Common products:
Allium chinense is primarily used as a vegetable. In East Asia, especially Japan and China, the mature bulbs are harvested and processed into brined or pickled products (often referred to as rakkyo pickles). Small-scale culinary use includes leaf pseudostems and immature flower stalks as seasoning or side-dish components.

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
Commercial rakkyo is processed after harvest as cleaned bulbs soaked in salt brines or vinegar-based solutions, sometimes with sugar. In Japan it is a traditional accompaniment to rice and noodle dishes. The flavor is pungent, with the organosulfur compounds typical of Allium, and the texture is crisp after brining. In other locales the bulbs or leaf bases may be incorporated into stews or stir-fries; these are non-medicinal culinary uses.

Scientific/model-organism use:
Allium chinense contributes to research in Allium genetics and breeding. It is used in cytogenetics and hybridization studies to broaden genetic diversity for other cultivated Allium crops (onion, garlic, leek). Public databases and genomic resources frequently include comparative data for Allium, including species-level references relevant to breeding programs.

Properties relevant to use:
The mature bulbs are firm and store well, allowing mechanical cleaning and brining operations. Bulb composition includes characteristic sulfur-containing volatiles (e.g., alkyl cysteine sulfoxides) that impart flavor and aroma, suitable for pickled products; non-enzymatic browning can occur in heat-treated products if acid levels and processing parameters are not controlled. The tissue maintains crispness in brines formulated for pickled vegetables.

Standards and regulation:
Bulb production and pickled products fall under national and regional food laws regarding contaminants and pesticide residues. In the European Union and Japan, maximum residue limits (MRLs) and hygienic production standards apply to Allium vegetables and derived products.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Commercial cultivation is concentrated in East Asia (China, Japan, and to a lesser extent Korea). Regional climate and soil management determine yield and quality. Bulbs can be stored pre-processing under cool, ventilated conditions; optimal timing of harvest influences bulb size and firmness, which are important for mechanical sorting and consistent brine uptake in large-scale processing.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Allium bakeri	Regel	Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 3(2): 141 (1875)
Allium bodinieri	H.Lév. & Vaniot	Liliac. & C.Chine : 38 (1905)
Allium exsertum	G.Don	Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 6: 17 (1827)
Allium martini	H.Lév. & Vaniot	Liliac. & C.Chine : 40 (1905)
Caloscordum exsertum	(G.Don) Herb.	Edwards's Bot. Reg. 33: t. 5 (1847)
Allium exsertum	Baker	J. Bot. 12: 294 (1874)
Allium splendens	Miq.	Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 154 (1867)

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	rakkyo
English	chinese onion
Spanish	caloscordum exsertum
Spanish	allium bakeri
Spanish	allium bodinieri
Spanish	allium exsertum
Spanish	allium splendens
Afrikaans	chinese ui
Arabic	بصل شرقي
Arabic	بصل صيني
Arabic	كراث جيانغشي
Arabic	كراث صيني
Arabic	كراث ياباني
Arabic	ثوم صيني
Bulgarian	китайски лук
Greek	Άλλιο το κινεζικό
Persian	پیاز شرقی
Finnish	valkoruohosipuli
Icelandic	kínalaukur
Japanese	らっきょう
Japanese	ラッキョウ
Japanese	辣韮
Japanese	辣韭
Japanese	薤白
Japanese	ラッキョ
Japanese	ガイハク
Japanese	薤
Korean	락교
Korean	염교
lzh	薤
pam	lasunang sungsung
Swedish	rakkyolök
Swedish	rakkyo
tay	qusul
Thai	กระเทียมจีน
trv	qowsun
Uzbek	xitoy piyozi
Vietnamese	củ kiệu
Vietnamese	kiệu
Chinese	荞头
Chinese	小蒜
Chinese	蕎頭
Chinese	蕗蕎
Chinese	野薤
Chinese	麗韭
Chinese	藠头(野薤、薤）
Chinese	藠头
Chinese	蕌头
Chinese	薤
Chinese	洋葱
Chinese	薤白

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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No subspecies added yet.

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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No variety added yet.

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Asia-temperate click to expand
- China
  - China South-central
  - China Southeast
  - Hainan
- Eastern Asia
  - Japan
  - Korea
- Middle Asia
  - Kirgizstan

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indian Subcontinent
  - Assam
  - Bangladesh
  - West Himalaya
- Indo-China
  - Thailand

Southern America click to expand
- Caribbean
  - Cuba

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000755945
UNII	1ZE9U9FY36
USDA Plants	ALCH5
Tropicos	18400411
INPN	705799
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:527818-1
The Plant List	kew-295288
Open Tree Of Life	1031181
Observations.org	269807
NCBI Taxonomy	130426
IUCN Red List	44392537
IPNI	527818-1
iNaturalist	122344
GBIF	2856307
Freebase	/m/026jgb5
EPPO	ALLCH
EOL	1084367
Elurikkus	318140
USDA GRIN	101417
Wikipedia	Allium_chinense
CMAUP	NPO8321
PFAF	Allium chinense

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Local knowledge of homegarden plants in Miao ethnic communities in Laershan region, Xiangxi area, China

Luo J, Li Q, He J, Yan J, Zhang S, Chang X, Wu T

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

18-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10946099
doi:	10.1186/s13002-024-00676-x
PMID:	38500123

Antioxidant activity of spirostanol saponins from Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus and their contents in different origins and processed products

Wu J, Cui Y, Liu C, Ding W, Ren S, Zhang J, Wang L

Food Chem X

17-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10831145
doi:	10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101144
PMID:	38304049

Participatory ethnobotany: comparison between two quilombos in the Atlantic Forest, Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brazil

Sauini T, Henrique Gonçalves Santos P, Paulino Albuquerque U, Yazbek P, da Cruz C, Hortal Pereira Barretto E, Alice dos Santos M, Silva Gomes MA, dos Santos G, Braga S, José Francischetti Garcia R, Honda S, Matta P, Aragaki S, Ueno A, Rodrigues E

PeerJ

07-Nov-2023

PMCID:	PMC10637247
doi:	10.7717/peerj.16231
PMID:	37953791

The complete chloroplast genomes of Allium sacculiferum, A. thunbergii, and A. taquetii (Amaryllidaceae) from Korea

Kim KM, Park CY, Lee DH, Jung YH, Kim HM, Na CS

Mitochondrial DNA B Resour

18-Oct-2023

PMCID:	PMC10588515
doi:	10.1080/23802359.2023.2268315
PMID:	37869569

Ethnobotanical study on edible flowers in Xishuangbanna, China

Zhang Q, Cheng Z, Fan Y, Zhang D, Wang M, Zhang J, Sommano S, Wu X, Long C

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

30-Sep-2023

PMCID:	PMC10542681
doi:	10.1186/s13002-023-00608-1
PMID:	37777741

Two New Compounds from Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus and Their In Vitro Antioxidant Activities

Wu J, Li L, Liu C, Li C, Cui Y, Ding W, Zhang J, Shi L

Molecules

22-Aug-2023

PMCID:	PMC10488416
doi:	10.3390/molecules28176176
PMID:	37687005

Yao-Shan of traditional Chinese medicine: an old story for metabolic health

Yang S, Yang H, Zhang Y

Front Pharmacol

16-Aug-2023

PMCID:	PMC10468577
doi:	10.3389/fphar.2023.1194026
PMID:	37663255

Steroidal Saponins: Naturally Occurring Compounds as Inhibitors of the Hallmarks of Cancer

Bouabdallah S, Al-Maktoum A, Amin A

Cancers (Basel)

31-Jul-2023

PMCID:	PMC10417465
doi:	10.3390/cancers15153900
PMID:	37568716

6-Oxofurostane and (iso)Spirostane Types of Saponins in Smilax sieboldii: UHPLC-QToF-MS/MS and GNPS-Molecular Networking Approach for the Rapid Dereplication and Biodistribution of Specialized Metabolites

Avula B, Bae JY, Ahn J, Katragunta K, Wang YH, Wang M, Kwon Y, Khan IA, Chittiboyina AG

Int J Mol Sci

14-Jul-2023

PMCID:	PMC10380369
doi:	10.3390/ijms241411487
PMID:	37511246

The Cryopreservation of Medicinal and Ornamental Geophytes: Application and Challenges

El Merzougui S, Benelli C, El Boullani R, Serghini MA

Plants (Basel)

29-May-2023

PMCID:	PMC10255897
doi:	10.3390/plants12112143
PMID:	37299120

Traditional Chinese medicine for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: clinical evidence and potential mechanisms

Fan Y, Yang Z, Wang L, Liu Y, Song Y, Liu Y, Wang X, Zhao Z, Mao J

Front Pharmacol

10-May-2023

PMCID:	PMC10206212
doi:	10.3389/fphar.2023.1154167
PMID:	37234711

Effects of saponins from Chinese herbal medicines on signal transduction pathways in cancer: A review

Zhu M, Sun Y, Bai H, Wang Y, Yang B, Wang Q, Kuang H

Front Pharmacol

29-Mar-2023

PMCID:	PMC10090286
doi:	10.3389/fphar.2023.1159985
PMID:	37063281

Identification of Potential Lead Compounds Targeting Novel Druggable Cavity of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Trimer by Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Xie L, Li Q, Zhang Y, Zang Y, Li X, Zhang L, Yang Z

Int J Mol Sci

27-Mar-2023

PMCID:	PMC10094189
doi:	10.3390/ijms24076281
PMID:	37047254

The efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine as an add-on therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with carotid atherosclerosis: An updated meta-analysis of 27 randomized controlled trials

Zhang Z, Leng Y, Chen Z, Fu X, Liang Q, Peng X, Xie H, Gao H, Xie C

Front Pharmacol

23-Mar-2023

PMCID:	PMC10076753
doi:	10.3389/fphar.2023.1091718
PMID:	37033624

Distribution of Cadmium in Fresh Vegetables Marketed in Southeast China and Its Dietary Exposure Assessment

Pan XD, Han JL

Foods

12-Mar-2023

PMCID:	PMC10048524
doi:	10.3390/foods12061204
PMID:	36981131

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!

Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid	135	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C(=O)O)O	138.12	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.35.2668
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Bicyclic monoterpenoids
(+-)-alpha-Pinene	6654	Click to see	136.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1S)-2,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene	12223113	Click to see CC1=CCC2CC1C2(C)C	136.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
alpha-Pinene, (+)-	82227	Click to see	136.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
Beta-Pinene	14896	Click to see	136.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Menthane monoterpenoids
(+)-Limonene	440917	Click to see	136.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
Limonene, (-)-	439250	Click to see	136.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
Limonene, (+/-)-	22311	Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1)C(=C)C	136.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Triterpene glycosides / Triterpene saponins
Calenduloside E	176079	Click to see	632.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(25R)-3-Hydroxy-5-spirostan-6-one; 6-Oxotigogenin	90450918	Click to see CC1CCC2(C(C3C(O2)CC4C3(CCC5C4CC(=O)C6C5(CCC(C6)O)C)C)C)OC1	430.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
(25R)-5alpha-Spirostan-3beta-ol	219836	Click to see CC1CCC2(C(C3C(O2)CC4C3(CCC5C4CCC6C5(CCC(C6)O)C)C)C)OC1	416.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00553-6
(2s,4s,5'r,6r,7s,8r,9s,12s,13r,16s,18s)-16-Hydroxy-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosane-6,2'-oxane]-19-one	11743436	Click to see	430.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
(9S,13R,16S)-16-hydroxy-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosane-6,2'-oxane]-19-one	5318958	Click to see	430.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00553-6 https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.23.660
6-Oxotigogenin	4669449	Click to see CC1CCC2(C(C3C(O2)CC4C3(CCC5C4CC(=O)C6C5(CCC(C6)O)C)C)C)OC1	430.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.23.660
Laxogenin	10950057	Click to see	430.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00553-6 https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.23.660
Tigogenin	99516	Click to see	416.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00553-6
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Steroidal glycosides / Steroidal saponins
(1R,2S,4R,8R,9S,12S,13R,16S,18S)-6-[(2S,4R)-1-hydroxy-4-methyl-5-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxypentan-2-yl]-7,9,13-trimethyl-16-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icos-6-en-19-one	162906230	Click to see CC1=C(OC2C1C3(CCC4C(C3C2)CC(=O)C5C4(CCC(C5)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)COC7C(C(C(CO7)O)O)O)O)O)O)C)C)C(CC(C)COC8C(C(C(C(O8)CO)O)O)O)CO	917.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-957941
(1R,2S,4S,5'R,6R,7S,8R,9S,12S,13R,16S,18S)-16-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosane-6,2'-oxane]-19-one	11331926	Click to see CC1CCC2(C(C3C(O2)CC4C3(CCC5C4CC(=O)C6C5(CCC(C6)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)COC8C(C(C(CO8)O)O)O)OC9C(C(C(CO9)O)O)O)O)O)C)C)C)OC1	857.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00423-5 https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.23.660
(1R,2S,4S,5'R,6R,7S,8R,9S,12S,13R,16S,18S)-16-[(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[(2R,3S,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[[(2R,3S,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosane-6,2'-oxane]-19-one	162937067	Click to see CC1CCC2(C(C3C(O2)CC4C3(CCC5C4CC(=O)C6C5(CCC(C6)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)COC8C(C(C(CO8)O)O)O)OC9C(C(C(CO9)O)O)O)O)O)C)C)C)OC1	857.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.23.660
(1R,2S,4S,5'R,6R,7S,8R,9S,12S,13R,16S,18S)-5',7,9,13-tetramethyl-16-[(2S,3S,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3S,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosane-6,2'-oxane]-19-one	162952884	Click to see	724.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.23.660
(1R,2S,4S,6S,7S,8R,9S,12S,13R,16S,18S)-16-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-hydroxy-7,9,13-trimethyl-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybutyl]-5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosan-19-one	162995168	Click to see	1037.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.37.1390
(1R,2S,4S,8S,9S,12S,13R,16S,18S)-16-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-7,9,13-trimethyl-6-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybutyl]-5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icos-6-en-19-one	162856783	Click to see	1019.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00553-6
(1R,2S,4S,8S,9S,12S,13R,16S,18S)-16-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[(2S,3S,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-7,9,13-trimethyl-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybutyl]-5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icos-6-en-19-one	162856786	Click to see CC1=C(OC2C1C3(CCC4C(C3C2)CC(=O)C5C4(CCC(C5)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)COC7C(C(C(CO7)O)O)O)OC8C(C(C(CO8)O)O)O)O)O)C)C)CCC(C)COC9C(C(C(C(O9)CO)O)O)O	1019.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00553-6
(1R,2S,4S,8S,9S,12S,13R,16S,18S)-16-[(2R,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[(2S,3S,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[[(2S,3S,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(2R,4R)-1-hydroxy-4-methyl-5-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxypentan-2-yl]-7,9,13-trimethyl-5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icos-6-en-19-one	163044061	Click to see	1049.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-957941
(1R,2S,4S,8S,9S,12S,13R,16S,18S)-6-[(2S,4R)-1-hydroxy-4-methyl-5-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxypentan-2-yl]-7,9,13-trimethyl-16-[(2R,3S,4R,5S,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icos-6-en-19-one	162906229	Click to see	917.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-957941
(1R,2S,4S,8S,9S,12S,13R,16S,18S)-7,9,13-trimethyl-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybutyl]-16-[(2R,3S,4R,5S,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2S,3S,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icos-6-en-19-one	162897656	Click to see CC1=C(OC2C1C3(CCC4C(C3C2)CC(=O)C5C4(CCC(C5)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)COC7C(C(C(CO7)O)O)O)O)O)O)C)C)CCC(C)COC8C(C(C(C(O8)CO)O)O)O	887.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00553-6
(1R,2S,4S,8S,9S,12S,13R,16S,18S)-7,9,13-trimethyl-6-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybutyl]-16-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icos-6-en-19-one	162897655	Click to see CC1=C(OC2C1C3(CCC4C(C3C2)CC(=O)C5C4(CCC(C5)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)COC7C(C(C(CO7)O)O)O)O)O)O)C)C)CCC(C)COC8C(C(C(C(O8)CO)O)O)O	887.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00553-6
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2R)-4-[(1R,2S,4S,7S,8R,9S,12S,13S,15S,16R,18R)-16-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-15-hydroxy-6-methoxy-7,9,13-trimethyl-5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosan-6-yl]-2-methylbutoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	101669619	Click to see	951.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[4-[(1R,2S,4S,7S,8R,9S,10R,12S,13S,16S,18R)-16-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-10-hydroxy-6-methoxy-7,9,13-trimethyl-5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosan-6-yl]-2-methylidenebutoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	101923512	Click to see CC1C2C(CC3C2(C(CC4C3CCC5C4(CCC(C5)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)O)O)O)C)O)C)OC1(CCC(=C)COC8C(C(C(C(O8)CO)O)O)O)OC	949.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[4-[(1R,2S,4S,7S,8R,9S,10R,12S,13S,16S,18R)-16-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6,10-dihydroxy-7,9,13-trimethyl-5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosan-6-yl]-2-methylidenebutoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	101923511	Click to see	935.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6S)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(1R,2S,4S,5'S,6S,7S,8R,9R,12S,13R,15S,16S,18S)-15-hydroxy-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosane-6,2'-oxane]-16-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	163035125	Click to see	919.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00423-5
(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2R,3S,4R,5S,6S)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6S)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(1R,2S,4S,5'S,6S,7S,8R,9R,12S,13R,15S,16S,18S)-15-hydroxy-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosane-6,2'-oxane]-16-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-4-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol	162933812	Click to see	1081.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00423-5
(3b,5a,25R)-3-Hydroxyspirostan-6-one 3-[2-acetylarabinosyl-(1->6)-glucoside]	74029744	Click to see	766.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00423-5
(9S,13R,16S,18S)-16-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[(2R,3R,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-7,9,13-trimethyl-6-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybutyl]-5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icos-6-ene-10,19-dione	23304295	Click to see	1033.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-[[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[(1R,2S,4S,5'R,6R,7S,8R,9S,12S,13R,16S,18S)-5',7,9,13-tetramethyl-19-oxospiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosane-6,2'-oxane]-16-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]methoxy]oxan-3-yl] acetate	101682566	Click to see CC1CCC2(C(C3C(O2)CC4C3(CCC5C4CC(=O)C6C5(CCC(C6)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)COC8C(C(C(CO8)O)O)OC(=O)C)O)O)O)C)C)C)OC1	766.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00423-5
16-[3,4-Dihydroxy-5-(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxy-6-[(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosane-6,2'-oxane]-19-one	72804845	Click to see	857.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00423-5 https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.23.660
16-[3,4-Dihydroxy-5-(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxy-6-[(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-7,9,13-trimethyl-6-[3-methyl-4-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybutyl]-5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icos-6-en-19-one	131753112	Click to see CC1=C(OC2C1C3(CCC4C(C3C2)CC(=O)C5C4(CCC(C5)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)COC7C(C(C(CO7)O)O)O)OC8C(C(C(CO8)O)O)O)O)O)C)C)CCC(C)COC9C(C(C(C(O9)CO)O)O)O	1019.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00553-6
5',7,9,13-Tetramethyl-16-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxyspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosane-6,2'-oxane]-19-one	14376401	Click to see	724.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00423-5 https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.23.660
Chinenoside I	73817575	Click to see	1037.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.37.1390
Chinenoside II	101687168	Click to see	1019.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
Chinenoside III	131753113	Click to see CC1=C(OC2C1C3(CCC4C(C3C2)CC(=O)C5C4(CCC(C5)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)COC7C(C(C(CO7)O)O)O)O)O)O)C)C)CCC(C)COC8C(C(C(C(O8)CO)O)O)O	887.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00553-6
Chinenoside IV	131751142	Click to see	1049.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-957941
Chinenoside V	131751143	Click to see	917.00	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-957941
Cistocardin	73157303	Click to see	1081.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00423-5
Macrostemonoside I	101923513	Click to see CC1C2C(CC3C2(C(=O)CC4C3CCC5C4(CCC(C5)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)O)O)O)C)C)OC1(CCC(=C)COC8C(C(C(C(O8)CO)O)O)O)O	933.00	unknown	via CMAUP database
Macrostemonoside J	101669618	Click to see CC1C2C(CC3C2(CCC4C3CCC5C4(CC(C(C5)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)O)O)O)O)C)C)OC1(CCC(C)COC8C(C(C(C(O8)CO)O)O)O)O	937.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
Macrostemonoside L	101669620	Click to see	919.10	unknown	via CMAUP database
Neogitogenin 3-[glucosyl-(1->2)-glucosyl-(1->4)-galactoside]	73800783	Click to see	919.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00423-5
smilaxin A	21636289	Click to see	724.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00423-5
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
beta-Sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside	296119	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C	576.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.23.660
Sitogluside	5742590	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C	576.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.23.660 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-961993
> Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues / Purine nucleosides
2-(6-Aminopurin-9-yl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol	191	Click to see	267.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00553-6
Adenosine	60961	Click to see C1=NC(=C2C(=N1)N(C=N2)C3C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)N	267.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00553-6
> Organic acids and derivatives / Peptidomimetics / Hybrid peptides
(2S,5R,8S,11R,15S,18S,19S,22R)-8,15-bis[3-(diaminomethylideneamino)propyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-22-methoxycarbonyl-18-[(1E,3E,5S,6S)-6-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-7-phenylhepta-1,3-dienyl]-1,5,19-trimethyl-3,6,9,13,16,20,25-heptaoxo-1,4,7,10,14,17,21-heptazacyclopentacosane-11-carboxylic acid	163189999	Click to see	1056.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-957941
> Organic acids and derivatives / Thiosulfinic acid esters
Allicin	65036	Click to see	162.30	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3996138/
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Secondary alcohols / Cyclohexanols
An inositol	892	Click to see	180.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CARBPOL.2014.10.019
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Monosaccharides / Hexoses
(+)-Fucose	94270	Click to see	164.16	unknown	via CMAUP database
(2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanal	19233	Click to see CC(C(C(C(C=O)O)O)O)O	164.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CARBPOL.2014.10.019
(2R,3S,4S,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal	3037556	Click to see C(C(C(C(C(C=O)O)O)O)O)O	180.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CARBPOL.2014.10.019
(2S,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal	161658	Click to see C(C(C(C(C(C=O)O)O)O)O)O	180.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CARBPOL.2014.10.019
alpha-D-GALACTOSE	439357	Click to see C(C1C(C(C(C(O1)O)O)O)O)O	180.16	unknown	via CMAUP database
D-Galactose	6036	Click to see	180.16	unknown	via CMAUP database
D-Glucose	5793	Click to see C(C1C(C(C(C(O1)O)O)O)O)O	180.16	unknown	via CMAUP database
D-Mannose	18950	Click to see	180.16	unknown	via CMAUP database
GlyTouCan:G11448CZ	59083882	Click to see	180.16	unknown	via CMAUP database
GlyTouCan:G91784SZ	71315513	Click to see	164.16	unknown	via CMAUP database
L-(-)-Fucose	3034656	Click to see	164.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CARBPOL.2014.10.019
L-Fucose	17106	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)O)O)O)O	164.16	unknown	via CMAUP database
L-Rhamnose	25310	Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)O)O)O)O	164.16	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Monosaccharides / Pentoses
aldehydo-D-Xylose	644160	Click to see	150.13	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CARBPOL.2014.10.019
D-Arabinose	66308	Click to see	150.13	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CARBPOL.2014.10.019
D-Xylose	135191	Click to see	150.13	unknown	via CMAUP database
DL-Arabinose	854	Click to see	150.13	unknown	via CMAUP database
L-Arabinose	439195	Click to see	150.13	unknown	via CMAUP database
Pentose	229	Click to see C1C(C(C(C(O1)O)O)O)O	150.13	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Sugar alcohols
Erythritol	222285	Click to see	122.12	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CARBPOL.2014.10.019
Glycerin	753	Click to see C(C(CO)O)O	92.09	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CARBPOL.2014.10.019
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzopyrans / 1-benzopyrans / Pyranochromenes
Ledebouriellol	5318962	Click to see	374.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Dihydrofurans / Furanones
(2R)-2-hexyl-5-methylfuran-3-one	162906851	Click to see	182.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(84)83097-6
3(2H)-Furanone, 2-hexyl-5-methyl-	566912	Click to see	182.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(84)83097-6
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Dithianes
1,3-Dithiane	10451	Click to see	120.20	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Indoles and derivatives / Indolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives
(2S)-2-ammonio-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoate	6923516	Click to see	204.22	unknown	via CMAUP database
D-Tryptophan	9060	Click to see	204.22	unknown	via CMAUP database
Dl-Tryptophan	1148	Click to see	204.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00553-6
Tryptophan	6305	Click to see C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C(=CN2)CC(C(=O)O)N	204.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00553-6 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-961993
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Indoles and derivatives / Pyridoindoles / Beta carbolines
(3R)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-ium-3-carboxylate	6920043	Click to see	216.24	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3S)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-ium-3-carboxylate	6920044	Click to see C1C([NH2+]CC2=C1C3=CC=CC=C3N2)C(=O)[O-]	216.24	unknown	via CMAUP database
2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-ium-3-carboxylate	3288669	Click to see	216.24	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organosulfur compounds / Allyl sulfur compounds
Allyl methyl disulfide	62434	Click to see	120.20	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3996138/
Allyl methyl tetrasulfide	525329	Click to see	184.40	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3996138/
Diallyl disulfide	16590	Click to see C=CCSSCC=C	146.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.35.2668 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3996138/
Diallyl Sulfide	11617	Click to see	114.21	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3996138/
> Organosulfur compounds / Isothiocyanates
Allyl Isothiocyanate	5971	Click to see	99.16	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3996138/
> Organosulfur compounds / Organic disulfides / Dialkyldisulfides
Methyl propyl disulfide	16592	Click to see	122.30	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3996138/
> Organosulfur compounds / Organic trisulfides
Diallyl trisulfide	16315	Click to see C=CCSSSCC=C	178.30	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3996138/
Dimethyl trisulfide	19310	Click to see CSSSC	126.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
Methyl propyl trisulfide	5319765	Click to see	154.30	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3996138/
Methylallyl trisulfide	61926	Click to see	152.30	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3996138/
> Organosulfur compounds / Sulfenyl compounds
Dimethyl tetrasulfide	79828	Click to see CSSSSC	158.30	unknown	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3996138/
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Coumaric acids and derivatives
Cinnamamide, p-hydroxy-N-(p-hydroxyphenethyl)-	89322	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1CCNC(=O)C=CC2=CC=C(C=C2)O)O	283.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.35.2668
cis-N-p-coumaroyltyramine	13939145	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1CCNC(=O)C=CC2=CC=C(C=C2)O)O	283.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.35.2668
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids
P-Coumaric Acid	637542	Click to see	164.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.35.2668
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides
(E)-1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-[4-[(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyphenyl]prop-2-en-1-one	163188672	Click to see	418.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.23.660
Isoliquiritin	5318591	Click to see	418.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.23.660
Neoisoliquiritigenin	72728334	Click to see	418.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.23.660
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Linear 1,3-diarylpropanoids / Chalcones and dihydrochalcones / 2-Hydroxychalcones
1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)Prop-2-En-1-One	425	Click to see	256.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.23.660
Isoliquiritigenin	638278	Click to see	256.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.23.660
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Stilbenes
Lunularic acid	161413	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C(=C1)O)C(=O)O)CCC2=CC=C(C=C2)O	258.27	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.35.2668

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Allium chinense

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