Qahtani WH, Kazi M

Plants (Basel)

21-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10780817
doi:	10.3390/plants13010039
PMID:	38202347

Ecological determinants in plant community structure across dry afromontane forest patches of Northwestern Ethiopia

Yinebeb M, Lulekal E, Bekele T

BMC Ecol Evol

04-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10694892
doi:	10.1186/s12862-023-02176-0
PMID:	38049737

How Poor Is Aphyllophoroid Fungi Diversity in the Boreal Urban Greenhouses of Eastern Europe?

Shiryaev AG, Zmitrovich IV, Senator SA, Minogina EN, Tkachenko OB

J Fungi (Basel)

17-Nov-2023

PMCID:	PMC10672352
doi:	10.3390/jof9111116
PMID:	37998921

Use of wild edible and nutraceutical plants in Raya-Azebo District of Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia

Giday M, Teklehaymanot T

Trop Med Health

24-Oct-2023

PMCID:	PMC10594744
doi:	10.1186/s41182-023-00550-8
PMID:	37872596

Phytochemical Content and Antidiabetic Properties of Most Commonly Used Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants of Kenya

Muema FW, Nanjala C, Oulo MA, Wangchuk P

Molecules

20-Oct-2023

PMCID:	PMC10609527
doi:	10.3390/molecules28207202
PMID:	37894680

Djaffa Mountains guereza (Colobus guereza gallarum) abundance in forests of the Ahmar Mountains, Ethiopia

Kufa CA, Bekele A, Atickem A, Zinner D

Primate Biol

20-Oct-2023

PMCID:	PMC10654609
doi:	10.5194/pb-10-13-2023
PMID:	38039330

A highly selective Hg2+ colorimetric sensor and antimicrobial agent based on green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Equisetum diffusum extract

Jabbar A, Abbas A, Assad N, Naeem-ul-Hassan M, Alhazmi HA, Najmi A, Zoghebi K, Al Bratty M, Hanbashi A, Amin HM

RSC Adv

02-Oct-2023

PMCID:	PMC10543206
doi:	10.1039/d3ra05070j
PMID:	37790097

Vegetation diversity pattern during spring season in relation to topographic and edaphic variables in sub-tropical zone

Ali H, Muhammad Z, Majeed M, Aziz R, Khan A, Mangrio WM, Abdo HG, Almohamad H, Al Dughairi AA

Bot Stud

16-Sep-2023

PMCID:	PMC10505133
doi:	10.1186/s40529-023-00398-5
PMID:	37716923

Woody plant functional traits and phylogenetic signals correlate with urbanization in remnant forest patches

Yang J, Wang Z, Pan Y, Zheng Y

Ecol Evol

31-Jul-2023

PMCID:	PMC10388403
doi:	10.1002/ece3.10366
PMID:	37529580

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Benzenoids / Anthracenes
1,3,8-Trihydroxy-6-methyl-9(10H)-anthracenone	122635	Click to see	256.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Anthracenes / Anthraquinones / Hydroxyanthraquinones
2-Hydroxychrysophanol	442759	Click to see	270.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50063A035
Emodin	3220	Click to see	270.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50063A035
Emodin(1-)	25201450	Click to see	269.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives / Gallic acid and derivatives / Gallic acids
Gallic Acid	370	Click to see	170.12	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200890234 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00329-9
> Benzenoids / Naphthalenes / Naphthols and derivatives
Nepodin	100780	Click to see	216.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50063A035
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Lignan glycosides
(+)-Isolariciresinol 9'-O-glucoside	93473218	Click to see COC1=C(C=C2C(C(C(CC2=C1)CO)COC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)OC)O	522.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200890234
(+)-Lyoniresinol 3alpha-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside	10483388	Click to see	582.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200890234
2-((7-Hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6,8-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)methoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	14521083	Click to see	582.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200890234
2-[[7-Hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl]methoxy]oxane-3,4,5-triol	14521042	Click to see COC1=C(C=C2C(C(C(CC2=C1)CO)COC3C(C(C(CO3)O)O)O)C4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)OC)O	492.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200890234
Isolariciresinol 9'-O-beta-D-glucoside	74191750	Click to see	522.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200890234
Schizandriside	14521043	Click to see	492.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200890234
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids
Nalanthalide	6918568	Click to see	484.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00428-X
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Monocyclic monoterpenoids
2-[1-(2,5-dihydroxy-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-yl)ethyl]-3-hydroxy-6-methyl-5-tridecylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione	163060780	Click to see	486.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00428-X
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Quinone and hydroquinone lipids / Prenylquinones / Ubiquinones
5-Heptadecyl-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione	162929664	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC1=CC(=O)C(=C(C1=O)O)O	378.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00428-X
Myrsinone	137177207	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCC1=CC(=O)C(=C(C1=O)O)O	294.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00428-X https://doi.org/10.2307/3391683
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
2-[1-(2,5-Dihydroxy-3,6-dioxo-4-undecylcyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-yl)ethyl]-3,6-dihydroxy-5-undecylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione	21576542	Click to see	614.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00428-X
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Triterpene glycosides / Triterpene saponins
Primulasaponin	49787015	Click to see	1105.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(2R,4aS,5R,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,14bS)-5-hydroxy-10-[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-3,5-bis[[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy]oxan-2-yl]oxy-4a-(hydroxymethyl)-2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-hexamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-2-carboxylic acid	102027078	Click to see CC1(C2CCC3(C(C2(CCC1OC4C(C(C(CO4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)O)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O)C)CC=C7C3(CC(C8(C7CC(CC8)(C)C(=O)O)CO)O)C)C)C	945.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200890234
5-Hydroxy-10-[4-hydroxy-3,5-bis[[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy]oxan-2-yl]oxy-4a-(hydroxymethyl)-2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-hexamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-2-carboxylic acid	162966420	Click to see	945.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200890234
Primulagenin A	10004345	Click to see	458.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Secondary alcohols / Cyclohexanols
Quercitol	441437	Click to see C1C(C(C(C(C1O)O)O)O)O	164.16	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / Phenolic glycosides
(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylphenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	102027080	Click to see	302.28	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200890234
[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylphenoxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate	102027079	Click to see	454.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200890234
[6-(2,4-Dihydroxy-6-methylphenoxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate	163002785	Click to see	454.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200890234
2-(2,4-Dihydroxy-6-methylphenoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	163081326	Click to see	302.28	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200890234
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Benzoquinones / P-benzoquinones
2,5-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-6-undecylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione	23955911	Click to see	308.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00428-X
5-Ethoxy-2-hydroxy-3-undecylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione	10358776	Click to see	322.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
5-O-Methylembelin	171489	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCC1=C(C(=O)C=C(C1=O)OC)O	308.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00428-X https://doi.org/10.2307/3391683
Embelin	3218	Click to see	294.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Isocoumarans / Isobenzofuranones / Phthalides
1(3H)-Isobenzofuranone, 7-hydroxy-5-methoxy-	181107	Click to see COC1=CC2=C(C(=C1)O)C(=O)OC2	180.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50063A035
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Pyrans
2,7-dihydroxy-9-methyl-3,6-di(undecyl)-9H-xanthene-1,4,5,8-tetrone	101762593	Click to see	596.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00428-X
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolines and derivatives / Quinolones and derivatives / Hydroquinolones
7-(2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-6-methoxy-9H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-h]quinolin-8-one	6325747	Click to see	321.32	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols
Kaempferol	5280863	Click to see	286.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00329-9
Myricetin	5281672	Click to see C1=C(C=C(C(=C1O)O)O)C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O	318.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00329-9
Quercetin	5280343	Click to see	302.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00329-9
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid C-glycosides
Embinin	44559811	Click to see	606.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
[(2S,3S,4S,5S,6S)-4-acetyloxy-6-[5,7-dihydroxy-4-oxo-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)chromen-3-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-2-methyloxan-3-yl] acetate	163024151	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2=C(OC3=CC(=CC(=C3C2=O)O)O)C4=CC(=C(C(=C4)O)O)O)O)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C	548.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00329-9
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-((2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl)oxychromen-4-one	51402807	Click to see	464.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10575639608044935
2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-(Hydroxymethyl)Oxan-2-Yl)Oxychromen-4-One	5378597	Click to see	464.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00329-9
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-[(2R,3S,4R,5S,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one	12304330	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O	464.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3S,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one	5318574	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O	464.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
3-[(3,4-Di-O-acetyl-6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)oxy]-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	74978317	Click to see	548.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00329-9
5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-Methyloxan-2-Yl)Oxy-2-(3,4,5-Trihydroxyphenyl)Chromen-4-One	5352000	Click to see	464.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00329-9
5,7-dihydroxy-3-[(3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	163070872	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2=C(OC3=CC(=CC(=C3C2=O)O)O)C4=CC(=C(C(=C4)O)O)O)O)O)O	464.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00329-9
Astragalin	5282102	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O	448.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
CID 145949250	145949250	Click to see	548.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00329-9
Hyperoside	5281643	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O	464.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00329-9
Isoquercetin	5280804	Click to see	464.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00329-9
Isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside	5318645	Click to see	478.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00329-9
kaempferol 3-O-alpha-L-glucopyranoside	72551446	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O	448.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Kaempferol-3-O-Rutinoside	5318767	Click to see	594.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00329-9
Myricetin 3-arabinoside	21672568	Click to see C1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2=C(OC3=CC(=CC(=C3C2=O)O)O)C4=CC(=C(C(=C4)O)O)O)O)O)O	450.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00329-9
myricetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside	5318606	Click to see C1=C(C=C(C(=C1O)O)O)C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O	480.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10575639608044935
Myricetin 3-xyloside	23900088	Click to see	450.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00329-9
Myricetin 3-xyloside	44259440	Click to see C1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2=C(OC3=CC(=CC(=C3C2=O)O)O)C4=CC(=C(C(=C4)O)O)O)O)O)O	450.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00329-9
myricetin-3-O-pentoside	21477996	Click to see	450.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00329-9
Myricitrin	5281673	Click to see	464.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00329-9
Quercitrin	5280459	Click to see	448.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10575639608044935
Rutin	5280805	Click to see	610.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00329-9
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides
3-[(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one	162821271	Click to see	918.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10575639608044935
3,5-dihydroxy-7-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	102444976	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2=CC(=C3C(=C2)OC(=C(C3=O)O)C4=CC(=C(C(=C4)O)O)O)O)O)O)O	464.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00329-9
Myricetin 7-rhamnoside	76594575	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2=CC(=C3C(=C2)OC(=C(C3=O)O)C4=CC(=C(C(=C4)O)O)O)O)O)O)O	464.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(96)00329-9

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Myrsine africana

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