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Internal ID UUID643ff988c2e41858020643
Scientific name Trachyspermum ammi
Authority Sprague
First published in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1929: 228 (1929)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice
  • Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
  • Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
  • Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
  • Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Across North India, Iran, and Morocco, the fruits (commonly called seeds) of Trachyspermum ammi are turned into simple teas and decoctions to ease gas and colic, and as a bitter carminative to settle the stomach. In India, these preparations are widely used in domestic and Unani practice; the CRC Handbook of Medicinal Spices notes the common use of ajwain seed infusions or decoctions for dyspepsia and flatulence. Traditional texts such as the Unani Pharmacopoeia of India record ajwain as a mild diaphoretic and digestive stimulant, often taken as a weak tea of crushed seeds. Indian Materia Medica also lists carminative and antiflatulent uses for the seed infusion, while the Ayurvedic formulary references a 1:5 seed decoction (by volume) as a household remedy for gastrointestinal upset. Together these sources make clear that it is the seed/fruit that is prepared as an infusion or decoction.

A concise recipe for a mild tea: measure 1 teaspoon of gently crushed ajwain seeds (about 2–3 grams) and pour 1 cup (240 mL) of boiling water over them; cover and steep for 5–10 minutes, then strain and drink warm. To make a short decoction, simmer the same amount of seeds in 1 cup of water for 3–5 minutes, cool to warmth, and strain. Generally consumed after meals or at the onset of cramping; do not exceed two cups daily. The concentrated essential oil and phenolic fraction can irritate the stomach lining if used in excess, and the warm infusion can trigger acid reflux; it is best avoided in late pregnancy, and any use by children should be modest and short term.

The activity is plausibly related to the seed’s rich essential oil dominated by thymol, with para‑cymene, gamma‑terpinene, and carvacrol as notable minor components, together with flavonoids such as quercetin glycosides. Thymol and related phenols have well‑documented spasmolytic and antimicrobial effects that fit the traditional carminative uses, and these constituents are consistently reported for Trachyspermum ammi.

Research on Trachyspermum ammi continues today, with interest in its antispasmodic, antimicrobial, and anti‑inflammatory properties and in standardizing essential‑oil content. The seed remains widely available as a culinary spice and in herbal preparations, and infusions remain a household remedy across the regions noted.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
Ajwain seeds (Trachyspermum ammi) are harvested for culinary use as a spice; the dried seeds have a distinctive thyme‑like aroma and are ground or used whole. A steam‑distilled essential oil is also commercialised; yields are typically 2–3 % of seed weight.

Industrial and craft applications:
The essential oil is employed by the flavour and fragrance industry as a natural aroma chemical. It is added to confectionery, baked goods, beverage bases and to soap, detergent and cleaning‑product formulations to impart a sharp, herbaceous note.

Food and beverages (non‑medicinal):
Whole or ground ajwain seeds are a standard ingredient in Indian breads (e.g., naan, paratha), snack crackers, spice blends and pickles. The essential oil, standardised to a thymol content of about 40 %, is used as a flavouring in carbonated soft drinks, alcoholic mixes and processed foods where a cumin‑thyme character is desired.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
Ajwain oil’s high thymol content gives it a warm, pungent scent valued in perfumery and in personal‑care products such as soaps, shampoos, and lotions. It is used both as a primary fragrance component and as a modifier in herbal‑aroma blends.

Properties relevant to use:
The oil is rich in monoterpenes, principally thymol (30–60 %), p‑cymene (10–20 %) and γ‑terpinene (5–15 %). Thymol imparts strong aromatic intensity and contributes to the oil’s stability in alkaline formulations. Seeds contain 5–7 % fixed oil with a high content of unsaturated fatty acids, suitable for low‑temperature extraction but not currently used as a major industrial oil.

Standards and regulation:
Ajwain seeds and the derived essential oil are listed as Generally Recognised as Safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use as a spice and flavouring (FEMA GRAS No. 2959). The European Food Safety Authority classifies ajwain under “Spices and herbs” in the EU Flavouring Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Commercial ajwain is cultivated mainly in India, Pakistan and Iran; average seed yields are 800–1 200 kg ha⁻¹ under rain‑fed conditions. Harvest occurs after capsule dehiscence, and the crop is regarded as low‑input with modest water requirements, supporting continued small‑holder production.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Ligusticum ajawain Roxb. Asiat. Res. 11: 17o (1810)
Pituranthos korolkowi Schinz Bull. Herb. Boissier 2: 211 (1894)
Ptychotis ajowan DC. Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 4: 497 (1828)
Trachyspermum copticum Link Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 267 (1821)
Sison ammi L. Sp. Pl. : 252 (1753)
Selinum copticum E.H.L.Krause Deutschl. Fl. Abbild. , ed. 2, 12: 43 (1904)
Seseli foeniculifolium Poir. Encycl. 7: 137 (1806)
Ammi copticum L. Mant. Pl. 1: 56 (1767)
Ammios muricata Moench Methodus : 99 (1794)
Apium ammi Urb. Fl. Bras. (Martius) 11(1): 341. 1879 [1 Dec 1879]
Athamanta ajowan Wall. Numer. List : n.º 572 (1829)
Bunium aromaticum L. Mant. Pl. 2: 218 (1771)
Bunium copticum Spreng. Pl. Umbell. Prodr. : 28 (1813)
Carum ajowan Benth. & Hook.f. Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 1(3): 891. 1867 [Sep 1867]
Carum ammi Sprague J. Bot. 60: 314 (1922)
Carum aromaticum Druce Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 1916: 612 (1917)
Carum copticum (L.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Hiern Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 12 (1877)
Carum korolkowii (Regel & Schmalh.) Lipsky Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 18: 66 (1900)
Carum panatjan Baill. Hist. Pl. 7: 178 (1879)
Cyclospermum ammi (L.) Lag. Amen. Nat. Españ. 1(2): 101 1821
Daucus anisodorus Blanco Fl. Filip., ed. 2 : 150 (1845)
Daucus copticus Lam. Encycl. 1: 635 (1785)
Deverra korolkowi Regel & Schmalh. Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 5: 589 (1877)
Helosciadium ammi Oken Allg. Naturgesch. 3(3): 1831 (1841)
Helosciadium ammi Britton Fl. Bermuda [N.L. Britton] 279, fig. 303. 1918
Seseli gilliesii Hook. & Arn. Bot. Misc. 3: 354 (1833)
Cyclospermum ammi (L.) Lag. Amen. Nat. Españ. 1(2): 101 (1821)
Daucus copticus (L.) Pers.
Ptychotis coptica DC. Mém. Soc. Phys. Genève 4: 496 (1828)
Ligusticum ajowan Royle Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. : 230 (1835)
Petroselinum sativum Hook. & Gillies Bot. Misc. 1: 335. 1830 ; 3: 354 (1833)
Ammi cicutarium Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg., ed. 15 bis 6: 531 (1820)
Carum copticum (L.) Benth. & Hook.f. Fl. Trop. Afr. 3: 12 1877
Seseli ammoides Jacq. Hort. Bot. Vindob. 1: t. 52 (1771)
Carum ajawain (Roxb.) Waring Pharmacopoeia India : 99 (1868)
Carum ajowan (Roxb.) Waring Pharmacop. India : 99 (1868)
Carum korolkowii Lipsky Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada 26: 406 (1910)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
English ajowan caraway
Spanish carum ajowan
ace jeumuju
Amharic ነጭ ኣዝሙድ
Arabic نانخة
Assamese যনি
Bulgarian ажгон
Bengali জৈন
Czech koptský kmín
Czech drsnoplodík moravčinovitý
Czech adžvan
Czech adžvajen
Czech adžvain
Welsh ajowan
German ajowanfrüchte
German königskümmel
German adiowan
German carum ajowan
German ajowanfrucht
dv ހިތި ދަމުއި
Persian زنیان
Finnish intiankumina
Finnish ajowan
French carum ajowan
Gujarati અજમો
Hindi अजवाईन
Hungarian ajovan
Indonesian jemuju
Italian ajowan
Italian carum ajowan
Japanese アジョワン
Kazakh Ажгон
Kannada ಅಜವಾನ
Korean 아지바인
la carum ajowan
mad mosè
mai जमाइन
Macedonian ајован
Malayalam അയമോദകം
Malayalam ഓമം
Malayalam ajwain
Marathi ओवा
Malay ajwain
Malay musi
Malay mungsi
Burmese စမုန်ဖြူ
Nepali ज्वानो
Dutch ajowan
Polish ammi copticum
Polish adżwan
Punjab اجوین
Pashto سپېرکۍ
Portuguese ajowan
Russian Коптский тмин
Russian trachyspermum copticum
Russian Ажгон
Russian Айован
Russian Айован душистый
Russian Айованое масло
Russian Индийский тмин
Russian Шабpий
sa यवानी
sa यवाग्रजः
sd جاڻ
Swedish ajowan
Tamil ஓமம்
tcy ಓಮ
Telugu వాము
Thai เทียนเยาวพาณี
Ukrainian Ажгон
Ukrainian Айован
Ukrainian Індійський кмин
Urdu اجوائن
Uzbek ajwain
Chinese 阿育魏
Chinese 细叶糙果芹
Chinese 阿育魏实
Chinese 阿米糙果芹

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Africa
    • East Tropical Africa
      • Kenya
    • Northeast Tropical Africa
      • Ethiopia
      • Somalia
    • Northern Africa
      • Morocco
  • Asia-temperate
    • Arabian Peninsula
      • Saudi Arabia
    • China
      • Xinjiang
    • Middle Asia
      • Kazakhstan
      • Turkmenistan
      • Uzbekistan
    • Western Asia
      • Afghanistan
      • Iran
      • Iraq
      • Palestine
      • Turkey
  • Asia-tropical
    • Indian Subcontinent
      • Bangladesh
      • East Himalaya
      • Nepal
      • Pakistan
      • West Himalaya
    • Indo-China
      • Andaman Islands
      • Myanmar
      • Nicobar Nicobar

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!
Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000411397
UNII Q7R70ADO4A
USDA Plants TRAM13
Tropicos 1700563
INPN 126943
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:849765-1
The Plant List kew-2438394
Open Tree Of Life 671429
Observations.org 123064
NCBI Taxonomy 52570
NBN Atlas NBNSYS0000034163
Nature Serve 2.147557
IPNI 849765-1
iNaturalist 155843
GBIF 3034241
Freebase /m/01yt7z
EPPO TCSAM
EOL 477954
Elurikkus 353701
USDA GRIN 36803
Wikipedia Ajwain

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Study of medicinal plants used in ethnoveterinary medical system in riverine areas of Punjab, Pakistan Umair M, Altaf M, Ahsan T, Bussmann RW, Abbasi AM, Gatasheh MK, Elrobh M J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 07-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11077875
doi:10.1186/s13002-024-00686-9
PMID:38715115
Synergistic interactions of nanoparticles and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria enhancing soil-plant systems: a multigenerational perspective Verma KK, Joshi A, Song XP, Singh S, Kumari A, Arora J, Singh SK, Solanki MK, Seth CS, Li YR Front Plant Sci 29-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11089215
doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1376214
PMID:38742215
Pharmacological Potential of Kaempferol, a Flavonoid in the Management of Pathogenesis via Modulation of Inflammation and Other Biological Activities Alrumaihi F, Almatroodi SA, Alharbi HO, Alwanian WM, Alharbi FA, Almatroudi A, Rahmani AH Molecules 26-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11085411
doi:10.3390/molecules29092007
PMID:38731498
Vasorelaxant and Blood Pressure-Lowering Effects of Cnidium monnieri Fruit Ethanol Extract in Sprague Dawley and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Park J, Shin S, Bu Y, Choi HY, Lee K Int J Mol Sci 11-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11050430
doi:10.3390/ijms25084223
PMID:38673809
Herbal Spices as Food and Medicine: Microscopic Authentication of Commercial Herbal Spices Khan A, Ahmad M, Sultan A, Khan R, Raza J, Ul Abidin SZ, Khan S, Zafar M, Uddin MN, Kazi M Plants (Basel) 10-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11054362
doi:10.3390/plants13081067
PMID:38674476
Current views of drought research: experimental methods, adaptation mechanisms and regulatory strategies Wang X, Li X, Zhao W, Hou X, Dong S Front Plant Sci 04-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11024477
doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1371895
Genetic variation and structure of endemic and endangered wild celery (Kelussia odoratissima Mozaff.) quantified using novel microsatellite markers developed by next-generation sequencing Mahdavikia F, Ebadi MT, Shojaeiyan A, Ayyari M, Falahati-Anbaran M Front Plant Sci 04-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11024376
doi:10.3389/fpls.2024.1301936
Recent Advancements and Unexplored Biomedical Applications of Green Synthesized Ag and Au Nanoparticles: A Review Ahmad S, Ahmad S, Ali S, Esa M, Khan A, Yan H Int J Nanomedicine 03-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC10999736
doi:10.2147/IJN.S453775
PMID:38590511
Antibacterial effects of chitosan-based hydrogels containing Trachyspermum ammi essential oil on pathogens isolated from dogs with otitis externa Niaraki NJ, Jamshidi S, Fasaei BN, Joghataei SM BMC Vet Res 01-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC10985873
doi:10.1186/s12917-024-03971-7
PMID:38561827
Composition and antimicrobial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Artemisia monosperma L. leaf essential oils and methanolic extracts from plants grown in normal and saline habitats in Egypt Soliman MM, Elsaba YM, Soliman MS, Ahmed EZ Sci Rep 28-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC10973528
doi:10.1038/s41598-024-57301-w
PMID:38538682
Full-length transcriptome profiling of Acanthopanax gracilistylus provides new insight into the kaurenoic acid biosynthesis pathway He B, Shan T, Xu J, Zhong X, Zhang J, Han R, Yang Q, Wu J Physiol Mol Biol Plants 21-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC11018598
doi:10.1007/s12298-024-01436-7
PMID:38633273
Choline supplementation: Impact on broiler chicken performance, steatosis, and economic viability from from 1 to 42 days Ramalho de Lima M, Kaneko IN, de Lima AV, de Melo LN, de Lima MC, de Brito AN, Costa FG, Boas AD, Toledo AL, Ferrer SL, Marimuthu S PLoS One 19-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC10950236
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0295488
PMID:38502648
Obtaining Microbiologically Safe Hatching Eggs from Hatcheries: Using Essential Oils for Integrated Sanitization Strategies in Hatching Eggs, Poultry Houses and Poultry Oliveira GD, McManus C, Vale IR, dos Santos VM Pathogens 18-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC10974541
doi:10.3390/pathogens13030260
PMID:38535603
Is Gold Yellow? Plant Dyes and Gold-Making in the Ancient Chemical Arts Manco C, Martelli M Ambix 07-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC11062326
doi:10.1080/00026980.2024.2309061
PMID:38450488
Investigating efficacy of colchicine plus phenolic monoterpenes fraction as a potential treatment for patients diagnosed with COVID-19: A randomized controlled parallel clinical trial Vaziri S, Janbakhsh A, Zamanian MH, Shakiba Y, Mostafaei S, Norooznezhad AH, Mansouri K, Bagheri A, Abdali F, Fatahpour K, Mostafaie A Heliyon 06-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC10955262
doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27373
PMID:38515718

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.
Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Methoxybenzenes / Dimethoxybenzenes
Methyleugenol 7127 Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)CC=C)OC 178.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698181
> Benzenoids / Phenol ethers / Anisoles
Anethole 637563 Click to see 148.20 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698181
Estragole 8815 Click to see 148.20 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698181
> Hydrocarbons / Unsaturated hydrocarbons / Branched unsaturated hydrocarbons
Gamma-Terpinene 7461 Click to see 136.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698181
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Acyclic monoterpenoids
Myrcene 31253 Click to see 136.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698181
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Aromatic monoterpenoids
Carvacrol 10364 Click to see CC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C(C)C)O 150.22 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/PTR.1238
https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698181
Cuminaldehyde 326 Click to see CC(C)C1=CC=C(C=C1)C=O 148.20 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698181
P-Cymene 7463 Click to see 134.22 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698181
Thymol 6989 Click to see 150.22 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/PTR.1238
https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1439-0434.1986.TB00902.X
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80046-2
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6245358/
https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698181
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Bicyclic monoterpenoids
(+-)-alpha-Pinene 6654 Click to see 136.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698181
(5S)-4-methylidene-1-propan-2-ylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexane 6429260 Click to see 136.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698181
3-Carene 26049 Click to see CC1=CCC2C(C1)C2(C)C 136.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698181
alpha Thujene 6451618 Click to see 136.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698181
alpha-Thujene 17868 Click to see 136.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698181
Beta-Pinene 14896 Click to see 136.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698181
Camphene 6616 Click to see 136.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698181
Sabinene 18818 Click to see 136.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698181
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Menthane monoterpenoids
4-Terpineol, (+/-)- 11230 Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1)(C(C)C)O 154.25 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698181
Alpha-Terpinene 7462 Click to see 136.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698181
Alpha-Terpineol 17100 Click to see 154.25 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698181
Beta-Phellandrene 11142 Click to see CC(C)C1CCC(=C)C=C1 136.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698181
Carvone, (+-)- 7439 Click to see 150.22 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698181
Carvone, (+)- 16724 Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1=O)C(=C)C 150.22 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698181
Limonene, (+/-)- 22311 Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1)C(=C)C 136.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698181
Terpinolene 11463 Click to see 136.23 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698181
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Eudesmane, isoeudesmane or cycloeudesmane sesquiterpenoids
Beta-Selinene 442393 Click to see 204.35 unknown https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1993.9698181
> Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues / Purine nucleosides
Adenosine 60961 Click to see C1=NC(=C2C(=N1)N(C=N2)C3C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)N 267.24 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.49.840
> Nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues / Pyrimidine nucleosides
Uridine 6029 Click to see 244.20 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.49.840
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Secondary alcohols
(2S,3R,4S)-pentane-1,2,3,4-tetrol 90146781 Click to see CC(C(C(CO)O)O)O 136.15 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.49.840
1-Deoxy-d-ribitol 270738 Click to see CC(C(C(CO)O)O)O 136.15 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.49.840
1-Deoxy-l-erythritol 12241264 Click to see CC(C(CO)O)O 106.12 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.49.840
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Tertiary alcohols
2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol 8257 Click to see 86.13 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.49.840
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / O-glycosyl compounds
Benzyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside 13254166 Click to see 270.28 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.49.840
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Monosaccharides
Hamamelose 193393 Click to see 180.16 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.49.840
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Monosaccharides / Hexoses
1-Deoxy-D-glucitol 10678630 Click to see 166.17 unknown https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.49.840

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