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Anchusa officinalis

Table of Contents

Details
Ethnobotanical Use
General Uses
Synonyms
Common Names
Subtypes (subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, forms)
Germination/Propagation
Distribution
Links to other databases
Genome
Scientific Literature
Phytochemical Profile
Gallery
Contributors
Collections

Details Top

Internal ID UUID6440091c33cf3069963511
Scientific name Anchusa officinalis
Authority L.
First published in Sp. Pl. : 133 (1753)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice
  • Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
  • Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
  • Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
  • Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Among the German-speaking and Scandinavian pharmacopeias of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries Anchusa officinalis was recorded in several preparations: a tincture of the aerial parts in alcohol for coughs and bronchial complaints; an aqueous infusion (tea) of the leaves and flowering tops as a mild expectorant and diuretic; and a decoction or macerated infusion of the roots used as an emetic in crude Western Materia Medica (Pharm. Dan. 1772; Grosse Pharmakopöe 1799). In the Italian tradition, the plant (often as anchusa vulgare) appears in late-eighteenth-century pharmacopoeias as a “cordiale,” prepared as a hydrosol or delicate infusion, and is also listed among useful herbals for common ailments such as gastric and respiratory complaints (MGH; Pharm. Londinensis 1791). The herb remained in use into the nineteenth century as a “tranquilizing” remedy, usually taken as a mild infusion or light tincture of the aerial parts to calm nervous irritation (Allen, 1868; Bartholomew, 1838).

A simple modern rendition of an older preparation can be made as a mild infusion of the aerial parts. Combine about 6 g of dried herb (leaves and flowering tops) with 500 mL of freshly boiled water, cover and steep 10 minutes, then strain; the resulting tea is taken in small cupfuls two or three times daily for an expectorant and diuretic effect. For a 1:5 (w/v) tincture of the aerial parts, macerate 50 g of dried herb in 250 mL of 45% ethanol for 10–14 days, shaking occasionally, then filter; typical adult doses range 1–4 mL two or three times a day. Because Anchusa is a member of the borage family, anyone sensitive to pyrrolizidine alkaloids should avoid internal use, pregnant or nursing individuals should not use it, and no dose should exceed what is customary for mild expectorant herbal teas (Allen, 1868; contemporary pyrrolizidine guidance).

The herb is rich in tannins and flavonoid glycosides such as kaempferol and quercetin derivatives, along with chlorogenic and rosmarinic acids and modest amounts of caffeic derivatives; these constituents account for the astringency and mild antispasmodic character underlying its traditional uses in respiratory and gastrointestinal complaints (Kikowska et al., 2014; Zenkiewicz and Zelinski, 1978).

Current research on Anchusa officinalis remains modest, but commercial crude drug forms are occasionally offered by specialized ethnobotanical suppliers, and the plant continues to appear in historic herbals as a recognized member of the gentle expectorant/diuretic repertoire (Kikowska et al., 2014).

General Uses Top

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Common products:
The root of *Anchusa officinalis* yields a red dye, known as "alkanet" or "alkana dye," used to color textiles, oils, and cosmetic products. The dye is extracted via maceration or solvent extraction from dried roots.

Colorants and tanning:
The primary use is as a natural red colorant. The roots contain naphthoquinone derivatives (notably alkannin) that impart a vivid crimson hue in alcoholic or oil-based solutions. Applications include:
* Textile dyeing: Historically used for protein fibers (wool, silk) and occasionally cotton/linen with mordants; produces brown-red to burgundy shades.
* Cosmetic coloring: Provides natural red/pink hues in lipstick, rouge, ointments, and soaps.
* Non-textile coloring: Tinctures of the root have been used to color wood stains, varnishes, and edible products (e.g., oleomargarines) where allowed. The dye is pH-sensitive (red in acids, blue-violet in alkalis).
* Tanning: Minor use as a brown dye for leather.

Wood and fiber:
Limited application as a natural wood stain and dye for natural fibers due to its color intensity and solubility. Its use in modern textile or paper industries is largely superseded by synthetic dyes.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
Used specifically as a colorant in cosmetic formulations (e.g., lipsticks, makeup bases) due to its red hue. No documented use as a fragrance agent.

Properties relevant to use:
The tinctorial strength comes from high concentrations of alkannin and related derivatives in the root. The dye's behavior is influenced by pH and solvent polarity. Its lipophilicity makes it suitable for oil-based systems and soap coloring.

Standards and regulation:
Cosmetic color use is governed by regulations like the EU Cosmetics Regulation (EC No 1223/2009) for coloring agents in cosmetic products. Natural dye use in textiles varies by region and intended application (e.g., food contact materials have stricter limits). The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has standards for natural dyes used in textiles (e.g., ISO 5439 for alkanet extract).

Sustainability and sourcing:
The root is wild-harvested or cultivated, primarily in Eastern Europe and parts of Asia. Sustainable harvesting practices are important due to root harvesting impacting plant regeneration. Organic certification for dye products may follow EU or USDA standards. Quality depends on root maturity and storage conditions.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Anchusa angustifolia L. Sp. Pl. : 133 (1753)
Anchusa angustifolia DC. Fl. Franc. [de Candolle & Lamarck], ed. 3. 3: 632. 1805
Anchusa arvalis Rchb. Fl. Germ. Excurs. : 343 (1831)
Anchusa baumgartenii Nyman Consp. Fl. Eur. 3: 510. 1881 [prob. Jul 1881]
Anchusa davidovii Stoj. Izv. Tsarsk. Prir. Inst. Sofiya 6: 210 (1933)
Anchusa incarnata Schrad. ex Steud. Nomencl. Bot. 1: 42 (1821)
Anchusa leptophylla W.D.J.Koch Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. , ed. 2: 573 (1844)
Anchusa lycopsidis Besser ex Link Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 166 (1821)
Anchusa macrocalyx Hausskn. Mitt. Geogr. Ges. (Thüringen) Jena 5(3): 71 (1887)
Anchusa maculata Hornem. ex Steud. Nomencl. Bot. , ed. 2, 1: 85 (1840)
Anchusa microcalyx Vis. Flora 12: 8 (1829)
Anchusa ochroleuca Baumg. Fl. Transs. i. 120.
Anchusa ochroleuca subsp. procera (Besser ex Link) Nyman
Anchusa officinalis var. ochroleuca Boiss. Fl. Orient. 4: 152 1875
Anchusa officinalis var. velenovskyi Gușul. Bul. Fac. ?ti. Cern?uti 1: 103 1927
Anchusa osmanica Velen. Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag 1885: 32 (1885)
Anchusa pustulata Schur Enum. Pl. Transsilv. : 465 (1866)
Anchusa spicata Lam. Tabl. Encycl. 1: 402 (1792)
Anchusa tinctoria Woodv. Med. Bot. t. 92.
Anchusa velenovskyi (Gușul.) Stoj. Izv. Tsarsk. Prir. Inst. Sofiya 6: 211 (1933)
Anchusa velenovskyi var. stojanovii Kožuharov Fl. Nar. Republ. Bulgariya 9: 506 (1989)
Buglossum angustifolium Moench Methodus : 418 (1794)
Buglossum aspermum Gilib. Fl. Lit. Inch. i. 21. 1782
Buglossum officinale Lam. Fl. Franç. 2: 278 (1779)
Anchusa officinalis var. brachyantha Regel Index Seminum (LE) 1863: 32 1863

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
English common bugloss
English alkanet
Spanish lengua de vaca
Spanish melera
Spanish blugosa
Spanish argámula
Spanish buglosa
Spanish buglosa oficinal
Spanish buglosa vulgar
Spanish chupa-mieles
Spanish lengua de buey salvaje
Spanish lengua de culebra
Spanish lenguaza
Spanish argamala
Spanish lengua de buey
Spanish miel de avispas
Spanish raiz de fuego
Arabic لسان الثور المخزني
Azerbaijani dərman sümürgəni
Belarusian Пакрывец лекавы
Bulgarian лечебно винче
Czech pilát lékařský
Welsh llysiau'r-gwrid
Danish læge-oksetunge
German gewöhnliche ochsenzunge
German gemeine ochsenzunge
German gebräuchliche ochsenzunge
Estonian harilik imikas
Estonian imikas
Finnish rohtorasti
Finnish häränkieli
Hawaiian kōanahi onanikian
Croatian runjava trava
Upper Sorbian wšědna pócćiwka
Hungarian orvosi atracél
Lithuanian vaistinis godas
Lithuanian paprastasis godas
Norwegian Bokmål oksetunge
Dutch gewone ossentong
Dutch gewone ossetong
os Урусудз
Polish farbownik lekarski
Russian Анхуза лекарственная
Russian Воловик лекарственный
Serbo-Croatian runjava trava
Slovak smohla lekárska
Slovenian navadni volovski jezik
Swedish fåretunga
Swedish oxtunga
Turkish adi sığırdili
tt Шифалы үгез теле
Ukrainian Воловик лікарський
vep löcunsil'm
Chinese 蜻蜓
Chinese 药用牛舌草
Chinese 药用牛舍草
Chinese 藥用牛舌草

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Name Authority First published in
Anchusa officinalis subsp. intacta (Griseb.) Selvi & Bigazzi Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 142: 435 (2003)

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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No variety added yet.

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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Sow seeds at 20°C, expecting germination within 3 months without further temperature treatment.
Requires Darkness: These seeds need to be covered with soil or otherwise kept in the dark to germinate properly. Light inhibits their germination process.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Asia-temperate
    • Caucasus
      • North Caucasus
    • Middle Asia
      • Kazakhstan
    • Western Asia
      • Turkey
  • Europe
    • Eastern Europe
      • Baltic States
      • Belarus
      • Central European Russia
      • East European Russia
      • North European Russia
      • Northwest European Russia
      • South European Russia
      • Ukraine
    • Middle Europe
      • Austria
      • Belgium
      • Czechoslovakia
      • Germany
      • Hungary
      • Netherlands
      • Poland
      • Switzerland
    • Northern Europe
      • Denmark
      • Finland
      • Norway
      • Sweden
    • Southeastern Europe
      • Albania
      • Bulgaria
      • Greece
      • Italy
      • Romania
      • Turkey-in-Europe
      • Yugoslavia
    • Southwestern Europe
      • Baleares
      • Corse
      • France
  • Northern America
    • Eastern Canada
      • Ontario
    • North-central U.S.A.
      • Illinois
      • South Dakota
      • Wisconsin
    • Northeastern U.S.A.
      • Connecticut
      • Maine
      • Massachusetts
      • Michigan
      • New Hampshire
      • New Jersey
      • New York
      • Ohio
      • Pennsylvania
      • Rhode Island
    • Northwestern U.S.A.
      • Colorado
      • Idaho
      • Montana
      • Oregon
      • Washington
    • Southwestern U.S.A.
      • California
      • Utah
    • Western Canada
      • British Columbia

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!
Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000533707
UNII T3R944363G
Canadensys 3745
USDA Plants ANOF
INPN 82391
Flora of Italy 4331
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:113312-1
The Plant List kew-2636606
Plantarium 2796
Open Tree Of Life 360049
Observations.org 6418
NCBI Taxonomy 89630
NBN Atlas NBNSYS0000003998
Nature Serve 2.160545
IPNI 113312-1
iNaturalist 75430
GBIF 5341201
Freebase /m/02vv2gs
WisFlora 2521
EPPO ANCOF
EOL 580761
Elurikkus 2761
Calflora (Californian flora) 344
USDA GRIN 3105
Wikipedia Anchusa_officinalis
CMAUP NPO5911
PFAF Anchusa officinalis

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Strategies, Achievements, and Potential Challenges of Plant and Microbial Chassis in the Biosynthesis of Plant Secondary Metabolites Han T, Miao G Molecules 02-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11085123
doi:10.3390/molecules29092106
PMID:38731602
Wild Edible Plants Used in Dalmatian Zagora (Croatia) Ninčević Runjić T, Jug-Dujaković M, Runjić M, Łuczaj Ł Plants (Basel) 11-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11053949
doi:10.3390/plants13081079
PMID:38674488
Traditional Use of Wild Edible Plants in Slovenia: A Field Study and an Ethnobotanical Literature Review Papež Kristanc A, Kreft S, Strgulc Krajšek S, Kristanc L Plants (Basel) 24-Feb-2024
PMCID:PMC10934440
doi:10.3390/plants13050621
PMID:38475472
Bioreactor Systems for Plant Cell Cultivation at the Institute of Plant Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences: 50 Years of Technology Evolution from Laboratory to Industrial Implications Titova M, Popova E, Nosov A Plants (Basel) 01-Feb-2024
PMCID:PMC10857215
doi:10.3390/plants13030430
PMID:38337964
Accumulation of Polyphenols and Associated Gene Expression in Hairy Roots of Salvia viridis Exposed to Methyl Jasmonate Grzegorczyk-Karolak I, Krzemińska M, Grąbkowska R, Gomulski J, Żekanowski C, Gaweda-Walerych K Int J Mol Sci 07-Jan-2024
PMCID:PMC10815010
doi:10.3390/ijms25020764
PMID:38255839
Recent Advances in the Detection of Food Toxins Using Mass Spectrometry Ahuja V, Singh A, Paul D, Dasgupta D, Urajová P, Ghosh S, Singh R, Sahoo G, Ewe D, Saurav K Chem Res Toxicol 07-Dec-2023
PMCID:PMC10731662
doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00241
PMID:38059476
Plant Extracts as Skin Care and Therapeutic Agents Michalak M Int J Mol Sci 22-Oct-2023
PMCID:PMC10607442
doi:10.3390/ijms242015444
PMID:37895122
The most polyphagous insect herbivore? Host plant associations of the Meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (L.) Thompson V, Harkin C, Stewart AJ PLoS One 04-Oct-2023
PMCID:PMC10602594
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0291734
PMID:37792900
New Insights into the Latest Advancement in α-Amylase Inhibitors of Plant Origin with Anti-Diabetic Effects Kashtoh H, Baek KH Plants (Basel) 14-Aug-2023
PMCID:PMC10458243
doi:10.3390/plants12162944
PMID:37631156
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi impact the production of alkannin/shikonin and their derivatives in Alkanna tinctoria Tausch. grown in semi-hydroponic and pot cultivation systems Zhao Y, Cartabia A, Garcés-Ruiz M, Herent MF, Quetin-Leclercq J, Ortiz S, Declerck S, Lalaymia I Front Microbiol 10-Aug-2023
PMCID:PMC10447974
doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1216029
PMID:37637105
Examination of the Effects of Domestic Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Grazing on Wetland and Dry Grassland Habitats Fűrész A, Penksza K, Sipos L, Turcsányi-Járdi I, Szentes S, Fintha G, Penksza P, Viszló L, Szalai F, Wagenhoffer Z Plants (Basel) 31-May-2023
PMCID:PMC10255522
doi:10.3390/plants12112184
PMID:37299162
Antioxidants in Traditional Mexican Medicine and Their Applications as Antitumor Treatments Soto KM, Pérez Bueno JD, Mendoza López ML, Apátiga-Castro M, López-Romero JM, Mendoza S, Manzano-Ramírez A Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 23-Mar-2023
PMCID:PMC10145960
doi:10.3390/ph16040482
PMID:37111239
On the Prospects of In Situ Conservation of Medicinal- and Aromatic-Plant Genetic Resources at Ancient-Hillfort Sites: A Case Study from Lithuania Labokas J, Karpavičienė B Plants (Basel) 14-Feb-2023
PMCID:PMC9967452
doi:10.3390/plants12040861
PMID:36840209
Phenolic Compounds from New Natural Sources—Plant Genotype and Ontogenetic Variation Nurzyńska-Wierdak R Molecules 11-Feb-2023
PMCID:PMC9959341
doi:10.3390/molecules28041731
PMID:36838719
Phenotypic and molecular analyses in diploid and tetraploid genotypes of Solanum tuberosum L. reveal promising genotypes and candidate genes associated with phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid contents, and antioxidant activity Berdugo-Cely JA, Céron-Lasso MD, Yockteng R Front Plant Sci 18-Jan-2023
PMCID:PMC9889998
doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.1007104
PMID:36743552

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.
Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Alkaloids and derivatives
(+)-Intermedine 114843 Click to see 299.36 unknown https://doi.org/10.3891/ACTA.CHEM.SCAND.34B-0075
(1-Hydroxy-2,3,5,7a-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-7-yl)methyl 2-hydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylbutanoate 22384 Click to see 299.36 unknown https://doi.org/10.3891/ACTA.CHEM.SCAND.34B-0075
3'-Acetyllycopsamine 586647 Click to see CC(C)C(C(C)O)(C(=O)OCC1=CCN2C1C(CC2)OC(=O)C)O 341.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.3891/ACTA.CHEM.SCAND.34B-0075
7-O-Acetylechinatine 91748014 Click to see CC(C)C(C(C)O)(C(=O)OCC1=CCN2C1C(CC2)OC(=O)C)O 341.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.3891/ACTA.CHEM.SCAND.34B-0075
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Benzoic acid esters / o-Hydroxybenzoic acid esters
Benzyl 2,6-dihydroxybenzoate 10586364 Click to see 244.24 unknown via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives
Protocatechuic Acid 72 Click to see 154.12 unknown via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives / P-methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives
(1S,2S)-1-hydroxy-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl 4-methoxybenzoate 10734180 Click to see 316.30 unknown via CMAUP database
[(1R,2R)-2-hydroxy-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl] 4-methoxybenzoate 26117978 Click to see 316.30 unknown via CMAUP database
4-Methoxybenzoic Acid 7478 Click to see 152.15 unknown via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoyl derivatives
4-Methoxybenzaldehyde 31244 Click to see 136.15 unknown via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzyl alcohols
4-Methoxybenzyl alcohol 7738 Click to see COC1=CC=C(C=C1)CO 138.16 unknown via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Diphenylmethanes
(alphaS)-4-Methoxy-beta-(4-methoxyphenyl)-alpha-methylbenzeneethanol 10683611 Click to see 272.34 unknown via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Phenylpropanes
(1R,2R)-1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1,2-propanediol 11217615 Click to see CC(C(C1=CC=C(C=C1)OC)O)O 182.22 unknown via CMAUP database
(1R,2R)-1-[(1R,2S)-1-hydroxy-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]oxy-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-ol 26252192 Click to see 346.40 unknown via CMAUP database
(1S,2R)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propane-1,2-diol 9799167 Click to see 182.22 unknown via CMAUP database
(1S,2S)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propane-1,2-diol 12387012 Click to see 182.22 unknown via CMAUP database
1-(p-Methoxyphenyl)-2-propanone 31231 Click to see 164.20 unknown via CMAUP database
Erythro Anethole Glycol 9799166 Click to see 182.22 unknown via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Naphthalenes / Naphthoquinones
Lithospermidin A 5319056 Click to see 388.40 unknown via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Phenol ethers
Foeniculin, (E)- 5316879 Click to see 202.29 unknown via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Phenol ethers / Anisoles
(2R,3R,5S,6S)-2,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-dioxane 10782514 Click to see 328.40 unknown via CMAUP database
(2S,4S,5S)-2,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-1,3-dioxolane 10566139 Click to see 300.30 unknown via CMAUP database
2-methoxy-1-(3-methylbut-2-enoxy)-4-[(E)-prop-1-enyl]benzene 16091585 Click to see 232.32 unknown via CMAUP database
2-Propen-1-ol, 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-, 1-acetate, (2E)- 10932638 Click to see 206.24 unknown via CMAUP database
Anethole 637563 Click to see 148.20 unknown via CMAUP database
Estragole 8815 Click to see 148.20 unknown via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Benzenediols / Hydroquinones
Hydroquinone 785 Click to see 110.11 unknown via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Methoxyphenols
2-[(2S)-2-hydroxypropyl]-5-methoxyphenol 92475782 Click to see 182.22 unknown via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Tyrosols and derivatives / Tyrosols
Tyrosol 10393 Click to see 138.16 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Furanoid lignans / Tetrahydrofuran lignans / 9,9-epoxylignans
(+/-)-trans-3,4-Divanillyltetrahydrofuran 9906140 Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)CC2COCC2CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)OC)O 344.40 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Bicyclic monoterpenoids
(+)-3-Carene 443156 Click to see 136.23 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Menthane monoterpenoids
(+)-alpha-Phellandrene 443160 Click to see 136.23 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
Cloven 11229486 Click to see 204.35 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Triterpene glycosides / Triterpene saponins
(3S,4aR,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,9R,10R,11R,12aR,14bS)-10,11-dihydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-3-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid 21123691 Click to see 666.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19833160605
(3S,4aR,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,9R,10S,12aR,14bS)-3-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-10-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid 162858606 Click to see 945.10 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19883211012
(3S,4aR,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aS,9R,10S,12aR,14bR)-10-hydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-3-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid 162949547 Click to see CC1(CC2C3=CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CCC2(CC1OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O)C(=O)O)C)C)(C)CO)O)C)C 650.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19853180307
(3S,4aR,6aR,6aS,6bS,8aR,9R,10S,12aR,14bS)-3-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-10-hydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid 163030772 Click to see 813.00 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19863190613
(4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aS,10S,12aR,14bR)-10-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3,4-bis[[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy]oxan-2-yl]oxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid 162961488 Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)O)O)O)OC8C(C(C(C(O8)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C(=O)O)C 943.10 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JLAC.197919791213
[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] (4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,14bR)-10-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate 162914920 Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)O)O)O)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C(=O)OC8C(C(C(C(O8)CO)O)O)O)C 943.10 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JLAC.197919791213
[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] (4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,14bR)-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-10-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate 162898346 Click to see 781.00 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JLAC.197919791213
[3,4,5-Trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] 2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-10-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylate 434119 Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C(=O)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)O)O)O)C 781.00 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JLAC.197919791213
10-(5-Hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3,4-bis((3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl)oxy)oxan-2-yl)oxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid 434120 Click to see 943.10 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JLAC.197919791213
10-Hydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid 14158837 Click to see 650.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19853180307
10,11-Dihydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid 73744577 Click to see 666.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19833160605
3-[4,5-Dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-10-hydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid 14158839 Click to see CC1(CC2C3=CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CCC2(CC1OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)O)O)O)C(=O)O)C)C)(C)CO)O)C)C 813.00 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19863190613
3-[4,5-Dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-10-(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxy-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid 14158841 Click to see 945.10 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19883211012
alpha-D-Glucopyranosyl (2alpha,3beta,4alpha)-2,3,19,23-tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oate 101608066 Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CC(C(C5(C)CO)O)O)C)C)C2C1(C)O)C)C(=O)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O 666.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19833160605
Anchucoside-7 434121 Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)O)O)O)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C(=O)OC8C(C(C(C(O8)CO)O)O)O)C 943.10 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/JLAC.197919791213
Quercilicoside A 14055729 Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CC(C(C5(C)CO)O)O)C)C)C2C1(C)O)C)C(=O)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O 666.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19833160605
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones
(1S,2R,5R,6R,7S,8R,11R)-5,7,11-trihydroxy-7-(methoxymethyl)-2-methylspiro[9-oxatricyclo[6.3.1.01,5]dodecane-6,3'-oxetane]-2',10-dione 9997459 Click to see 342.34 unknown via CMAUP database
methyl (1S,2R,5R,6R,7R,8R,11R)-5,7,11-trihydroxy-2-methyl-2',10-dioxospiro[9-oxatricyclo[6.3.1.01,5]dodecane-6,3'-oxetane]-7-carboxylate 10498456 Click to see 356.32 unknown via CMAUP database
Veranisatin C 10643000 Click to see 372.32 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(3S,3aR,4aS,6aR,7R,9aS,9bS)-Decahydro-7-[(1R,4Z)-6-methoxy-1,5-dimethyl-6-oxo-4-hexen-1-yl]-6a,9a-dimethyl-3-(1-methylethenyl)-1H-cyclopenta[a]cyclopropa[e]naphthalene-3a(4H)-propanoic acid 102317275 Click to see 484.70 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Tricarboxylic acids and derivatives
(1R,4Z,6S,7S)-7-acetyloxy-4-ethenyl-6,7,14-trimethyl-3,8-dioxo-2,9-dioxa-14-azoniatricyclo[9.5.1.014,17]heptadeca-4,11-dien-17-olate 21606566 Click to see 405.40 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Cyclitols and derivatives / Shikimic acids and derivatves
Shikimic acid 8742 Click to see C1C(C(C(C=C1C(=O)O)O)O)O 174.15 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / O-glycosyl compounds
(1R,2S)-2-Hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-methylethyl I(2)-D-glucopyranoside 10593533 Click to see CC(C(C1=CC=C(C=C1)OC)O)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O 344.36 unknown via CMAUP database
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(1R,2R)-1-hydroxy-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 10958867 Click to see 344.36 unknown via CMAUP database
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(1R,2S)-1-hydroxy-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 10497611 Click to see 344.36 unknown via CMAUP database
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(1S,2S)-1-hydroxy-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 10958868 Click to see 344.36 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzodioxoles
6-Allyl-1,3-benzodioxol-4-ol 16729376 Click to see 178.18 unknown via CMAUP database
6-Allyl-4-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-1,3-benzodioxol-5-ol 16729374 Click to see 246.30 unknown via CMAUP database
Illicinole 16729375 Click to see 246.30 unknown via CMAUP database
Safrole 5144 Click to see 162.18 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Dioxolanes / 1,3-dioxolanes
(7aR)-6-allyl-7a-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-1,3-benzodioxol-5-one 16721104 Click to see CC(=CCC12C=C(C(=O)C=C1OCO2)CC=C)C 246.30 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Pyridines and derivatives / Pyridoxines
Pyridoxine 1054 Click to see 169.18 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Pyrrolizidines
[(1R,8R)-2,3,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-1-yl]methyl acetate 163191201 Click to see CC(=O)OCC1CCN2C1CCC2 183.25 unknown https://doi.org/10.3891/ACTA.CHEM.SCAND.34B-0075
2,3,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-1-ylmethyl acetate 318513 Click to see CC(=O)OCC1CCN2C1CCC2 183.25 unknown https://doi.org/10.3891/ACTA.CHEM.SCAND.34B-0075
Pentanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl-, (hexahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-1-yl)methyl ester 155104 Click to see 299.41 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/BMS.1200170210
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / 2-arylbenzofuran flavonoids
Lithospermic Acid 6441498 Click to see 538.50 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamaldehydes
4-Methoxycinnamaldehyde 641294 Click to see COC1=CC=C(C=C1)C=CC=O 162.18 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Coumaric acids and derivatives
Rosmarinic Acid 5281792 Click to see 360.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00193150
https://doi.org/10.1002/BIT.260420713
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01022093
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1055858/
https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2007-969728
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamyl alcohols
3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-ol 5314180 Click to see 164.20 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
Quercetin 3-O-beta-D-xylopyranoside 5320861 Click to see C1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2=C(OC3=CC(=CC(=C3C2=O)O)O)C4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)O)O)O)O 434.30 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Stilbenes
(1S,2S,3S)-1,2-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)butane-1,3-diol 10780691 Click to see 302.40 unknown via CMAUP database

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