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Ricinus communis

Table of Contents

Details
Ethnobotanical Use
General Uses
Synonyms
Common Names
Subtypes (subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, forms)
Germination/Propagation
Distribution
Links to other databases
Genome
Scientific Literature
Phytochemical Profile
Gallery
Contributors
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Details Top

Internal ID UUID643feb08a21a4547895928
Scientific name Ricinus communis
Authority L.
First published in Sp. Pl. : 1007 (1753)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice
  • Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
  • Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
  • Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
  • Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Among Ayurvedic practitioners in India, the oil extracted from the seeds of Ricinus communis is often taken as a warm infusion—about one tablespoon of castor oil in a cup of hot water—to act as a gentle purgative and to relieve constipation (Duke, 1992). In the Yoruba region of Nigeria, a decoction of the young leaves is prepared by simmering 10 g of dried leaves in 250 ml of water for 15 minutes; the strained liquid is drunk twice daily to lower fever and reduce cough (Eze et al., 2015). The Amhara community in Ethiopia uses a poultice of fresh, crushed leaves applied directly to skin lesions, renewing the dressing every six to eight hours, to promote wound healing and alleviate inflammatory swellings (Hanafy et al., 2018). These three traditions illustrate the plant’s versatility, employing seed oil, leaf decoctions, and leaf poultices, respectively.

Traditional leaf‑fever tea can be made from 5 g of dried Ricinus communis leaves and 200 ml of water. Bring the water to a boil, add the leaves, simmer for 10 minutes, then cover and let the infusion stand for another 5 minutes before straining. The resulting tea may be consumed warm, one cup up to three times a day, with the total daily dose not exceeding 15 g of dried leaf. Because the plant contains ricin‑related proteins, the seeds and raw leaf material must be handled with care; the preparation is not recommended for pregnant or nursing women, children under six, or individuals with known hypersensitivity.

The therapeutic activity of castor‑bean preparations is largely attributed to ricinoleic acid, which makes up roughly 85–90 % of the fatty acids in the seed oil and provides strong laxative and anti‑inflammatory effects. Phytochemical surveys also report flavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol, together with phenolic acids like gallic and caffeic acid, all of which have documented antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. These constituents together explain the soothing effect of leaf decoctions on mucous membranes and the wound‑healing promotion observed in poultice applications.

Today castor oil is widely sold in pharmacies and health‑food stores as an over‑the‑counter laxative and skin‑care emollient, and recent laboratory work has mapped the molecular pathways by which ricinoleic acid activates anti‑inflammatory receptors (J. Pharmacol. 2022). In parallel, local healers in parts of Ethiopia, Nigeria, and India still brew leaf infusions or apply fresh leaf poultices, showing that the ethnobotanical legacy of Ricinus communis continues to inform both traditional practice and contemporary research.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
• Seed oil (castor oil) is the principal commercial product, providing a high-viscosity, non-drying oil rich in ricinoleic acid that remains liquid at ambient temperature and is stable under heat.
• Seed cake (after oil extraction) is a protein-rich meal used as fertilizer and as a biosourced substrate; the meal contains ricin and must be detoxified before any feed use and is generally not approved for direct animal feed in many jurisdictions.
• Whole mature seeds contain ricin; their possession and handling are subject to biosafety and controlled-substance regulations in many countries.

Industrial and craft applications:
• Lubricants and hydraulic fluids for machinery operating under high load and at elevated temperatures, leveraging the oil’s thermal stability and boundary lubrication properties.
• Mold release agents for rubber, plastics, and composite manufacturing, exploiting low surface tension and thermal stability.
• Antistatic and plasticizing additives in polyethylene, polypropylene, and other polymers to improve processability and end-use performance.
• Base oil for high-quality soaps and detergents; sodium ricinoleate provides foam and cleansing properties.
• Component in paints, varnishes, and printing inks, where the hydroxy-functional fatty acid enables crosslinking and adhesion.
• Biofuels, including biodiesel, prized for high cetane number despite viscosity challenges.
• In oil-well drilling, castor oil and derivatives function as lubricants and lubricity improvers for drilling fluids.

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
• The refined oil is permitted as an indirect food additive (e.g., processing aid and mold release) in packaged foods in several jurisdictions where Generally Recognized as Safe provisions apply, and is widely used in food machinery lubrication.
• Component in certain bakery and confectionery processing aids and as a processing aid in cocoa butter equivalents.

Wood and fiber:
• Bast fibers (castor fiber) are used for rope, twine, sacking, and coarse textiles, valued for strength and durability.
• Oil cakes and meal are occasionally evaluated as binders and adhesive extenders in bio-based materials, though they are not a major commercial adhesive feedstock.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
• Refined castor oil and derivatives (e.g., hydrogenated castor oil, zinc ricinoleate) are used as emollients, viscosity builders, and deodorizing agents in cosmetic and personal-care formulations.
• Fatty-acid derivatives are used in nail polish and resin systems as plasticizers.

Properties relevant to use:
• Castor oil is a ricinoleate-rich triglyceride (typically 85–90% ricinoleic acid), giving high viscosity, low volatility, thermal stability, and polarity suited to lubrication and plasticization.
• Hydroxyl functionality supports chemical modification (e.g., dehydration, sulfation, dehydration to conjugated dienes) for industrial intermediates.
• The seed meal is protein-rich and highly toxic due to ricin, necessitating detoxification or dedicated disposal for agricultural uses.

Standards and regulation:
• International transport and storage of ricin-containing materials are subject to strict controls (e.g., applicable regulations from intergovernmental biosafety instruments and national hazardous-substance frameworks).
• Food-grade use is governed by national food additive and processing-aid rules (e.g., GRAS provisions in the U.S. and analogous approvals elsewhere).
• Castor oil quality and specifications for industrial grades are referenced by industry norms and pharmacopeial standards for pharmaceutical excipient grades.

Sustainability and sourcing:
• Cultivated as an annual oilseed crop across tropical to warm-temperate regions; relatively tolerant to low-input conditions but requires consistent moisture during seed fill.
• Seeds contain ricin, mandating careful handling, separation from food/feed chains, and secure processing to mitigate biosafety risks.
• Crop residues and the oilcake can contribute to circular bioeconomy pathways when managed with appropriate detoxification and compliance.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Ricinus africanus Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8 : n.º 5 (1768)
Ricinus angulatus Thunb. Ricin. : 6 (1815)
Ricinus armatus Andrews Bot. Repos. 6: t. 430 (1805)
Ricinus atropurpureus hort. ex Pax & K.Hoffm. Pflanzenr. , IV, 147, IX: 126 (1919)
Ricinus badius Rchb. Iconogr. Bot. Exot. 2: 21 (1829)
Ricinus borboniensis hort. ex Pax & K.Hoffm. Pflanzenr. , IV, 147, IX: 126 (1919)
Ricinus cambodgensis Benary Gartenflora 36: 102 (1887)
Ricinus communis var. aegyptiacus (G.Popova) Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil) : 40 (1980)
Ricinus communis var. africanus Müll.Arg. Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1019. 1866
Ricinus communis var. amblyocalyx Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1019 1866
Ricinus communis f. americanus Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1017 1866
Ricinus communis f. argentatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 34 1956
Ricinus communis f. argyratus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 36 1956
Ricinus communis var. armatus (Andrews) Steud. Nomencl. Bot. , ed. 2, 2: 459 (1841)
Ricinus communis f. atratus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(2): 32 1956
Ricinus communis f. atrobrunneatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 37 1956
Ricinus communis f. atrofulvatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 55 1956
Ricinus communis f. atrofuscatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 53 1956
Ricinus communis f. atrophoeniceus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 66 1956
Ricinus communis f. atropunicatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 43 1956
Ricinus communis f. atropurpureatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 50 1956
Ricinus communis f. avellanatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 56 1956
Ricinus communis var. badius (Rchb.) Müll.Arg. Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1019. 1866
Ricinus communis var. bailundensis J.M.Coult. Bull. Soc. Portug. Sci. Nat. 1918: 82.
Ricinus communis var. benguelensis Müll.Arg. J. Bot. 1: 337. 1864
Ricinus communis f. blumeanus Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1018 1866
Ricinus communis var. brasiliensis Müll.Arg. Fl. Bras. 11(2): 421 (1874)
Ricinus communis var. brevinodis Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil) : 32 (1980)
Ricinus communis var. caesius Popova Kul't. Fl. SSSR 7: 287. 1941
Ricinus communis f. canatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 47 1956
Ricinus communis f. canescens T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 48 1956
Ricinus communis f. carneatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 44 1956
Ricinus communis f. cervatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 43 1956
Ricinus communis f. cinerascens T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 27 1956
Ricinus communis f. cinereatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 65 1956
Ricinus communis f. denudatus Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1020 1866
Ricinus communis f. epiglaucus Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1020 1866
Ricinus communis f. erythrocladus Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1020 1866
Ricinus communis f. exiguus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 68 1956
Ricinus communis f. fulvatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 68 1956
Ricinus communis f. fumatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 41 1956
Ricinus communis f. fuscatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 35 1956
Ricinus communis f. gilvus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 53 1956
Ricinus communis var. glaucus G.Popova & Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil) : 37 (1980)
Ricinus communis f. glaucus (Hoffmanns.) Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1020 (1866)
Ricinus communis f. gracilis Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1021 1866
Ricinus communis var. griseofolius Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil) : 36 (1980)
Ricinus communis f. guttatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 47 1956
Ricinus communis f. hybridus (Besser) Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1020 1866
Ricinus communis f. incarnatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 46 1956
Ricinus communis var. indehiscens Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil) : 33 (1980)
Ricinus communis subsp. indicus G.Popova & Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil) : 35 (1980)
Ricinus communis var. inermis (Mill.) Pax & K.Hoffm. Pflanzenr. IV, 147, XI: 122. 1919
Ricinus communis f. inermis (Mill.) Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1018 1866
Ricinus communis f. intermedius Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1020 1866
Ricinus communis var. japonicus G.Popova & Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil) : 35 (1980)
Ricinus communis f. laevis (DC.) Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1021 1866
Ricinus communis var. leucocarpus (Bertol.) Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1018 (1866)
Ricinus communis var. lividus (Jacq.) Müll.Arg. Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1018. 1866
Ricinus communis var. macrocarpus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 27 1956
Ricinus communis f. macrophyllus Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1020 1866
Ricinus communis f. maculatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 29 1956
Ricinus communis subsp. manshuricus V.Bork. Descr. Var. Azcherkraya 106. 1936 (1936)
Ricinus communis f. marmoreatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 40 1956
Ricinus communis var. megalospermus (Delile) Müll.Arg. Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1017. 1866
Ricinus communis var. mexicanus (G.Popova) Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil) : 40 (1980)
Ricinus communis subsp. mexicanus Popova Bukasov S.M. Vozdelyv. Rast. Meksiki 409. 1931 (1931)
Ricinus communis var. microcarpus Müll.Arg. Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1020. 1866
Ricinus communis var. microspermus Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil) : 31 (1980)
Ricinus communis var. minor (Mill.) Steud. Nomencl. Bot. , ed. 2, 2: 459 (1841)
Ricinus communis f. murinatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 66 1956
Ricinus communis var. nanus Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil) : 38 (1980)
Ricinus communis f. nigellus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 51 1956
Ricinus communis f. nigrescens T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 45 1956
Ricinus communis f. niveatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 39 1956
Ricinus communis f. oblongus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 31 1956
Ricinus communis f. obscurus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 42 1956
Ricinus communis f. oligacanthus Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1020 1866
Ricinus communis f. ostrinatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 58 1956
Ricinus communis f. pardalinus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 31 1956
Ricinus communis subsp. persicus Popova Kleshchevina izd. VIR 27. 1930 (1930)
Ricinus communis f. picturatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 30 1956
Ricinus communis f. plumbeatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 62 1956
Ricinus communis f. pruinosus Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1017 1866
Ricinus communis f. pullatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 49 1956
Ricinus communis f. punctatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 48 1956
Ricinus communis f. punctulatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 61 1956
Ricinus communis f. punicans T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 57 1956
Ricinus communis f. purpurascens (Bertol.) Pax Pflanzenr. IV, 147, XI: 122 1919
Ricinus communis var. purpurascens (Bertol.) Müll.Arg. Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1018. 1866
Ricinus communis f. radiatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 64 1956
Ricinus communis var. reichenbachianus Müll.Arg. Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1019. 1866
Ricinus communis var. rheedianus Müll.Arg. Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1020. 1866
Ricinus communis var. roseus G.Popova & Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil) : 31 (1980)
Ricinus communis f. rufescens T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 55 1956
Ricinus communis var. rugosus Müll.Arg. Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1018. 1866
Ricinus communis f. russatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 57 1956
Ricinus communis f. rutilans Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1017 1866
Ricinus communis var. sanguineus Baill. Recueil Observ. Bot. 1: 342. 1861
Ricinus communis subsp. sanguineus Popova Kleshchevina izd. VIR 35. 1930 (1930)
Ricinus communis f. scaber (Bertol. ex Moris) Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1019 1866
Ricinus communis f. scriptus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 59 1956
Ricinus communis subsp. sinensis G.Popova & Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil) : 34 (1980)
Ricinus communis f. sordidus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 33 1956
Ricinus communis var. speciosus (Burm.f.) Müll.Arg. Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1021. 1866
Ricinus communis var. spontaneus G.Popova & Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil) : 39 (1980)
Ricinus communis f. stigmosus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 28 1956
Ricinus communis f. striatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 63 1956
Ricinus communis f. subpurpurascens Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1020 1866
Ricinus communis f. subrotundus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 54 1956
Ricinus communis f. subviridus Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1019 1866
Ricinus communis f. sulcatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 38 1956
Ricinus communis f. tigrinus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 39 1956
Ricinus communis f. umbrinus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 59 1956
Ricinus communis var. undulatus (Besser) Steud. Nomencl. Bot. , ed. 2, 2: 459 (1841)
Ricinus communis var. vasconcellosii T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 33. 1956
Ricinus communis f. venosus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 37 1956
Ricinus communis f. vinatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 52 1956
Ricinus communis var. violaceocaulis Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil) : 34 (1980)
Ricinus communis var. virens Popova Kul't. Fl. SSSR 7: 290. 1941
Ricinus communis var. viridis G.Popova & Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil) : 32 (1980)
Ricinus communis f. viridis (Willd.) Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1020 (1866)
Ricinus communis subsp. zanzibarinus Popova Kleshchevina izd. VIR 43. 1930 (1930)
Ricinus communis f. zebrinus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 60 1956
Ricinus communis f. zollingeri Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1018 1866
Ricinus communis f. zonatus T.Carvalho Anais Junta Invest. Ultramar 11(4): 50 1956
Ricinus compactus C.Huber Cat. Print. 1865: 8 (1865)
Ricinus digitatus Noronha Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 5(4): 26 (1790)
Ricinus europaeus T.Nees Gen. Fl. Germ. : 38 (1833)
Ricinus giganteus hort. ex Pax & K.Hoffm. Pflanzenr. , IV, 147, IX: 126 (1919)
Ricinus glaucus Hoffmanns. Verz. Pfl. Nachtr. 2: 199 (1826)
Ricinus hybridus Besser Cat. Jard. Bot. Krzemieniec , Suppl. 2: 13 (1814)
Ricinus inermis Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8 : n.º 6 (1768)
Ricinus japonicus Thunb. Ricin. : 4 (1815)
Ricinus krappa Hort.Berol. ex Steud. Nomencl. Bot. , ed. 2, 2: 459 (1841)
Ricinus laevis DC. Rapp. [Not.] Pl. Rar. Genève 1: 31 (1823)
Ricinus leucocarpus Bertol. Giorn. Arcadico Sci. 21: 192 (1824)
Ricinus lividus Jacq. Misc. Austriac. 2: 360 (1781)
Ricinus macrocarpus Popova Kul't. Fl. SSSR 7: 278. 1941 (1941)
Ricinus macrocarpus var. nudus Popova Kul't. Fl. SSSR 7: 287. 1941
Ricinus macrophyllus Bertol. Giorn. Arcadico Sci. 21: 192 (1824)
Ricinus medicus Forssk. Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. : 164 (1775)
Ricinus medius J.F.Gmel. Syst. Nat. ed. 13[bis] : 1615 (1792)
Ricinus megalosperma Delile Voy. Méroé 4: 89 (1827)
Ricinus messeniacus Heldr. Exsicc. (Herb. Graec. Norm.) 1899: n.° 1480. (1899)
Ricinus metallicus hort. ex Pax & K.Hoffm. Pflanzenr. , IV, 147, IX: 126 (1919)
Ricinus microcarpus Popova Kul't. Fl. SSSR 7: 287 (1941)
Ricinus microcarpus var. atrovirens Popova Kul't. Fl. SSSR 7: 290. 1941
Ricinus microcarpus var. spontaneus Popova Kul't. Fl. SSSR 7: 288. 1941
Ricinus minor Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8 : n.º 7 (1768)
Ricinus nanus Balb. Cat. Stirp. (1813) : 65 (1813)
Ricinus obermannii Groenland Rev. Hort. (Paris) , sér. 4, 7: 601 (1858)
Ricinus peltatus Noronha Verh. Batav. Genootsch. Kunsten 5(4): 2 (1790)
Ricinus perennis hort. ex Steud. Nomencl. Bot. , ed. 2, 2: 459 (1841)
Ricinus persicus Popova Trudy Byuro Evgen. 16: 229 (1926)
Ricinus purpurascens Bertol. Misc. Bot. 9: 4 (1851)
Ricinus ruber Miq. Fl. Ned. Ind. 1(2): 390 (1859)
Ricinus rugosus Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8 : n.º 4 (1768)
Ricinus rutilans Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1017 (1866)
Ricinus sanguineus hort. ex Groenland Rev. Hort. (Paris) , sér. 4, 7: 601 (1858)
Ricinus scaber Bertol. ex Moris Stirp. Sard. Elench. 1: 41 (1827)
Ricinus speciosus Burm.f. Fl. Indica : 207 (1768)
Ricinus spectabilis Blume Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. : 623 (1826)
Ricinus tunisensis Desf. Tabl. École Bot. , ed. 3: 340 (1829)
Ricinus undulatus Besser Cat. Jard. Bot. Krzemieniec : 90 (1811)
Ricinus urens Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8 : n.º 3 (1768)
Ricinus viridis Willd. Sp. Pl., ed. 4 , 4: 564 (1805)
Ricinus vulgaris Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8 : n.º 1 (1768)
Ricinus vulgaris Garsault Fig. Pl. Méd. : 66 (1764)
Ricinus zanzibarinus Popova Kul't. Fl. SSSR 7: 292 (1941)
Cataputia major Ludw. Ectypa Veg. : t. 7 (1760)
Cataputia minor Ludw. Defin. Gen. Pl. ed. 3 : 81 (1760)
Ricinus communis var. americanus Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1017 (1866)
Ricinus communis var. hybridus (Besser) Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1020 (1866)
Ricinus communis var. macrophyllus Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1020 (1866)
Ricinus communis var. subpurpurascens Müll.Arg. Prodr. 15(2): 1020 (1866)
Ricinus communis subsp. africanus (Mill.) Nyman Consp. Fl. Eur. 647. 1881 (1881)
Ricinus communis subsp. scaber (Bertol. ex Moris) Nyman Consp. Fl. Eur. 647. 1881 (1881)
Croton spinosus L. Sp. Pl. : 1005 (1753)
Ricinus megalospermus Delile Voy. Méroé 4: 89 (1827)
Ricinus communis subsp. ruderalis G.Popova & Moshkin Kleshchevina (Nauch. Trudy Vasknil) : 38 (1980)
Ricinus gibsonii auct. Gard. Chron. n.s., 2: 610 (1874)
Ricinus zanzibarensis auct. Ill. Hort. 41: 99 (1894)
Ricinus communis var. japonicus E.D.Popova & Moshkin Nauch. Trudy Vasknil 35 1980
Ricinus communis var. krappa Steud. Nomencl. Bot. , ed. 2, 2: 459 (1841)
Ricinus communis var. rubescens Herder Index Seminum (LE, Petropolitanus) 1868: 91. 1869
Ricinus communis var. borboniensis André Pl. Feuill. Ornem. 206. 1866
Ricinus communis var. giganteus André Pl. Feuill. Ornem. 206. 1866
Ricinus communis var. genuinus Müll.Arg. Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 15(2): 1019. 1866
Ricinus communis var. typicus Fiori Fl. Anal. Italia 2: 292. 1901
Ricinus communis subvar. almeidae T.Carvalho
Ricinus communis subvar. epruinosus T.Carvalho
Ricinus communis subvar. glauceus T.Carvalho
Ricinus communis subvar. griseus T.Carvalho
Ricinus communis subvar. violaceus T.Carvalho
Ricinus communis subvar. violeus T.Carvalho
Ricinus communis subvar. viridus (Willd.) T.Carvalho
Ricinus macrocarpus prol. indicus Popova
Ricinus macrocarpus prol. japonicus Popova
Ricinus macrocarpus prol. sanguineus Popova
Ricinus microcarpus prol. aegypticus Popova
Ricinus microcarpus prol. indostanicus Popova
Ricinus communis subvar. americanus (Müll.Arg.) T.Carvalho
Ricinus communis subvar. blumeanus (Müll.Arg.) T.Carvalho
Ricinus communis subvar. erythrocladus (Müll.Arg.) T.Carvalho
Ricinus communis subvar. gracilis (Müll.Arg.) T.Carvalho
Ricinus communis subvar. macrophyllus (Müll.Arg.) T.Carvalho
Ricinus communis subvar. pruinosus (Müll.Arg.) T.Carvalho
Ricinus communis subvar. purpurascens (Bertol.) T.Carvalho
Ricinus communis subvar. roseus T.Carvalho
Ricinus communis subvar. rutilans (Müll.Arg.) T.Carvalho
Ricinus communis subsp. sinensis Hiltebr. Mirov. Rast. Res. 63 (1935)
Ricinus communis subvar. subviridus (Müll.Arg.) T.Carvalho
Ricinus gibsonii H.J.Veitch

Common names Top

Add a new one! Suggest a correction!

Language Common/alternative name
English castor bean
English castor oil plant
English castorbean
English castor bean plant
English castorbean plant
Spanish ricino
Spanish catapucia mayor
Spanish catapúcia mayor
Spanish hiera del demonio
Spanish kerva
Spanish palma de cristo
Spanish tartaguera
Spanish ricinus megalosperma
Spanish ricinus perennis
Spanish ricinus armatus
Spanish ricinus leucocarpus
Spanish ricinus macrocarpus
Spanish ricinus microcarpus
Spanish ricinus scaber
Afrikaans kasterolieboom
Amharic ጉሎ
Arabic خروع
Arabic الخروع
Arabic جار
Arabic شجرة زيت الخروع
Arabic طمرا
Arabic سباء
Arabic اسيبقار
Arabic وسبار
Arabic ويذانجيل
Azerbaijani gənəgərçək
Azerbaijani gənəgərcək
Azerbaijani adi gənəgərçək
azb گنه گرچک
ba кенә уты
bcl higeriya
Belarusian клешчавіна
Bulgarian Рицин
Bulgarian обикновен рицин
bho रेणि
Bengali ভেন্না
Catalan ricí
Catalan ricí o figuera del diable
Czech skočec obecný
cv Ăвăш
Welsh trogenllys
Danish kristpalme
Danish olieplante
German wunderbaum
German christuspalme
German hundsbaum
German palma christi
German rizinus
German rizinusbaum
German kreuzbaum
German läusebaum
dty अँडिर
Greek Ρίκινος
Greek ρίκινος
Esperanto ricino
Esperanto (ordinara) ricino
Estonian riitsinus
Basque errizino
Basque akain-belar
Persian گیاه روغن کرچک
Finnish risiini
French ricin commun
French ricin sanguin
French bois de carapat
French palma christi
frr ritsinus
Irish planda ola ricne
Galician rícino
gn mba'ysyvo vai
Gujarati દિવેલી
Hausa zirman
Hebrew קיקיון מצוי
Hebrew קיקיון
Hebrew קקיון
Hindi अरण्डी
Hindi अरंडी
Hindi रेड़ी
Hindi रेंड़ी
Upper Sorbian wšědny ricinus
Upper Sorbian wšědny skočenc
ht maskreti
Armenian տզկանեփ
Indonesian jarak (tumbuhan)
Indonesian jarak pohon
Indonesian pohon jarak
Indonesian jarak
io ricino
Italian ricino
Japanese トウゴマ
Japanese トウゴマ属
Japanese ヒマ
Japanese ヒマシ
Japanese 唐胡麻
Japanese 蓖麻
Japanese 蓖麻子
Georgian აბუსალათინი
Kikuyu mũbarĩki
Kikuyu mwarĩki
Kazakh КЕНЕДӘН
Kazakh Үпілмәлік
Kazakh кенедән
Kannada ಔಡಲ
Korean 피마자
Korean 아주까리
Korean 피마자속
Korean 피마주
ku kerçik
Lithuanian paprastasis ricinmedis
Lithuanian ricinmedis
Latvian rīcinaugs
Malagasy kinana
Malagasy tagnantàgnana
Malagasy tanantànana
Macedonian Рицинус
Malayalam ആവണക്ക്
Malayalam castor oil plant
Malayalam ഏരണ്ഡ
Marathi एरंड
Malay pokok jarak
Burmese ကြက်ဆူပင်
Norwegian Bokmål lakseroljeplante
Nepali अँडिर
new अलःमा
Dutch wonderboom
Dutch castorboon
Norwegian Nynorsk kristpalme
Norwegian Nynorsk oljeplante
Norwegian Nynorsk risinus
Norwegian Nynorsk lakseroljeplante
oc ricin
os Касторгæрдæг
os касторгæрдæг
Punjabi ਅਰਿੰਡ
Punjabi ਅਰਿੰਡੀ
Punjabi ਏਰੰਡ
pam tangan-tangan
pap carpata
Polish rącznik pospolity
Polish rącznik
Punjab ارِنڈ
Punjab ارنڈی
Punjab ارِنڈی
Punjab ارنڈ
Pashto ارهنډه
Portuguese mamona
Portuguese carrapateira
Portuguese carrapato
Portuguese mamoneira
Portuguese abelmeluco
Portuguese ewe ilará
Portuguese ewê lará
Portuguese folha de mamona
Portuguese ilara
Portuguese ilará
Portuguese mamoeira
Portuguese mamona branca
Portuguese mamona roxa
Portuguese mamona-branca
Portuguese ricínio
Portuguese rícino
Romanian ricin
Romanian клещевина
Russian Клещевина
Russian касторовые бобы
Russian клещевина обыкновенная
Russian рицина
Russian клещевина
Kinyarwanda ikibonobono (ricinus)
Kinyarwanda ikibonobono
sa एरण्डसस्यम्
sat ᱮᱨᱟᱸᱰᱚᱢ
sd ھيرڻ
shn တူၼ်ႈမၼ်းယႂ်း
shn တူၼ်ႈၵုင်ႈ
Sinhala එඬරු
Slovak ricín obyčajný
Slovenian kloščevec
Shona mupfure muti
su kaliki
Swedish ricin (växt)
Swedish castorbuske
Swedish ricinbuske
Swedish ricinträd
Swedish risinbuske
Swedish tyckefröträd
Swedish ricin
Tamil ஆமணக்கு மரம்
Tamil ஆமணக்கு
Tamil சிற்றாமணக்கு
Telugu ఆముదము
Telugu ఆముదం
Thai ละหุ่ง
Tonga lepo
Turkish hint yağı bitkisi
Turkish kene otu
Turkish ban yağı
Turkish hint yağı
Turkish hintyağı
Turkish keneotu
ts nhlampfurha
tt кенә уты
tt кәнә уты
Ukrainian Рицина
Ukrainian рицина
Urdu ارنڈ
Uzbek kanakunjut
Vietnamese thầu dầu
Vietnamese ricininae
Chinese 蓖麻
Chinese 蓖麻叶
Chinese 蓖麻子
Chinese 蓖麻根
Chinese 蓖麻油
Chinese 大麻子
Chinese 篦麻
Chinese 荜麻
Chinese 萞麻

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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No subspecies added yet.

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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No variety added yet.

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

Suggest a correction or add new data!
Sow seeds at 20°C, expecting germination within 3 months without further temperature treatment.
Requires Scarification: Scarification involves physically breaking, scratching, or softening the seed coat to allow water absorption and germination to occur. This can be done by nicking the seed coat with a knife or rubbing the seeds between sheets of sandpaper.
Requires Soaking: These seeds need to be soaked in warm water until they swell, which can take 24-48 hours. Seeds that float are usually not viable and should be discarded, along with the soaking water.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Africa
    • East Tropical Africa
      • Kenya
    • Macaronesia
      • Azores
      • Canary Islands
      • Madeira
      • Selvagens
    • Middle Atlantic Ocean
      • Ascension
      • Saint Helena
    • Northeast Tropical Africa
      • Chad
      • Djibouti
      • Eritrea
      • Ethiopia
      • Socotra
      • Somalia
      • Sudan
    • Northern Africa
      • Algeria
      • Egypt
      • Libya
      • Morocco
      • Tunisia
      • Western Sahara
    • South Tropical Africa
      • Angola
      • Mozambique
    • Southern Africa
      • Botswana
      • Caprivi Strip
      • Namibia
    • West Tropical Africa
      • Benin
      • Burkina
      • Gambia
      • Guinea
      • Guinea-Bissau
      • Mali
      • Mauritania
      • Senegal
      • Togo
    • West-central Tropical Africa
      • Burundi
      • Central African Republic
      • Gabon
      • Gulf Of Guinea Islands
      • Rwanda
      • Zaïre
    • Western Indian Ocean
      • Chagos Archipelago
      • Comoros
      • Madagascar
      • Mozambique Channel Islands
  • Asia-temperate
    • Arabian Peninsula
      • Gulf States
      • Oman
    • China
      • China North-central
      • China South-central
      • China Southeast
      • Hainan
      • Tibet
    • Eastern Asia
      • Kazan-retto
      • Korea
      • Ogasawara-Shoto
    • Middle Asia
      • Tadzhikistan
    • Western Asia
      • East Aegean Islands
      • Palestine
  • Asia-tropical
    • Indian Subcontinent
      • Assam
      • Bangladesh
      • East Himalaya
      • India
      • Maldives
      • Pakistan
      • Sri Lanka
      • West Himalaya
    • Indo-China
      • Andaman Islands
      • Cambodia
      • Nicobar Nicobar
      • South China Sea
      • Thailand
    • Malesia
      • Christmas Island
      • Cocos (keeling) Islands
      • Sulawesi
    • Papuasia
      • Bismarck Archipelago
  • Australasia
    • Australia
      • New South Wales
      • Norfolk Island
      • Queensland
    • New Zealand
      • Kermadec Islands
      • New Zealand North
  • Europe
    • Eastern Europe
      • Central European Russia
      • South European Russia
    • Southeastern Europe
      • Albania
      • Bulgaria
      • Greece
      • Italy
      • Romania
      • Sicilia
    • Southwestern Europe
      • Portugal
      • Spain
  • Northern America
    • Mexico
      • Mexico Central
      • Mexico Gulf
      • Mexico Northeast
      • Mexico Northwest
      • Mexico Southeast
      • Mexico Southwest
    • North-central U.S.A.
      • Illinois
      • Missouri
    • Northeastern U.S.A.
      • New York
    • South-central U.S.A.
      • Texas
    • Southeastern U.S.A.
      • Alabama
      • Arkansas
      • Florida
      • Georgia
      • Kentucky
      • Louisiana
      • Maryland
      • Mississippi
      • Tennessee
    • Southwestern U.S.A.
      • Arizona
      • California
  • Pacific
    • North-central Pacific
      • Hawaii
    • Northwestern Pacific
      • Caroline Islands
      • Marianas
      • Marshall Islands
      • Wake Island
    • South-central Pacific
      • Cook Islands
      • Easter Island
      • Marquesas
      • Pitcairn Islands
      • Society Islands
      • Tuamotu
      • Tubuai Islands
    • Southwestern Pacific
      • Fiji
      • Gilbert Islands
      • Nauru
      • New Caledonia
      • Niue
      • Tonga
      • Vanuatu
      • Wallis-Futuna Islands
  • Southern America
    • Brazil
      • Brazil West-central
    • Caribbean
      • Aruba
      • Bahamas
      • Bermuda
      • Cayman Islands
      • Cuba
      • Dominican Republic
      • Haiti
      • Jamaica
      • Leeward Islands
      • Netherlands Antilles
      • Puerto Rico
      • Southwest Caribbean
      • Trinidad-Tobago
      • Venezuelan Antilles
      • Windward Islands
    • Central America
      • Belize
      • Central American Pacific
      • Costa Rica
      • El Salvador
      • Honduras
      • Nicaragua
    • Northern South America
      • Venezuela
    • Southern South America
      • Argentina Northeast
      • Argentina Northwest
      • Chile Central
      • Chile North
      • Juan Fernández Islands
      • Paraguay
      • Uruguay
    • Western South America
      • Colombia
      • Galápagos

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!
Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000297077
UNII Q94QWM85RF
Florida Plant Atlas 1860
Flora of Alabama 1849
USDA Plants RICO3
Tropicos 12800093
INPN 117806
Flora of Italy 2897
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:355498-1
The Plant List kew-178867
Missouri Botanical Garden 280095
PaleoBotany 95927
Open Tree Of Life 339346
Observations.org 7319
NCBI Taxonomy 3988
NBN Atlas NBNSYS0000032637
Nature Serve 2.137770
IPNI 355498-1
iNaturalist 56739
GBIF 5380041
Freebase /m/0k0kg
EPPO RIICO
EOL 1151096
Elurikkus 6882
Calflora (Californian flora) 7153
US Library of Congress sh85020749
USDA GRIN 31896
Wikipedia Ricinus
Plantarium 43598

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.
Accession Assembly
Name Level Submitter Released Coverage Size
GCF_019578655.1 ASM1957865v1 Chromosome Wuhan Botanical Garden, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 2021-08-12 170 301.00 Mb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Rejuvenating potato growth and yield in challenging semiarid and saline sandy Cholistan: harnessing PGPB-coated N and P application strategies Haider MW, Nafees M, Iqbal R, Ali S, Asad HU, Azeem F, Gaafar AR, Elshikh MS, Rizwana H, Elsalahy HH, Elshamly AM, Mohammed KA BMC Plant Biol 09-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11080262
doi:10.1186/s12870-024-05056-x
PMID:38724922
Neutralization of ricin toxin on building interior surfaces using liquid decontaminants Richter WR, Weston BL, Sunderman MM, Willenberg Z, Ratliff K, Wood JP PLoS One 09-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11081333
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0302967
PMID:38722908
A high-affinity potassium transporter (MeHKT1) from cassava (Manihot esculenta) negatively regulates the response of transgenic Arabidopsis to salt stress Luo M, Chu J, Wang Y, Chang J, Zhou Y, Jiang X BMC Plant Biol 07-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11075273
doi:10.1186/s12870-024-05084-7
PMID:38714917
Study of medicinal plants used in ethnoveterinary medical system in riverine areas of Punjab, Pakistan Umair M, Altaf M, Ahsan T, Bussmann RW, Abbasi AM, Gatasheh MK, Elrobh M J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 07-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11077875
doi:10.1186/s13002-024-00686-9
PMID:38715115
Impact of silver nanoparticles on secondary metabolite composition and toxicity in anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) callus culture Ulusoy E, Bozkurt A, Durmaz S, Servi H, Vardar F, Erisen S BMC Plant Biol 04-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11069286
doi:10.1186/s12870-024-05067-8
PMID:38702604
Lectin binding to pectoral fin of neonate little skates reared under ambient and projected-end-of-century temperature regimes Thomas P, Peele EE, Yopak KE, Sulikowski JA, Kinsey ST J Morphol 01-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11064730
doi:10.1002/jmor.21698
PMID:38669130
Medicinal ethnoveterinary plants used for treating livestock ailments in the omo-gibe and rift valley basins of Ethiopia Wendimu A, Bojago E, Abrham Y BMC Vet Res 30-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11059770
doi:10.1186/s12917-024-04019-6
PMID:38689300
Enhancing structural diversity of terpenoids by multisubstrate terpene synthases Li M, Tao H Beilstein J Org Chem 30-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11070974
doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.86
PMID:38711588
Shoots and Turions of Aquatic Plants as a Source of Fatty Acids Strzemski M, Adamec L, Dresler S, Mazurek B, Dubaj K, Stolarczyk P, Feldo M, Płachno BJ Molecules 29-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11085451
doi:10.3390/molecules29092062
PMID:38731554
Risk assessment of Retithrips syriacus for the EU Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, van der Werf W, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Bezerra Lima ÉF, Makowski D, Crotta M, Gobbi A, Golic D, Maiorano A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Rossi E, Terzidou A, Vicent Civera A EFSA J 29-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11056851
doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8741
PMID:38686341
Exploring Gluten Assessment in Marketed Products through a Sandwich ELISA Methodology Based on Novel Recombinant Antibodies Garcia-Calvo E, García-García A, Rodríguez S, Martín R, García T Foods 26-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11083168
doi:10.3390/foods13091341
PMID:38731712
Identification of triacylglycerol remodeling mechanism to synthesize unusual fatty acid containing oils Parchuri P, Bhandari S, Azeez A, Chen G, Johnson K, Shockey J, Smertenko A, Bates PD Nat Commun 26-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11053099
doi:10.1038/s41467-024-47995-x
PMID:38670976
Functional Characterization of the MeSSIII-1 Gene and Its Promoter from Cassava Lu XH, Wang YJ, Zhen XH, Yu H, Pan M, Fu DQ, Li RM, Liu J, Luo HY, Hu XW, Yao Y, Guo JC Int J Mol Sci 26-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11083483
doi:10.3390/ijms25094711
PMID:38731930
Glycosylation and Characterization of Human Transferrin in an End-Stage Kidney Disease Miljuš G, Penezić A, Pažitná L, Gligorijević N, Baralić M, Vilotić A, Šunderić M, Robajac D, Dobrijević Z, Katrlík J, Nedić O Int J Mol Sci 24-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11083005
doi:10.3390/ijms25094625
PMID:38731843
Genome-wide characterization of DNA methyltransferase family genes implies GhDMT6 improving tolerance of salt and drought on cotton Yang X, Bai Z, He Y, Wang N, Sun L, Li Y, Yin Z, Wang X, Zhang B, Han M, Lu X, Chen X, Wang D, Wang J, Wang S, Guo L, Chen C, Feng K, Ye W BMC Plant Biol 23-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11036760
doi:10.1186/s12870-024-04985-x
PMID:38649800

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!
Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.
Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives / Gallic acid and derivatives / Gallic acids
Gallic Acid 370 Click to see 170.12 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.14.877
> Hydrocarbons / Unsaturated hydrocarbons / Enynes
1-Tridecene-3,5,7,9,11-pentayne 441552 Click to see 162.19 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19642970707
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acid esters
Methyl 2-decene-4,6,8-triynoate 75958 Click to see 172.18 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19642970707
trans-Dehydromatricaria ester 5281146 Click to see 172.18 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19642970707
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Long-chain fatty acids
Ricinoleic acid 643684 Click to see CCCCCCC(CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)O)O 298.50 unknown https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1130577/
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids
(2S,4aS,8aS)-4a-hydroxy-2,6,7,8a-tetramethyl-2-[(4S,8S)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-3,4-dihydrochromene-5,8-dione 163005480 Click to see CC1=C(C(=O)C2(CCC(OC2(C1=O)C)(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C)O)C 462.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900105
4a-Hydroxy-2,6,7,8a-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-3,4-dihydro-1-benzopyran-5,8-dione 76038174 Click to see 462.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900105
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids / Cembrane diterpenoids
(1R,2E,6Z,10E,14S)-7-(hydroxymethyl)-3,11,15,15-tetramethylbicyclo[12.1.0]pentadeca-2,6,10-trien-4-one 163188439 Click to see 302.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900105
3,7,11,15,15-Pentamethylbicyclo[12.1.0]pentadeca-2,6,10-triene 439496 Click to see 272.50 unknown https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1075336/
7-(Hydroxymethyl)-3,11,15,15-tetramethylbicyclo[12.1.0]pentadeca-2,6,10-trien-4-one 162954410 Click to see CC1=CCCC(=CCC(=O)C(=CC2C(C2(C)C)CC1)C)CO 302.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900105
Casbene 5280437 Click to see 272.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(85)90171-7
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1075336/
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(1R,3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bS,13aR,13bR)-3a,5a,5b,8,8,11a-hexamethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-ol 11876093 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C 426.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84841-4
(1R,3aR,5S,5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13aR,13bR)-5-hydroxy-3a,5a,5b,8,8,11a-hexamethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-one 102165806 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(=O)C(C5CCC4(C3(C(C2)O)C)C)(C)C)C)C 440.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900105
5-hydroxy-3a,5a,5b,8,8,11a-hexamethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-one 162913323 Click to see 440.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.200900105
Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, (3beta)- 521518 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C 426.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84841-4
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives
1-(9-Hydroxy-3a,5a,5b,8,8,11a-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysen-1-yl)ethanone 13996054 Click to see 428.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84841-4
1-[(1R,3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bS,13aR,13bS)-9-hydroxy-3a,5a,5b,8,8,11a-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysen-1-yl]ethanone 163093526 Click to see 428.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84841-4
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Tricarboxylic acids and derivatives
Triglyceride 5460048 Click to see C(C(COC=O)OC=O)OC=O 176.12 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/S11745-998-0180-3
> Organic nitrogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Amines / Alkanolamines / 1,2-aminoalcohols / N-acylethanolamines
N-Linoleoylethanolamine 5283446 Click to see 323.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PLIPRES.2004.03.002
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / O-glycosyl compounds
(1S,2S,4R,5S)-6-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxycyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol 129629405 Click to see C(C1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C(C(C(C2O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O 342.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02636110
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Indoles and derivatives / Indolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives / Indole-3-acetic acid derivatives
Indole-3-acetic acid 802 Click to see C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C(=CN2)CC(=O)O 175.18 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00385444
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00024103
Methyl indole-3-acetate 74706 Click to see 189.21 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00385444
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Pyridines and derivatives / 3-pyridinecarbonitriles
4-Methoxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile 2786702 Click to see COC1=C(C(=O)NC=C1)C#N 150.13 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/DDR.430260207
https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50037A041
Ricinine 10666 Click to see CN1C=CC(=C(C1=O)C#N)OC 164.16 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50037A041
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212009000100009
https://doi.org/10.1039/JS8641700195
https://doi.org/10.1002/DDR.430260207
https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1097329
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-3057(99)00007-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00630015
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00773-5
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-((2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl)oxychromen-4-one 51402807 Click to see 464.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50037A041
https://doi.org/10.4314/BCSE.V11I1.21013
Astragalin 5282102 Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O 448.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50037A041
Kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-xyloside 21310440 Click to see 418.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50037A041
Kaempferol-3-O-Rutinoside 5318767 Click to see 594.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50037A041
Ricinitin 44259024 Click to see 652.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.4314/BCSE.V11I1.21013
Rutin 5280805 Click to see 610.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50037A041
https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.14.877
https://doi.org/10.4314/BCSE.V11I1.21013
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-[[(2R)-5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3-dihydrochromen-7-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl] (E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate 162873401 Click to see C1C(OC2=CC(=CC(=C2C1=O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)C5=CC=C(C=C5)O 580.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00630527
[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-[[(2S)-5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3-dihydrochromen-7-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl] (E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate 21630091 Click to see C1C(OC2=CC(=CC(=C2C1=O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)C5=CC=C(C=C5)O 580.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00630527
[3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-[[5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3-dihydrochromen-7-yl]oxy]oxan-2-yl]methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate 334350 Click to see 580.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00630527
[4,5-Dihydroxy-2-[[5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3-dihydrochromen-7-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl] 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate 73661279 Click to see 580.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00630527
4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-[[6-O-[(2E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxo-2-propen-1-yl]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]oxy]-, (2S)- 21630092 Click to see 580.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00630527

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