Common products:
Ceratophyllum submersum is cultivated and marketed as an ornamental aquarium and pond plant. Commercial growers supply it as live potted plants, loose bunches, or as a component of aquascaping starter kits, often under trade names such as “Soft Hornwort” (Tropica product catalogue; The Encyclopedia of Aquarium Plants, 2nd ed.). The species appears on the International Aquatic Plant Society’s list of recommended aquarium plants and is a standard background or mid‑ground plant in community tanks, garden ponds, and indoor aquascapes. In addition to the hobby trade, live material is sold to research institutions as a model submerged aquatic plant for laboratory studies of photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, and phytoremediation (peer‑reviewed studies on nutrient removal with C. submersum).

Properties relevant to use:
The plant’s morphology—highly dissected, whorled leaves that form dense, intertwining mats—provides a large surface‑area‑to‑volume ratio, facilitating efficient gas exchange and nutrient capture in water. It tolerates low‑light conditions (photosynthetically active radiation down to ~20 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and grows within a temperature range of 15 °C to 28 °C and a pH of 6.5–8.0. Vegetative propagation by simple fragmentation enables rapid, clonal production without reliance on seed. Chemical analyses report high polysaccharide content in the leaves, which contributes to a gelatinous biofilm that adsorbs dissolved nutrients and suspended particles. Laboratory incubations have documented oxygen evolution rates comparable to other submerged macrophytes, and the dense mats reduce light penetration, suppressing algal growth in controlled systems.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Commercial supply is generated primarily from horticultural nurseries that propagate the species vegetatively under controlled greenhouse conditions, limiting wild‑collection pressure. Where wild material is collected, it is generally limited to regulated populations and must comply with national plant‑health regulations (e.g., the European Union Plant Health Regulation). Life‑cycle assessments of nursery production indicate relatively low inputs of fertilizers and water compared with terrestrial crops, and the plant’s capacity for nutrient sequestration can offset part of the transport carbon footprint. Certification schemes for aquarium plants, such as the Aquatic Plant Association’s “Certified Sustainable” label, increasingly include C. submersum, encouraging traceability and responsible sourcing. The species is not listed in CITES Appendices and is assessed as low‑risk in trade databases.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Ceratophyllum submersum var. granulosum	(Schur) Nyman	Consp. Fl. Eur. 251. 1879
Ceratophyllum demersum var. laeve	Crép.	Man. Fl. Belgique ed. 5: 325. 1884
Ceratophyllum submersum var. inerme	Van Haes.	Ann. Soc. Méd. Anvers 1841: 394.

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	soft hornwort
Spanish	hierba laguna
Arabic	بشت القرد
Arabic	حامول المياه
Arabic	حامول الماء
Arabic	حامول
Arabic	حامُول الماء
Arabic	بَشْت القِرد
Arabic	شمبلان غارق
Belarusian	Рагаліснік напаўапушчаны
Bulgarian	потопен роголистник
Catalan	cératophylle submergé
Czech	růžkatec potopený
Czech	růžkatec bradavčitý
Welsh	cyrnddail meddal
Danish	tornløs hornblad
German	zartes hornblatt
German	cératophylle submergé
Estonian	sile kardhein
Finnish	hentokarvalehti
French	cératophylle submergé
Hebrew	קרנן טבול
Croatian	mekana voščika
Upper Sorbian	hładki rohačk
Japanese	セイロンマツモ
Lithuanian	gležnalapė nertis
Lithuanian	cératophylle submergé
Dutch	fijn hoornblad
Polish	rogatek krótkoszyjkowy
Romanian	cosor
Russian	роголистник полупогружённый
Swedish	vårtsärv
Swedish	cératophylle submergé
Chinese	细金鱼藻

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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No subspecies added yet.

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Ceratophyllum submersum var. haynaldianum	(Borbás) Wilmot-Dear	Kew Bull. 40: 266 (1985)
Ceratophyllum submersum var. submersum		Unknown

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- East Tropical Africa
  - Kenya
  - Tanzania
- Northeast Tropical Africa
  - Chad
- Northern Africa
  - Algeria
  - Libya
  - Morocco
  - Tunisia
- West Tropical Africa
  - Nigeria
- West-central Tropical Africa
  - Cameroon
  - Zaïre

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Arabian Peninsula
  - Oman
- Caucasus
  - North Caucasus
- Middle Asia
  - Kazakhstan
  - Kirgizstan
  - Uzbekistan
- Siberia
  - Altay
  - West Siberia
- Western Asia
  - Palestine
  - Turkey

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indian Subcontinent
  - Bangladesh

Europe click to expand
- Eastern Europe
  - Baltic States
  - Belarus
  - Central European Russia
  - East European Russia
  - Krym
  - Northwest European Russia
  - South European Russia
  - Ukraine
- Middle Europe
  - Austria
  - Belgium
  - Czechoslovakia
  - Germany
  - Hungary
  - Netherlands
  - Poland
  - Switzerland
- Northern Europe
  - Denmark
  - Finland
  - Great Britain
  - Ireland
  - Sweden
- Southeastern Europe
  - Albania
  - Bulgaria
  - Greece
  - Italy
  - Romania
  - Sicilia
  - Yugoslavia
- Southwestern Europe
  - Corse
  - France
  - Spain

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000832288
USDA Plants	CESU6
Tropicos	7000007
INPN	90222
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:163088-1
The Plant List	kew-36951
PaleoBotany	23523
Open Tree Of Life	531469
Observations.org	6584
NCBI Taxonomy	108412
NBN Atlas	NBNSYS0000002762
IUCN Red List	167833
IPNI	163088-1
iNaturalist	273940
IFPNI	514E13A9-920D-4663-BDCD-C61726923009
GBIF	2882404
Freebase	/m/0k3mfw6
EPPO	CEYSU
EOL	596308
Elurikkus	3595
USDA GRIN	450287
Wikipedia	Ceratophyllum_submersum
CMAUP	NPO14845

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Characteristics of turion development in two aquatic carnivorous plants: Hormonal profiles, gas exchange and mineral nutrient content

Adamec L, Plačková L, Doležal K

Plant Direct

11-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10784648
doi:	10.1002/pld3.558
PMID:	38222932

Beyond taxonomic diversity patterns – investigating how α and β components of macrophyte functional diversity respond to environmental gradients in lotic ecosystems of Greece

Stefanidis K, Oikonomou A, Dimitrellos G, Tsoukalas D, Papastergiadou E

Front Plant Sci

08-Sep-2023

PMCID:	PMC10514920
doi:	10.3389/fpls.2023.1204383
PMID:	37746009

Phylogenetic placement of Ceratophyllum submersum based on a complete plastome sequence derived from nanopore long read sequencing data

Meckoni SN, Nass B, Pucker B

BMC Res Notes

25-Aug-2023

PMCID:	PMC10464454
doi:	10.1186/s13104-023-06459-z
PMID:	37626355

Polysaccharides from marine biological resources and their anticancer activity on breast cancer

Yang S, Li D, Liu W, Chen X

RSC Med Chem

13-Apr-2023

PMCID:	PMC10285744
doi:	10.1039/d3md00035d
PMID:	37360387

Resource availability modulates the effect of body size on reproductive development

Gergely R, Tökölyi J

Ecol Evol

06-Jan-2023

PMCID:	PMC9817193
doi:	10.1002/ece3.9722
PMID:	36620418

Nonlinear effects of environmental drivers shape macroinvertebrate biodiversity in an agricultural pondscape

Musseau CL, Onandia G, Petermann JS, Sagouis A, Lischeid G, Jeschke JM

Ecol Evol

08-Nov-2022

PMCID:	PMC9643126
doi:	10.1002/ece3.9458
PMID:	36381394

Seasonal variation of genotypes and reproductive plasticity in a facultative clonal freshwater invertebrate animal (Hydra oligactis) living in a temperate lake

Miklós M, Laczkó L, Sramkó G, Barta Z, Tökölyi J

Ecol Evol

14-Jul-2022

PMCID:	PMC9280439
doi:	10.1002/ece3.9096
PMID:	35845371

Refined Interpretation of the Pistillate Flower in Ceratophyllum Sheds Fresh Light on Gynoecium Evolution in Angiosperms

Sokoloff DD, El ES, Pechenyuk EV, Carrive L, Nadot S, Rudall PJ, Remizowa MV

Front Cell Dev Biol

28-Apr-2022

PMCID:	PMC9098228
doi:	10.3389/fcell.2022.868352
PMID:	35573671

Anthropogenic Stressors in Upland Rivers: Aquatic Macrophyte Responses. A Case Study from Bulgaria

Gecheva G, Pall K, Todorov M, Traykov I, Gribacheva N, Stankova S, Birk S

Plants (Basel)

09-Dec-2021

PMCID:	PMC8703415
doi:	10.3390/plants10122708
PMID:	34961179

Known but not called by name: recreational fishers’ ecological knowledge of freshwater plants in Hungary

Löki V, Nagy J, Nagy A, Babai D, Molnár Z, Lukács BA

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

04-Nov-2021

PMCID:	PMC8567722
doi:	10.1186/s13002-021-00489-2
PMID:	34736491

Wetland Restoration with Hydrophytes: A Review

Rodrigo MA

Plants (Basel)

21-May-2021

PMCID:	PMC8223994
doi:	10.3390/plants10061035
PMID:	34063930

Subcellular Alterations Induced by Cyanotoxins in Vascular Plants—A Review

Máthé C, M-Hamvas M, Vasas G, Garda T, Freytag C

Plants (Basel)

14-May-2021

PMCID:	PMC8157112
doi:	10.3390/plants10050984
PMID:	34069255

Key drivers structuring rotifer communities in ponds: insights into an agricultural landscape

Onandia G, Maassen S, Musseau CL, Berger SA, Olmo C, Jeschke JM, Lischeid G

J Plankton Res

06-May-2021

PMCID:	PMC8163045
doi:	10.1093/plankt/fbab033
PMID:	34084088

Assessment of the impact of land use in an agricultural catchment area on water quality of lowland rivers

Kupiec JM, Staniszewski R, Jusik S

PeerJ

17-Feb-2021

PMCID:	PMC7896503
doi:	10.7717/peerj.10564
PMID:	33643698

The Future of Freshwater Macrophytes in a Changing World: Dissolved Organic Carbon Quantity and Quality and Its Interactions With Macrophytes

Reitsema RE, Meire P, Schoelynck J

Front Plant Sci

14-May-2018

PMCID:	PMC5960680
doi:	10.3389/fpls.2018.00629
PMID:	29868084

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!

Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Harmala alkaloids
Flazin	5377686	Click to see	308.29	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Indolonaphthyridine alkaloids
5-Methoxycanthin-6-one	259218	Click to see	250.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
Amaroridine	14463028	Click to see COC1=CC=CC2=C1C3=C4N2C(=O)C=CC4=NC=C3	250.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
Bruceolline B	190940	Click to see C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C3=C4N2C(=O)C(=CC4=NC=C3)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)COC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O	560.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Canthin-6-One	97176	Click to see	220.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
Canthin-6-one N-oxide	9991699	Click to see	236.22	unknown	via CMAUP database
Picrasidine Q	54714262	Click to see	266.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Methoxyphenols
Vanillin	1183	Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C=O)O	152.15	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Aryltetralin lignans / 9,9p-dihydroxyaryltetralin lignans
(+)-Isolariciresinol	160521	Click to see	360.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Coumarinolignans
(2S,3S)-3-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxy-2,3-dihydropyrano[3,2-h][1,4]benzodioxin-9-one	24970879	Click to see	416.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
9H-Pyrano(2,3-f)-1,4-benzodioxin-9-one, 2,3-dihydro-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxy-, trans-(+-)-	11982428	Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C2C(OC3=C(C=C4C=CC(=O)OC4=C3O2)OC)CO)O	386.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Cleomiscosin A	442510	Click to see	386.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Flavonolignans
(-)-Hydnocarpin	44582381	Click to see	464.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Furanoid lignans
Epipinoresinol	637584	Click to see	358.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Medioresinol, (+)-	181681	Click to see	388.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Pinoresinol	73399	Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C2C3COC(C3CO2)C4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)OC)O	358.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Long-chain fatty acids
Hexadecanoic acid, 8-hydroxy-, (S)-	5312819	Click to see	272.42	unknown	via CMAUP database
Oleic Acid	445639	Click to see	282.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Stearic Acid	5281	Click to see	284.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Medium-chain fatty acids
Azelaic Acid	2266	Click to see C(CCCC(=O)O)CCCC(=O)O	188.22	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Lineolic acids and derivatives
Linoleic Acid	5280450	Click to see CCCCCC=CCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)O	280.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Glycerolipids / Diradylglycerols / Diacylglycerols / 1,3-diacylglycerols
1,3-Diolein	5497165	Click to see	621.00	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
Cucumegastigmane I	16105430	Click to see	240.29	unknown	via CMAUP database
Vomifoliol, (+)-	5280462	Click to see	224.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Quassinoids
(11beta,12alpha,15beta)-13,20-Epoxy-3,11,12-trihydroxy-15-[[(2E)-4-hydroxy-3,4-dimethyl-1-oxo-2-penten-1-yl]oxy]-2,16-dioxopicras-3-en-21-oic acid	5315509	Click to see	564.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1beta,2alpha,11beta,12alpha,15beta)-13,20-Epoxy-1,2,11,12,14,15-hexahydroxypicras-3-en-16-one	5315510	Click to see	412.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1R,2R,3R,6R,8S,11S,12S,13S,14R,15R,16S,17R)-2,3,11,12,15,16-hexahydroxy-17-(hydroxymethyl)-9,13-dimethyl-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadec-9-en-4-one	5315511	Click to see CC1=CC(C(C2(C1CC3C45C2C(C(C(C4(C(C(=O)O3)O)O)(OC5)CO)O)O)C)O)O	428.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1R,2R,3R,6R,8S,11S,12S,13S,14R,15R,16S,17R)-2,3,12,15,16-pentahydroxy-9,13,17-trimethyl-11-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadec-9-en-4-one	101273517	Click to see	574.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1R,2R,3R,6R,8S,12R,13S,14R,15R,16S,17R)-2,3,12,15,16-pentahydroxy-13,17-dimethyl-9-methylidene-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadec-10-en-4-one	101600137	Click to see CC12C(CC3C45C1C(C(C(C4(C(C(=O)O3)O)O)(OC5)C)O)O)C(=C)C=CC2O	394.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1R,2R,3R,6R,8S,12S,13S,14R,15R,16S,17R,19S)-2,3,12,15,16,19-hexahydroxy-9,13,17-trimethyl-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadec-9-ene-4,11-dione	11304852	Click to see	426.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1R,2R,3R,6R,8S,9R,10R,11S,12R)-2,3,10,11-tetrahydroxy-8,12-dimethyl-8-[(2R)-3-methyl-5-oxo-2H-furan-2-yl]-5,13-dioxatetracyclo[7.5.0.01,6.02,12]tetradecan-4-one	21769824	Click to see	396.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1R,2S,3R,6R,8R,13S,14R,15R,16S,17R)-10,15,16-trihydroxy-9,13-dimethyl-3-(3-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-4,11-dioxo-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadec-9-ene-17-carboxylic acid	10391474	Click to see	506.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1R,2S,3R,6R,8S,9S,13S,14R,15R,16S,17R)-3-[(E)-3,4-dimethylpent-2-enoyl]oxy-15,16-dihydroxy-9,13-dimethyl-4,10-dioxo-11-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadec-11-ene-17-carboxylic acid	10556620	Click to see	696.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1R,2S,3R,6R,8S,9S,13S,14R,15R,16S,17S)-15,16-Dihydroxy-9,13-dimethyl-3-(3-methylbutanoyloxy)-4,10-dioxo-11-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadec-11-ene-17-carboxylic acid	3000803	Click to see	670.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1R,2S,3R,6R,8S,9S,13S,14R,15R,16S,17S)-3-[(E)-3,4-dimethylpent-2-enoyl]oxy-15,16-dihydroxy-9,13-dimethyl-4,10-dioxo-11-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadec-11-ene-17-carboxylic acid	21606955	Click to see	696.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1R,2S,3R,6S,7R,8S,13S,14R,15R,16S,17S)-3,7,15,16-tetrahydroxy-9,13,17-trimethyl-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadec-9-ene-4,11-dione	102059835	Click to see	394.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Bruceantin	5281304	Click to see	548.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
Bruceantinol A	23656477	Click to see CC1=C(C(=O)CC2(C1CC3C45C2C(C(C(C4C(C(=O)O3)OC(=O)C=C(C)C(C)(C)OC(=O)C)(OC5)C(=O)O)O)O)C)O	592.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
Brucein D	441788	Click to see CC1=CC(=O)C(C2(C1CC3C45C2C(C(C(C4(C(C(=O)O3)O)O)(OC5)C)O)O)C)O	410.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Bruceine A	160006	Click to see	522.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Bruceine H	10320238	Click to see CC1=CC(=O)C(C2(C1CC3C45C2C(C(C(C4(C(C(=O)O3)O)O)(OC5)CO)O)O)C)O	426.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Bruceine J	23656476	Click to see CC1=C(C(=O)CC2(C1CC3C45C2C(C(C(C4C(C(=O)O3)OC(=O)CC(C)C)(OC5)C(=O)O)O)O)C)O	508.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Bruceolide	99531	Click to see	438.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
bruceosideB	3000796	Click to see	682.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Brusatol	73432	Click to see CC1=C(C(=O)CC2(C1CC3C45C2C(C(C(C4C(C(=O)O3)OC(=O)C=C(C)C)(OC5)C(=O)OC)O)O)C)O	520.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
butyl (1R,2S,3R,6R,8S,9S,13S,14R,15R,16S,17R)-15,16-dihydroxy-9,13-dimethyl-3-(3-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-4,10-dioxo-11-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadec-11-ene-17-carboxylate	10556847	Click to see	724.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
CID 11765370	11765370	Click to see CC1=C(C(=O)CC2(C1CC3C45C2C(C(C(C4C(C(=O)O3)OC(=O)C=C(C)C(C)C)(OC5)C(=O)OC)O)O)C)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O	710.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
CID 21606956	21606956	Click to see CC1C2CC3C45COC(C4C(C(=O)O3)OC(=O)C=C(C)C(C)C)(C(C(C5C2(C=C(C1=O)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O)C)O)O)C(=O)OC	710.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
CID 21636148	21636148	Click to see	642.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
Dehydrobruceantinol	54604632	Click to see	604.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
Dehydrobruceine B	101967133	Click to see	478.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Dehydrobrusatol	59087297	Click to see	518.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Javanicolide C	11214625	Click to see CC1C2CC3C45COC(C4C(C(=O)O3)OC(=O)C=C(C)C)(C(C(C5C2(CC(C1O)O)C)O)O)C(=O)OC	524.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
Javanicolide D	11455840	Click to see	566.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
Javanicolide E	70686049	Click to see	522.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Javanicoside B	11169907	Click to see	684.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Javanicoside C	11169890	Click to see CC1=C2CC3C45COC(C4C(C(=O)O3)OC(=O)C=C(C)C)(C(C(C5C2(C=C(C1=O)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O)C)O)O)C(=O)OC	680.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
Javanicoside D	11227971	Click to see	740.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Javanicoside F	11445415	Click to see	696.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Javanicoside H	12086836	Click to see CC1C2CC3C45COC(C4C(C(=O)O3)OC(=O)C=C(C)C(C)(C)OC(=O)C)(C(C(C5C2(C=C(C1=O)OC6C(C(C(CO6)O)O)O)C)O)O)C(=O)OC	738.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Methyl (11beta,12alpha,15beta)-15-(((2E)-4-(acetyloxy)-3,4-dimethyl-1-oxo-2-penten-1-yl)oxy)-13,20-epoxy-3,11,12-trihydroxy-2,16-dioxopicras-3-en-21-oate	5281305	Click to see	606.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
Methyl (11beta,12alpha,15beta)-15-(acetyloxy)-13,20-epoxy-3,11,12-trihydroxy-2,16-dioxopicras-3-en-21-oate	161496	Click to see	480.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Methyl (1R,2R,6S,7R,8R,13R,14R,15R,16S,17S)-15,16-dihydroxy-9,13-dimethyl-7-(3-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-4,11-dioxo-10-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadec-9-ene-17-carboxylate	21115217	Click to see	682.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Methyl (1R,2S,3R,6R,13S,14R,15R,16S,17S)-11,15,16-trihydroxy-9,13-dimethyl-3-(3-methylbutanoyloxy)-4,10-dioxo-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadeca-8,11-diene-17-carboxylate	21125878	Click to see	520.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
methyl (1R,2S,3R,6R,8R,13S,14R,15R,16S,17S)-15,16-dihydroxy-3-[(E)-4-hydroxy-3,4-dimethylpent-2-enoyl]oxy-9,13-dimethyl-4,11-dioxo-10-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadec-9-ene-17-carboxylate	21636149	Click to see	726.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
methyl (1R,2S,3R,6R,8R,13S,14R,15R,16S,17S)-15,16-dihydroxy-9,13-dimethyl-3-(3-methylbutanoyloxy)-4,11-dioxo-10-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadec-9-ene-17-carboxylate	21636147	Click to see CC1=C(C(=O)CC2(C1CC3C45C2C(C(C(C4C(C(=O)O3)OC(=O)CC(C)C)(OC5)C(=O)OC)O)O)C)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O	684.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
methyl (1R,2S,3R,6R,8R,13S,14R,15R,16S,17S)-3-(3,4-dimethylpent-2-enoyloxy)-10,15,16-trihydroxy-9,13-dimethyl-4,11-dioxo-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadec-9-ene-17-carboxylate	441786	Click to see CC1=C(C(=O)CC2(C1CC3C45C2C(C(C(C4C(C(=O)O3)OC(=O)C=C(C)C(C)C)(OC5)C(=O)OC)O)O)C)O	548.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
methyl (1R,2S,3R,6R,8R,13S,14R,15R,16S,17S)-3-benzoyloxy-15,16-dihydroxy-9,13-dimethyl-4,11-dioxo-10-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadec-9-ene-17-carboxylate	11411443	Click to see	704.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
methyl (1R,2S,3R,6R,8S,11S,12S,13S,14R,15R,16S,17S)-12,15,16-trihydroxy-3-[(E)-4-hydroxy-3,4-dimethylpent-2-enoyl]oxy-9,13-dimethyl-4-oxo-11-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadec-9-ene-17-carboxylate	11479645	Click to see	728.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
methyl (1R,2S,3R,6R,8S,11S,12S,13S,14R,15R,16S,17S)-12,15,16-trihydroxy-9,13-dimethyl-3-(3-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-4-oxo-11-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadec-9-ene-17-carboxylate	101659160	Click to see	684.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
methyl (1R,2S,3R,6R,8S,11S,12S,13S,14R,15R,16S,17S)-12,15,16-trihydroxy-9,13-dimethyl-3-(3-methylbutanoyloxy)-4-oxo-11-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadec-9-ene-17-carboxylate	101659162	Click to see	686.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
methyl (1R,2S,3R,6R,8S,11S,12S,13S,14R,15R,16S,17S)-3-acetyloxy-12,15,16-trihydroxy-9,13-dimethyl-4-oxo-11-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadec-9-ene-17-carboxylate	101659159	Click to see	644.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
methyl (1R,2S,3R,6R,8S,13S,14R,15R,16S,17S)-15,16-dihydroxy-9,13-dimethyl-3-(3-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-4,11-dioxo-10-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadec-9-ene-17-carboxylate	11490891	Click to see	682.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
methyl (1R,2S,3R,6R,8S,9S,10R,13S,14R,15R,16S,17S)-3-[(E)-4-acetyloxy-3,4-dimethylpent-2-enoyl]oxy-10,15,16-trihydroxy-9,13-dimethyl-4,11-dioxo-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadecane-17-carboxylate	101499202	Click to see	608.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
methyl (1R,2S,3R,6R,8S,9S,10S,11R,13S,14R,15R,16S,17S)-10,15,16-trihydroxy-9,13-dimethyl-3-(3-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-4-oxo-11-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadecane-17-carboxylate	11250992	Click to see	686.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
methyl (1R,2S,3R,6R,8S,9S,13S,14R,15R,16S,17S)-15,16-dihydroxy-3-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoyl)oxy-9,13-dimethyl-4,10-dioxo-11-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadec-11-ene-17-carboxylate	101659163	Click to see	700.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
methyl (1R,2S,3R,6R,8S,9S,13S,14R,15R,16S,17S)-15,16-dihydroxy-9,13-dimethyl-3-(3-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-4,10-dioxo-11-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadec-11-ene-17-carboxylate	12086835	Click to see	652.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
methyl (1R,2S,3R,6R,8S,9S,13S,14R,15R,16S,17S)-3-[(E)-4-acetyloxy-3-ethyl-4-methylpent-2-enoyl]oxy-15,16-dihydroxy-9,13-dimethyl-4,10-dioxo-11-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadec-11-ene-17-carboxylate	10417797	Click to see	782.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
methyl (1R,2S,3R,6R,8S,9S,13S,14R,15R,16S,17S)-3-[(E)-4-acetyloxy-3,4-dimethylpent-2-enoyl]oxy-15,16-dihydroxy-9,13-dimethyl-4,10-dioxo-11-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadec-11-ene-17-carboxylate	101659161	Click to see	768.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
Methyl (1R,2S,3R,6R,8S,9S,13S,14R,15R,16S,17S)-3-acetyloxy-15,16-dihydroxy-9,13-dimethyl-4,10-dioxo-11-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadec-11-ene-17-carboxylate	3000798	Click to see	642.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
methyl (1R,2S,3R,6R,8S,9S,13S,14S,15R,16S,17S)-15,16-dihydroxy-9,13-dimethyl-3-(3-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-4,12-dioxo-11-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadec-10-ene-17-carboxylate	11445340	Click to see	682.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
methyl (1R,2S,3R,6R,8S,9S,13S,14S,15R,16S,17S)-3-[(E)-3,4-dimethylpent-2-enoyl]oxy-15,16-dihydroxy-9,13-dimethyl-4,12-dioxo-11-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-5,18-dioxapentacyclo[12.5.0.01,6.02,17.08,13]nonadec-10-ene-17-carboxylate	101659164	Click to see	710.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Picras-1-en-21-oic acid, 13,20-epoxy-2-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-11,12-dihydroxy-15-((3-methyl-1-oxo-2-buten-1-yl)oxy)-3,16-dioxo-, methyl ester, (11beta,12alpha,15beta)-	441789	Click to see	682.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Picras-1-en-21-oic acid, 13,20-epoxy-2-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-11,12-dihydroxy-15-[(4-hydroxy-3,4-dimethyl-1-oxo-2-pentenyl)oxy]-3,16-dioxo-, methyl ester, [11beta,12alpha,15beta(E)]-	101659158	Click to see	726.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Yadanziolide B	11744055	Click to see CC1=CC(=O)C(C2(C1C(C3C45C2C(C(C(C4(C(C(=O)O3)O)O)(OC5)CO)O)O)O)C)O	442.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Yadanziolide C	10409280	Click to see	410.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Yadanzioside K	14060346	Click to see CC1=C(C(=O)CC2(C1CC3C45C2C(C(C(C4C(C(=O)O3)OC(=O)C=C(C)C(C)(C)OC(=O)C)(OC5)C(=O)OC)O)O)C)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O	768.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
Yadanzioside M	21115200	Click to see	704.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
YadanziosideA	101659157	Click to see CC1C2CC3C45COC(C4C(C(=O)O3)OC(=O)CC(C)C)(C(C(C5C2(C=C(C1=O)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O)C)O)O)C(=O)OC	684.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Sesquiterpene lactones / Germacranolides and derivatives
[(3aR,4R,6R,7Z,10E,11aR)-6-hydroxy-6,10-dimethyl-3-methylidene-2,9-dioxo-3a,4,5,11a-tetrahydrocyclodeca[b]furan-4-yl] 2-methylpropanoate	49799780	Click to see	348.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
Macedonic acid	193076	Click to see	470.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids / Limonoids
[(5R,7R,8R,9R,10R,13S,17S)-17-[(2S,3S,5R)-5-[(2S)-3,3-dimethyloxiran-2-yl]-2-methoxyoxolan-3-yl]-4,4,8,10,13-pentamethyl-3-oxo-5,6,7,9,11,12,16,17-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-yl] acetate	10414931	Click to see CC(=O)OC1CC2C(C(=O)C=CC2(C3C1(C4=CCC(C4(CC3)C)C5CC(OC5OC)C6C(O6)(C)C)C)C)(C)C	540.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(5R,7R,8R,9R,10S,11R,13S,17S)-17-[(2S,3S,5R)-5-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxy-2-methylpropyl]-2-methoxyoxolan-3-yl]-11-hydroxy-4,4,8,10,13-pentamethyl-3-oxo-5,6,7,9,11,12,16,17-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-7-yl] acetate	71544782	Click to see	574.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
1,2-Dihydrobruceajavanin A	10076750	Click to see CC(=O)OC1CC2C(C(=O)CCC2(C3C1(C4=CCC(C4(CC3)C)C5CC(OC5OC(=O)C)C6C(O6)(C)C)C)C)(C)C	570.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
Bruceajavanin A	10030889	Click to see	568.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Bruceajavanone A	44582338	Click to see	640.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
Bruceajavanone A 7-Acetate	44582339	Click to see	682.90	unknown	via CMAUP database
Bruceajavanone B	44582340	Click to see	666.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Steroidal glycosides
(2S,3R,4S,5S)-2-[[(3S,8S,9S,10R,13S,14S,17S)-17-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl]oxy]oxane-3,4,5-triol	101916318	Click to see	450.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Pentacarboxylic acids and derivatives
2-[(1R,2S,3R,6R,8S,9S,10R,11R,12S,13S)-11,12-dihydroxy-13-methoxycarbonyl-8-[(2S)-1-methoxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]-9-methyl-3-(3-methylbut-2-enoyloxy)-4-oxo-5,14-dioxatetracyclo[8.5.0.01,6.02,13]pentadecan-9-yl]acetic acid	70692363	Click to see	568.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
Javanic Acid A	70694422	Click to see	554.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Tetracarboxylic acids and derivatives
Bruceanic Acid E	70681802	Click to see	524.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Bruceanic Acid E Methyl Ester	70688171	Click to see	538.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Bruceanic Acid F	70681803	Click to see	510.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Benzaldehydes / Hydroxybenzaldehydes
4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde	126	Click to see	122.12	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzodioxoles
Dillapiol	10231	Click to see COC1=C(C2=C(C=C1CC=C)OCO2)OC	222.24	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Furopyrans
(1S,2R,3R,4S,6R,7R,10R,11R,12R)-2,6,11,12-tetrahydroxy-4,10-dimethyl-4-[(2R)-3-methyl-5-oxo-2H-furan-2-yl]-9,14-dioxatetracyclo[8.4.0.03,7.07,11]tetradecan-13-one	10453339	Click to see	396.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Quinolines and derivatives / Quinolones and derivatives / Hydroquinolones
4-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-quinolone	160782	Click to see	217.22	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones
Flavone	10680	Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=CC(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3O2	222.24	unknown	via CMAUP database
Luteolin	5280445	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O)O	286.24	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides
Luteolin 7-O-glucoside	5280637	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O	448.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Luteolin-7-O-galactoside	5488493	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O	448.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / O-methylated flavonoids / 5-O-methylated flavonoids
Thevetiaflavone	5315202	Click to see	284.26	unknown	via CMAUP database

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Ceratophyllum submersum

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