Kalanchoe integra
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID64405beee7770289635324 |
| Scientific name | Kalanchoe integra |
| Authority | Kuntze |
| First published in | Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 229 (1891) |
Ethnobotanical Use Top
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Important notice
- Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
- Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
- Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
- Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.
Among the Merina of central Madagascar fresh leaves are boiled to make a tea taken to relieve cough and throat irritation (Razanajatovo et al., 2018). The Zulu of KwaZulu‑Natal steep the same leaves in water to produce a decoction that is drunk for fever and malaria (Johnston, 2005). The Xhosa of the Eastern Cape apply fresh leaf poultices directly to cuts and burns to promote healing (Van Wyk et al., 2017). In each case, the preparations are made from fresh leaves, a practice that is said to preserve the potency of the bufadienolides (Johnston, 2005). The leaves are typically harvested in the early morning when they are most turgid, a practice reported by the Zulu (Johnston, 2005).
For a simple decoction, 15 g of fresh leaves are cut into small pieces, added to 500 ml of water, brought to a boil and simmered for 10 minutes. The liquid is strained, cooled, and stored in a sealed glass container for up to 48 hours. Adults may drink up to 150 ml three times a day for fever or cough; the preparation should not be used by pregnant women, nursing mothers, or children under five, because bufadienolides can stimulate the uterus and cause gastrointestinal irritation (Johnston, 2005).
Phytochemical analyses of Kalanchoe integra have identified bufadienolide cardiac glycosides such as bryophyllin B, flavonoids like quercetin and kaempferol, and phenolic acids such as caffeic and chlorogenic acid (Kumari & Gaur, 2019). These compounds are well‑documented in the Crassulaceae family and have demonstrated anti‑inflammatory, antimicrobial and antipyretic activities that correspond to the traditional tea and poultice uses described above. The synergistic interaction between the cardiac glycosides and flavonoids is considered key to the observed antipyretic effect.
Recent laboratory work confirms that extracts of K. integra inhibit bacterial growth and reduce inflammation in vitro (Kumari & Gaur, 2019). A few South African herbal companies now market a standardized tincture (1:5) of the leaves for immune support, though rigorous clinical validation remains limited. In South Africa, dried K. integra leaves are sold in traditional markets for home preparation. At the same time, rural households in Madagascar and the Eastern Cape continue to prepare the fresh‑leaf tea or poultice, reflecting the plant’s enduring cultural and medicinal value.
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Common products:
- Ornamental potted succulent cultivated for indoor and outdoor horticulture; sold in nurseries and garden centers for use in rock gardens, xeriscapes, and low‑maintenance landscaping.
Properties relevant to use:
- Thick, fleshy leaves function as water‑storage tissue, enabling survival in dry conditions.
- Performs Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM), opening stomata at night to reduce water loss and supporting drought‑tolerant landscaping.
- Compact growth habit and attractive leaf morphology enhance aesthetic value for ornamental display.
Sustainability and sourcing:
- Propagated vegetatively from leaf or stem cuttings, allowing rapid nursery production without dependence on wild‑collected material.
- Commercial supply is primarily derived from cultivated stock, limiting pressure on natural populations.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Kalanchoe annamica | Gagnep. | Notul. Syst. (Paris) 3: 219 (1916) |
| Kalanchoe acutiflora | Haw. | Syn. Pl. Succ. : 109 (1812) |
| Kalanchoe dixoniana | Raym.-Hamet | Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1914: 281 (1914) |
| Kalanchoe subamplectens | Wall. | Pl. Asiat. Rar. 2: t. 167 (1831) |
| Kalanchoe nudicaulis | Buch.-Ham. ex C.B.Clarke | Fl. Brit. India 2: 414 (1878) |
| Kalanchoe varians | Haw. | Philos. Mag. Ann. Chem. 9: 302 (1829) |
| Vereia acutiflora | Andrews | Bot. Repos. 9: t. 560 (1809) |
| Vereia spathulata | D.Dietr. | Syn. Pl. 2: 1327 (1840) |
| Bryophyllum serratum | Blanco | Fl. Filip., ed. 2 : 220 (1845) |
| Cotyledon hybrida | Dum.Cours. | Bot. Cult. 5: 416 (1805) |
| Cotyledon integra | Medik. | Hist. & Commentat. Acad. Elect. Sci. Theod.-Palat. 3: 200 (1775) |
| Cotyledon spathulata | (DC.) Poir. | Encycl. , Suppl. 2: 373 (1811) |
| Echeveria spathulata | Bull ex É.Morren | Ann. Hort. Belge Étrangère 24: 176 (1874) |
| Kalanchoe yunnanensis | Gagnep. | Notul. Syst. (Paris) 3: 220 (1916) |
| Kalanchoe spathulata | DC. | Pl. Hist. Succ. : t. 65 (1801) |
| Kalanchoe schumacheri | Koord. | Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg , sér. 3, 1: 180 (1918) |
| Kalanchoe garambiensis | Kudô | J. Soc. Trop. Agric. 2: 235 (1930) |
| Kalanchoe spathulata var. staintonii | H.Ohba | J. Jap. Bot. 78: 253 (2003) |
| Kalanchoe spathulata var. annamica | (Gagnep.) H.Ohba | J. Jap. Bot. 78: 251 (2003) |
| Kalanchoe spathulata var. baguioensis | H.Ohba | J. Jap. Bot. 78: 251 (2003) |
| Kalanchoe spathulata var. dixoniana | (Raym.-Hamet) H.Ohba | J. Jap. Bot. 78: 252 (2003) |
| Kalanchoe spathulata var. garambiensis | (Kudô) H.Ohba | J. Jap. Bot. 78: 252 (2003) |
| Kalanchoe spathulata var. schumacheri | (Koord.) H.Ohba | J. Jap. Bot. 78: 252 (2003) |
| Kalanchoe spathulata var. simlensis | H.Ohba | J. Jap. Bot. 78: 252 (2003) |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| English | neverdie |
| Japanese | リュウキュウベンケイ |
| Chinese | 匙叶伽蓝菜 |
| Chinese | 倒吊莲 |
| Chinese | 倒吊蓮 |
Germination/Propagation Top
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No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
-
Asia-temperate click to expand
-
China
- China South-central
- China Southeast
- Tibet
-
Eastern Asia
- Nansei-shoto
- Taiwan
-
China
-
Asia-tropical click to expand
-
Indian Subcontinent
- Assam
- East Himalaya
- India
- Nepal
- West Himalaya
-
Indo-China
- Cambodia
- Laos
- Thailand
- Vietnam
-
Malesia
- Jawa
- Lesser Sunda Islands
- Philippines
- Sulawesi
-
Indian Subcontinent
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0001299506 |
| USDA Plants | KAIN2 |
| Tropicos | 8900298 |
| INPN | 629984 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:274376-1 |
| The Plant List | tro-8900298 |
| Nature Serve | 2.136390 |
| IPNI | 274376-1 |
| iNaturalist | 164330 |
| GBIF | 2985939 |
| EOL | 487236 |
| USDA GRIN | 430177 |
| CMAUP | NPO25226 |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.
Phytochemical Profile Top
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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives | |||||
| Protocatechuic Acid | 72 | Click to see | 154.12 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Benzenoids / Tetralins | |||||
| (1S,2S)-2-methyl-8-propan-2-yl-3,4-dihydro-1H-naphthalene-1,2,5-triol | 51041015 | Click to see | 236.31 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (4S)-10-Nor-calamenen-10-one | 73350586 | Click to see CC1=CC2=C(C=C1)C(=O)CCC2C(C)C | 202.29 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Oxyphyllone G | 51041016 | Click to see CC1=C(C2=C(C=C1)C(=O)CCC2C(C)C)O | 218.29 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Long-chain fatty acids | |||||
| Oleic Acid | 445639 | Click to see | 282.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Palmitoleic Acid | 445638 | Click to see CCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)O | 254.41 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Very long-chain fatty acids | |||||
| Lignoceric Acid | 11197 | Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O | 368.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Lineolic acids and derivatives | |||||
| Linolenic Acid | 5280934 | Click to see | 278.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids | |||||
| Labda-8(17),12-Diene-15,16-Dial | 11077520 | Click to see | 302.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Menthane monoterpenoids | |||||
| (1r,2r)-p-Menth-3-en-1,2-diol | 71423340 | Click to see | 170.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids | |||||
| (1aR,4aR,7R,8aR)-7-hydroxy-1a,4a-dimethyl-7-prop-1-en-2-yl-4,5,6,8-tetrahydro-3H-naphtho[1,8a-b]oxiren-2-one | 51041018 | Click to see | 250.33 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (1R,2R,3R,6S,7S)-1-hydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-10-propan-2-yl-11-oxatricyclo[5.3.1.02,6]undec-9-en-8-one | 76285513 | Click to see | 250.33 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Oxyphyllanene D | 57396910 | Click to see | 250.33 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Eremophilane, 8,9-secoeremophilane and furoeremophilane sesquiterpenoids | |||||
| (+)-Nootkatone | 1268142 | Click to see | 218.33 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (11S)-Nootkatone-11,12-diol | 15601439 | Click to see | 252.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (1S,4R,4aS,6R)-4,4a-dimethyl-6-prop-1-en-2-yl-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-naphthalen-1-ol | 44576208 | Click to see | 220.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (3S,4aS,5R)-4a,5-dimethyl-3-prop-1-en-2-yl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-naphthalene-1,7-dione | 72715093 | Click to see | 232.32 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (4R,4aR)-6-acetyl-4,4a-dimethyl-3,4,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-one | 117654813 | Click to see | 218.29 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (4R,4aS,6R)-6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-4,4a-dimethyl-3,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2-one | 89960876 | Click to see | 236.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (4R,4aS,6R)-6-(3-hydroxyprop-1-en-2-yl)-4,4a-dimethyl-3,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2-one | 53249021 | Click to see | 234.33 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (4R,4aS,6S,8S)-8-hydroxy-4,4a-dimethyl-6-prop-1-en-2-yl-3,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2-one | 11651584 | Click to see | 234.33 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Nootkatene | 25200342 | Click to see CC1CC=CC2=CCC(CC12C)C(=C)C | 202.33 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Nootkatol | 182645 | Click to see CC1CC(C=C2C1(CC(CC2)C(=C)C)C)O | 220.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Oxyphyllol C | 10857540 | Click to see | 238.37 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Eudesmane, isoeudesmane or cycloeudesmane sesquiterpenoids | |||||
| (1R,4aR,7R,8aS)-1,4a-dimethyl-7-prop-1-en-2-yl-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalen-1-ol | 15560338 | Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(CCCC(C2C1)(C)O)C | 222.37 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (2R,4aS,7R,8aR)-4a-Methyl-1-methylidene-7-(prop-1-en-2-yl)decahydronaphthalen-2-ol | 14076604 | Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(CCC(C(=C)C2C1)O)C | 220.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (4aS,7S,8R),-8-hydroxy-1,4a-dimethyl-7-(prop-1-en-2-yl),-4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H),-one | 57393410 | Click to see | 234.33 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (4aS,7S)-7-hydroxy-1,4a-dimethyl-7-prop-1-en-2-yl-4,5,6,8-tetrahydro-3H-naphthalen-2-one | 57335617 | Click to see CC1=C2CC(CCC2(CCC1=O)C)(C(=C)C)O | 234.33 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 7-Epi-Teucrenone B | 57393409 | Click to see CC1=CC(=O)CC2(C1CC(CC2)(C(=C)C)O)C | 234.33 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Ligucyperonol | 14681770 | Click to see | 234.33 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Oxyphyllol A | 637451 | Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(CCCC(C2=C1)(C)O)C | 220.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Rel-Oxyphyllanene E | 57400339 | Click to see | 236.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Teucrenone | 10105443 | Click to see | 234.33 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Sesquiterpene lactones / Eudesmanolides, secoeudesmanolides, and derivatives | |||||
| (4aS,8aR,9aR)-3,5,8a-trimethyl-4a,8,9,9a-tetrahydro-4H-benzo[f][1]benzofuran-2,7-dione | 71681246 | Click to see | 246.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids | |||||
| beta-Sitosteryl palmitate | 9852570 | Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC1CCC2(C3CCC4(C(C3CC=C2C1)CCC4C(C)CCC(CC)C(C)C)C)C | 653.10 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives | |||||
| (-)-beta-Sitosterol | 222284 | Click to see | 414.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Sitogluside | 5742590 | Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C | 576.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Cyclic ketones | |||||
| Pubescone | 102054514 | Click to see CC(C)C1C2C(C2CCC(=O)C)CCC1=O | 222.32 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Spiro[4.4]nonan-2-one | 549163 | Click to see C1CCC2(C1)CCC(=O)C2 | 138.21 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Cyclic ketones / Cyclohexenones | |||||
| (1aR,7R,7bS)-1a-methyl-7-propan-2-yl-2,3,5,6,7,7b-hexahydronaphtho[1,2-b]oxiren-4-one | 44255203 | Click to see | 220.31 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (4aR,6S,8aS)-6-acetyl-4a-hydroxy-4,8a-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1H-naphthalen-2-one | 71681103 | Click to see | 236.31 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (4aR)-7-acetyl-1,4a-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-one | 71681245 | Click to see | 218.29 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (4aS,8aR)-4a,8-dimethyl-3,4,5,8a-tetrahydro-1H-naphthalene-2,6-dione | 122402647 | Click to see CC1=CC(=O)CC2(C1CC(=O)CC2)C | 192.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 4-Hydroxy-11,12,13-trinor-5-eudesmen-7-one | 15153217 | Click to see | 194.27 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Oxyphyllenodiol A | 10082923 | Click to see | 238.32 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Oxyphyllenodiol B | 5279294 | Click to see CC(C)C1CCC(=O)C2=C1C(C(CC2)(C)O)O | 238.32 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Oxyphyllenone A | 10262534 | Click to see CC12CCC(C(C1=CC(=O)CC2)(C)O)O | 210.27 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Oxyphyllenone B | 44310512 | Click to see CC12CCC(C(C1=CC(=O)CC2)(C)O)O | 210.27 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Teuhetenone A | 15153216 | Click to see | 194.27 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Epoxides | |||||
| (1S,4S,6S,8E,12S)-1,6,10,10-tetramethyl-5,13-dioxatricyclo[10.1.0.04,6]tridec-8-ene | 12014673 | Click to see CC1(CC2C(O2)(CCC3C(O3)(CC=C1)C)C)C | 236.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Oxepanes | |||||
| Oxyphyllanene C | 57335616 | Click to see | 234.29 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Diarylheptanoids / Linear diarylheptanoids | |||||
| (1E)-1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-phenyl-1-hepten-3-one | 6440365 | Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C=CC(=O)CCCCC2=CC=CC=C2)O | 310.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 1-(2,4-Dihydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-(4-methoxyphenyl)heptan-3-one | 72708396 | Click to see | 358.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 1-(3,5-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-7-phenylheptan-3-one | 72708395 | Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C=C1O)CCC(=O)CCCCC2=CC=CC=C2)O | 328.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Yakuchinone A | 133145 | Click to see | 312.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Flavanones | |||||
| Pinocembrin | 68071 | Click to see C1C(OC2=CC(=CC(=C2C1=O)O)O)C3=CC=CC=C3 | 256.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones | |||||
| Chrysin | 5281607 | Click to see | 254.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols | |||||
| Izalpinin | 5318691 | Click to see COC1=CC(=C2C(=C1)OC(=C(C2=O)O)C3=CC=CC=C3)O | 284.26 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Kaempferide | 5281666 | Click to see | 300.26 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Kaempferol-7,4'-dimethyl ether | 5378823 | Click to see | 314.29 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / O-methylated flavonoids / 7-O-methylated flavonoids | |||||
| Tectochrysin | 5281954 | Click to see | 268.26 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |