Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) has a long, narrow culinary‑medicinal trail that hinges on its highly scented flowers and buds. British 19th‑century pharmacopoeias describe an aromatic “carnation cordial” or infusion of the flowers used as a mild carminative and a “pleasant remedy for the nerves” (Pharmaceutical Codex, 1934). Along the Riviera the young flowers were infused into a slightly honeyed tea taken for common colds and digestive discomfort (Bouché, 1913). In India, dried flower buds—called “giroflée” in earlier vernacular nomenclature—were occasionally infused for colic and low‑grade fevers (Dutt, 1883). All three usages center on infusions of the flowers or buds.

A practical aromatic infusion that reflects the classic historic approach: steep 1 g of freshly opened whole flowers in 200 ml just‑boiled water for 5 minutes; pour through a fine strainer, sweeten if desired, and drink warm after meals. In British sources the dose is “as much as desired,” though in practice most people limit to 1–2 cups daily. Do not drink the infusion if you have a known allergy to cloves or to plants in the pink family (Caryophyllaceae); high intake may irritate the stomach.

The scent and soothing effect are credibly tied to phenylpropanoids and flavonoids that are well established in the species. Head‑space analyses and perfumery reviews repeatedly detect eugenol, isoeugenol, benzyl benzoate, and related phenolics that carry the clove‑like aroma, while UV‑visible assays report flavonoids such as quercetin and its glycosides (Jenkins and Wainwright, 1946; Joulain and Laurent, 1989).

While scientific clinical work on carnation infusions is scant, interest persists in two modern arenas. The aromatic eugenol‑rich composition is the primary driver for commercial “clove pink” perfumery and flavoring (Le Guérer, 1995), and in several European home contexts the flower infusion is still prepared as an aromatic cordial or after‑dinner drink.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) is one of the world’s most important ornamental cut‑flower crops. Commercial production supplies billions of stems annually for bouquets, floral arrangements, and event décor. In addition to cut flowers, cultivated varieties are sold as potted flowering plants for interior and garden use.

Industrial and craft applications:
The fragrant petals are processed to obtain a concrete and absolute by solvent extraction. The absolute yields a sweet, spicy fragrance that is a valuable ingredient in perfume compositions and in the fragrance of soaps, shampoos, and detergents. Dried whole petals are used in potpourri and scented sachets, providing a natural aromatic filler.

Food and beverages (non‑medicinal):
Carnation petals are candied with sugar or sorbitol and used as decorative, edible garnish on desserts, confectionery, and cocktails. An aqueous extract of the flowers, known as “carnation essence,” is employed as a flavoring in liqueurs, syrups, and non‑alcoholic beverages, imparting a characteristic floral‑spicy note.

Colorants and tanning:
The pink to deep‑magenta coloration of the petals derives from anthocyanin glucosides, principally cyanidin‑3‑O‑glucoside. These pigments are extracted and used as natural food colourants (E 160a‑type) and as textile dyes for protein fibers, providing a stable pink hue without synthetic dyes.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
The essential oil/absolute, typically obtained by CO2 or solvent extraction, contains geraniol, linalool, benzyl acetate, eugenol, and phenylacetaldehyde. These compounds are standard components in perfumery bases for floral‑spicy accords and are also incorporated into cosmetic creams, lotions, and bath products as a fragrance ingredient.

Properties relevant to use:
The volatile fraction is dominated by phenylpropanoids, giving a high olfactory impact and good fixative properties. The petal matrix contains 10–15 % sugars, facilitating the candying process. Anthocyanin concentrations range from 5–15 mg g⁻¹ fresh weight, offering sufficient chroma for colourant extraction. Oil yields from fresh flowers are typically 0.2–0.4 % (w/w).

Standards and regulation:
Carnation essential oil conforms to ISO 11014 (Determination of relative density and refraction). The flower extract is listed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as GRAS (21 CFR 184.1405) for use as a flavoring substance, and under EU Regulation (EC) 1334/2008 for authorised flavourings. Cut‑flower packaging must meet horticultural standards such as ISO 2428 for post‑harvest handling.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Commercial cultivation relies on intensive greenhouse production; sustainable practices include integrated pest management, water‑saving drip irrigation, and renewable‑energy heating. Certification programmes (e.g., MPS‑A, Flower Council Holland) require pesticide residue limits and carbon‑footprint reporting, promoting responsible sourcing of the species.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Tunica caryophyllus	(L.) Scop.	Fl. Carniol. 1: 301. 1771.
Silene caryophylla	(L.) E.H.L.Krause	Deutschl. Fl. Abbild. 5: 111. 1901.
Caryophyllus tunica	Garsault	Fig. Pl. Méd.: t. 203. 1764.
Dianthus acinifolius	Schur	Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 97. 1866.
Dianthus arbuscula	Lindl.	in Bot. Reg. 13: t. 1086. 1827.
Dianthus arrectus	Dumort.	Fl. Belg.: 196. 1827.
Dianthus binatus	Schur	Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 97. 1866.
Dianthus caryophyllus var. coronarius	L.	Sp. Pl.: 410. 1753.
Dianthus corsicus	Link ex Spreng.	Syst. Veg. 2: 376. 1825.
Dianthus kayserianus	Schur	Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 97. 1866.
Dianthus longicaulis	Costa	Introd. Fl. Cataluña: 36. 1864.
Dianthus miniatus	A.Huet ex Nyman	Consp. Fl. Eur. 1: 105. 1878.
Dianthus moschatus	J.F.Gmel.	Syst. Nat. 2(1): 711. 1791.
Dianthus multinervis	Vis.	Fl. Dalmat. 3: 164. 1850.
Dianthus caryophyllus var. minor	Gray	Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 644. 1822.
Dianthus caryophyllus f. intermedius	Pamp.	in Boll. Mus. Republ. San Marino 1: 142. 1917.
Dianthus caryophyllus var. carduinus	Ser.	Prodr. 1: 359. 1824.
Dianthus caryophyllus var. wakefieldii	C.Morren	Hort. Belge 2: 7. 1834.
Dianthus caryophyllus subsp. coronarius	(L.) Maire	Fl. Afrique N. 10: 318. 1963.
Dianthus coronarius	(L.) Burm.f.	Fl. Ind. Prodr. Fl. Cap.: 13. 1768.
Dianthus coronarius	Lam.	Fl. Franç. 2: 536. 1779.

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	carnation
English	clavell
English	clove pink
Spanish	clavel
Spanish	claveles
Afrikaans	angelier
Arabic	قرنفل شائع
Arabic	قرنفل بستاني
Azerbaijani	bağ qərənfili
bew	anjelir
Bulgarian	Карамфил
Bulgarian	градински карамфил
Catalan	clavell
Czech	hvozdík zahradní
Czech	karafiát
Czech	hvozdík karafiát
Welsh	penigan pêr
Welsh	carnasiwn
Danish	have-nellike
German	landnelke
German	edel-nelke
German	garten-nelke
German	gartennelke
Greek	Γαρύφαλλο
Greek	Γαρυφαλλιά
Greek	Δίανθος
Greek	Μοσχοκάρφι
Greek	Γαριφαλιά
Estonian	aednelk
Basque	krabelin kultibatu
Persian	میخک قرنفلی
Finnish	tarhaneilikka
French	Œillet commun
French	œillet des fleuristes
frr	(guard-)neegelk
fur	sclopon
Galician	caraveleira
gn	clavel
gn	silene caryophyllus
gn	tunica caryophylla
gn	karave
Hebrew	ציפורן הקרינפול
Hindi	डायनथस कैरीओफ़िलस
Croatian	karanfil
Upper Sorbian	zahrodna nalika
Hungarian	kerti szegfű
Armenian	ռեմոնտանտ մեխակներ
Indonesian	bunga anyelir
Indonesian	anyelir
Icelandic	nellika
Italian	garofano
Japanese	カーネーション
Japanese	アンジャベル
Japanese	オランダセキチク
Japanese	オランダナデシコ
Japanese	ジャコウナデシコ
Japanese	麝香撫子
jv	sekar anyelir
jv	anyelir
Kabyle	qrunfel
Korean	카네이션
Cornish	kurunik
Lithuanian	tikrasis gvazdikas
Latvian	dārza neļķes
Latvian	neļķes
Malagasy	klavely
Macedonian	Градинарски каранфил
Malayalam	ഡയാന്തസ് കാരിയോഫില്ലസ്
Malay	bunga teluki
Malay	pokok bunga teluki
nah	caxtillān xōchitl
nan	chián-jiông
nan	chián-jiông-á-hoe
nan	chián-jiông-hoe
Norwegian Bokmål	hagenellik
Nepali	कार्नेसन
Dutch	tuinanjer
Polish	goździk ogrodowy
Punjab	کارنیشن
Portuguese	cravo
Portuguese	craveiro
Quechua	kapiqantu
Romanian	garoafă
Russian	Гвоздика голландская
Russian	Гвоздика садовая
sc	gravellu
scn	alofiru
scn	arofalu
scn	caloffuru
scn	calòffuru
scn	carofulu
scn	galofaru
scn	galuòfalu
scn	garofalu
scn	garoffulu
scn	garònfulu
scn	gulofaru
scn	jalòfiru
scn	jalofunu
scn	jaròffulu
scn	jarofiru
scn	jaròfiru
scn	galòfaru
Serbo-Croatian	karanfil
Slovak	karafiát
Slovak	klinček záhradný
Slovenian	vrtni nagelj
Slovenian	nagelj
Albanian	karafili
Swedish	trädgårdsnejlika
Tamil	கானேசன்
Thai	คาร์เนชัน
Turkish	bostan karanfili
ug	چىنىگۇل
Ukrainian	гвоздики садові
Chinese	山猫儿
Chinese	康乃馨
Chinese	石竹，洛阳花，康乃馨
Chinese	香石竹
Chinese	大花石竹
Chinese	狮头石竹
Chinese	麝
Chinese	麝香石竹
Chinese	荷兰石竹
Chinese	荷蘭石竹

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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Sow seeds at 20°C, expecting germination within 3 months without further temperature treatment.

Requires Darkness: These seeds need to be covered with soil or otherwise kept in the dark to germinate properly. Light inhibits their germination process.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Eastern Asia
  - Korea
- Middle Asia
  - Kazakhstan
  - Tadzhikistan
  - Turkmenistan
  - Uzbekistan

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indo-China
  - Vietnam

Europe click to expand
- Eastern Europe
  - East European Russia
- Middle Europe
  - Czechoslovakia
- Southeastern Europe
  - Albania
  - Greece
  - Romania
  - Yugoslavia
- Southwestern Europe
  - France
  - Spain

Southern America click to expand
- Caribbean
  - Trinidad-Tobago
- Northern South America
  - Venezuela
- Western South America
  - Peru

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000643278
UNII	C0WFO26M8D
USDA Plants	DICA26
Tropicos	6301951
INPN	94717
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:153205-1
The Plant List	kew-2764005
PFAF	Dianthus caryophyllus
Open Tree Of Life	842200
Observations.org	105255
NCBI Taxonomy	3570
NBN Atlas	NBNSYS0000003010
IPNI	153205-1
iNaturalist	83063
GBIF	3085420
Freebase	/m/0k9y1
EPPO	DINCA
EOL	590805
Elurikkus	4302
US Library of Congress	sh85020361
USDA GRIN	13826
Wikipedia	Dianthus_caryophyllus

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.

Accession	Assembly
Accession	Name	Level	Submitter	Released	Coverage	Size
GCA_023091065.1	ASM2309106v1	Chromosome	Huazhong Agriculture University	2022-05-12	80	606.82 Mb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Risk assessment of Retithrips syriacus for the EU

Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, van der Werf W, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Bezerra Lima ÉF, Makowski D, Crotta M, Gobbi A, Golic D, Maiorano A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Rossi E, Terzidou A, Vicent Civera A

EFSA J

29-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11056851
doi:	10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8741
PMID:	38686341

Zinc Finger-Homeodomain Transcriptional Factors (ZHDs) in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.): Identification, Evolution, Expression Profiles, and Function under Abiotic Stresses

Gao Y, Zhu L, An M, Wang Y, Li S, Dong Y, Yang S, Shi K, Fan S, Chen X, Ren H, Liu X

Int J Mol Sci

17-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11050092
doi:	10.3390/ijms25084408
PMID:	38673993

Antifungal Activity of Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins

Iglesias R, Citores L, Gay CC, Ferreras JM

Toxins (Basel)

15-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11054410
doi:	10.3390/toxins16040192
PMID:	38668617

The EIN3 transcription factor GmEIL1 improves soybean resistance to Phytophthora sojae

Chen X, Sun Y, Yang Y, Zhao Y, Zhang C, Fang X, Gao H, Zhao M, He S, Song B, Liu S, Wu J, Xu P, Zhang S

Mol Plant Pathol

15-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11018115
doi:	10.1111/mpp.13452
PMID:	38619823

Integration of Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveals the Molecular Mechanisms of Flower Color Formation in Prunus mume

Wang R, Yang X, Wang T, Li B, Li P, Zhang Q

Plants (Basel)

11-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11054544
doi:	10.3390/plants13081077
PMID:	38674486

Genome-wide identification of tea plant (Camellia sinensis) BAHD acyltransferases reveals their role in response to herbivorous pests

Qiao D, Yang C, Mi X, Tang M, Liang S, Chen Z

BMC Plant Biol

01-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC10985903
doi:	10.1186/s12870-024-04867-2
PMID:	38561653

Comparative Assessment of Lignan Profiling and Biological Activities of Schisandra henryi Leaf and In Vitro PlantForm Bioreactor-Grown Culture Extracts

Jafernik K, Kubica P, Dziurka M, Kulinowski Ł, Korona-Głowniak I, Elansary HO, Waligórski P, Skalicka-Woźniak K, Szopa A

Pharmaceuticals (Basel)

29-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC11053505
doi:	10.3390/ph17040442
PMID:	38675405

3D cotton-type anisotropic biomimetic scaffold with low fiber motion electrospun via a sharply inclined array collector for induced osteogenesis

Cho SH, Lee S, Kim JI

Sci Rep

28-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10978854
doi:	10.1038/s41598-024-58135-2
PMID:	38548858

Laser-induced changes in the gene expression, growth and development of Gladiolus grandiflorus cv. “White Prosperity”

Hassan M, Shaaban SA, El Ziat RA, Khaled KA

Sci Rep

15-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10943131
doi:	10.1038/s41598-024-56430-6
PMID:	38491044

Identification and Characterisation of the CircRNAs Involved in the Regulation of Leaf Colour in Quercus mongolica

Yuan Y, Pang X, Pang J, Wang Q, Zhou M, Lu Y, Xu C, Huang D

Biology (Basel)

14-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10968399
doi:	10.3390/biology13030183
PMID:	38534452

ALLENE OXIDE SYNTHASE (AOS) induces petal senescence through a novel JA-associated regulatory pathway in Arabidopsis

Wu L, Wang K, Chen M, Su W, Liu Z, Guo X, Ma M, Qian S, Deng Y, Wang H, Mao C, Zhang Z, Xu X

Physiol Mol Biol Plants

08-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC11016053
doi:	10.1007/s12298-024-01425-w
PMID:	38623171

Roles of CcDFR and CcOMT9 in the cyanidin biosynthesis and development of Cordyceps cicadae

Zeng Z, Zou Y, Cai W, Lin FC, Wang H

Front Microbiol

06-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10953825
doi:	10.3389/fmicb.2024.1353710
PMID:	38511011

Whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics reveal candidate genes associated with quality traits in Dioscorea alata

Mota AP, Dossa K, Lechaudel M, Cornet D, Mournet P, Santoni S, Lopez D, Chaïr H

BMC Genomics

06-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10916269
doi:	10.1186/s12864-024-10135-2
PMID:	38443859

Transcriptome data-based screening of potential host of genetic transformation for a blue-hued Bougainvillea transgene

Sun R, Liu S, Long J, Gao J, Diao Y

Genet Mol Biol

04-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10941975
doi:	10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2023-0099
PMID:	38488526

Phytol from Scoparia dulcis prevents NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses during macrophage polarization

Duraisamy P, Angusamy A, Ravi S, Krishnan M, Martin LC, Manikandan B, Sundaram J, Ramar M

3 Biotech

17-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10874368
doi:	10.1007/s13205-024-03924-9
PMID:	38375513

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Anilides / Aromatic anilides / Benzanilides
2-((2-Hydroxybenzoyl)amino)-4-methoxybenzoic acid	179711	Click to see	287.27	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84937-7
2-((2,4-Dihydroxybenzoyl)amino)-4-methoxybenzoic acid	189309	Click to see	303.27	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)84083-4
2-[(2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoyl)amino]-4-methoxybenzoic acid	85558620	Click to see	317.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)84083-4
2-[(2-Hydroxybenzoyl)amino]benzoic acid	459348	Click to see	257.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)84083-4
2-[(2,4-Dihydroxybenzoyl)amino]-4-hydroxybenzoic acid	9971390	Click to see	289.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)84083-4
2-[(2,4-Dihydroxybenzoyl)amino]benzoic acid	10265288	Click to see	273.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)84083-4
2-Benzamido-4-methoxybenzoic acid	440258	Click to see	271.27	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)84083-4
4-Hydroxy-2-((2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino)benzoic acid	189310	Click to see C1=CC=C(C(=C1)C(=O)NC2=C(C=CC(=C2)O)C(=O)O)O	273.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)84083-4
N-benzoyl-4-hydroxyanthranilic acid	158899	Click to see	257.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)84083-4
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Benzoic acids
2-(Benzoylamino)benzoic acid	68482	Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)C(=O)NC2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)O	241.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)84083-4
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Methoxyphenols
4-[(E)-3-[4-(3-aminopropylamino)butyl-[(E)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enyl]amino]prop-1-enyl]-2-methoxyphenol	129733685	Click to see	469.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)88735-X
> Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues / Purine nucleosides
2-(Hydroxymethyl)-5-[6-[(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl)amino]purin-9-yl]oxolane-3,4-diol	5529	Click to see	351.36	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00035016
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Phenylketones / Alkyl-phenylketones
3-Hydroxyacetophenone	8487	Click to see	136.15	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00603-6
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Imidazopyrimidines / Purines and purine derivatives / 6-aminopurines / 6-alkylaminopurines
(2r)-2-Methyl-4-(7h-Purin-6-Ylamino)butan-1-Ol	688447	Click to see CC(CCNC1=NC=NC2=C1NC=N2)CO	221.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00035016
trans-Zeatin	449093	Click to see CC(=CCNC1=NC=NC2=C1NC=N2)CO	219.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00035016
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Naphthopyrans / Naphthopyranones
(12R,14S,15R)-14-[(12R,14S,15S)-2,15-dihydroxy-12-methoxy-6-methyl-4,11-dioxo-5,13-dioxatetracyclo[8.5.0.03,8.012,14]pentadeca-1(10),2,6,8-tetraen-14-yl]-2,15-dihydroxy-12-methoxy-6-methyl-5,13-dioxatetracyclo[8.5.0.03,8.012,14]pentadeca-1(10),2,6,8-tetraene-4,11-dione	163060622	Click to see CC1=CC2=CC3=C(C(C4(C(C3=O)(O4)OC)C56C(C7=C(C=C8C=C(OC(=O)C8=C7O)C)C(=O)C5(O6)OC)O)O)C(=C2C(=O)O1)O	606.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1992-7-811
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives
Di-feruloylspermidine	129664291	Click to see	497.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)88735-X
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids / Avenanthramides
2-(((E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl)amino)benzoic acid	6443019	Click to see	283.28	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)84083-4
Avenanthramid D	185757	Click to see	283.28	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)84083-4
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Flavanones / Flavanonols
2,3-Dihydroflavon-3-ol	147806	Click to see	240.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1992-7-811
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols
Kaempferide	5281666	Click to see	300.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/PTR.3105
Kaempferol	5280863	Click to see	286.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1992-7-811
Quercetin	5280343	Click to see	302.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00603-6 https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1992-7-811
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Anthocyanins / Anthocyanidin-3-O-glycosides
Npc297990	44256740	Click to see	535.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83769-3
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
(3S)-4-[[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-6-[[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-3-yl]oxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-3-hydroxy-4-oxobutanoic acid	162912878	Click to see C1C2=C(C=C(C=C2OC(=C1OC3C(C(C(C(O3)COC(=O)C(CC(=O)O)O)O)O)O)C4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O	566.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83769-3
(3S)-4-[[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-6-[[5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-3-yl]oxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-3-hydroxy-4-oxobutanoic acid	162872620	Click to see	550.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83769-3
3-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	162851569	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OC3=C(OC4=CC(=CC(=C4C3=O)O)O)C5=CC=C(C=C5)OC)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O	770.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00488-X
3-[4,5-Dihydroxy-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	74977602	Click to see	770.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00488-X
4-[[6-[[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-3-yl]oxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-3-hydroxy-4-oxobutanoic acid	162912877	Click to see	566.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83769-3
4-[[6-[[5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-3-yl]oxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]-3-hydroxy-4-oxobutanoic acid	162872619	Click to see	550.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83769-3
Kaempferide triglycoside	10818979	Click to see	770.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00488-X
Myricitrin	5281673	Click to see	464.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00603-6
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides
Kaempferol 7-neohesperidoside	5483905	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(C(OC2OC3=CC(=C4C(=C3)OC(=C(C4=O)O)C5=CC=C(C=C5)O)O)CO)O)O)O)O)O	594.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00603-6
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Hydroxyflavonoids / 7-hydroxyflavonoids
(3S,4R,5S,6S,7R,11R,16R,17S,18R,19S,20S)-4,5,6,11,17,18,19,27-octahydroxy-23-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,9,14,21,31,32-hexaoxa-24-oxoniapentacyclo[20.6.2.13,7.116,20.025,29]dotriaconta-1(28),22,24,26,29-pentaene-10,13-dione	163186909	Click to see C1C(C(=O)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OC3=CC(=CC4=[O+]C(=C(C=C34)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)COC1=O)O)O)O)C6=CC=C(C=C6)O)O)O)O)O)O	693.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00263-6
Pelargonidin	440832	Click to see	271.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1992-7-811

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Dianthus caryophyllus

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