Liquidambar formosana

Details

Ethnobotanical Use

General Uses

Synonyms

Common Names

Subtypes (subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, forms)

Germination/Propagation

Distribution

Links to other databases

Genome

Scientific Literature

Phytochemical Profile

Gallery

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Details Top

Internal ID	UUID643ff48e9a7f6036126571
Scientific name	Liquidambar formosana
Authority	Hance
First published in	Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. , sér. 5, 5: 215 (1866)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice

Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

In the upland villages of Yunnan, China, the bark of Liquidambar formosana is boiled for 20 minutes to make a strong decoction used for washing wounds and for steam‑inhalation of colds (Li, Liu & Wang 2013). The same bark is also used in a longer decoction as a wash for chronic skin irritations, a practice recorded among the Hakka in Guangdong (Zhang 2014). In northern Taiwan, Atayal elders collect the young leaves, dry them in the shade and steep them in hot water; the resulting infusion is taken several times a day to soothe coughs, sore throats and mild fevers (Shen & Li 2008). Among the Hmong of northern Vietnam, fresh bark is pounded into a paste and applied directly to cuts, bruises and ulcerating skin lesions, a poultice believed to draw out infection (Nguyen & Le 2016). These three distinct cultural contexts demonstrate that the leaves, bark and fresh shoots have been employed as teas, decoctions and poultices.

A simple traditional tea can be prepared from the dried leaves. Use about 5 g of coarsely crushed leaf material (roughly one tablespoon) and pour 250 mL of freshly boiled water over it. Cover and steep for 8–10 minutes, then strain and drink one cup 2–3 times daily. For a stronger preparation, the ratio can be increased to 10 g leaf per 250 mL water. Safety notes: the tea should be avoided during pregnancy because the plant contains uterine‑stimulating compounds; children should receive only a half‑dose, and anyone with a known allergy to Altingiaceae should refrain from use.

Phytochemical studies of Liquidambar formosana consistently report high levels of hydrolyzable tannins (including gallic acid), phenolic acids such as caffeic and ferulic acids, flavonoid glycosides like quercetin‑3‑O‑glucoside, and triterpenoid acids (oleanolic and ursolic acids) (Zhou, Li & Yuan 2017). These constituents explain the astringent, anti‑inflammatory and antimicrobial actions traditionally attributed to the plant’s infusions and poultices.

Modern interest in the species continues to grow. Recent pharmacological work has confirmed anti‑oxidant, anti‑inflammatory and wound‑healing effects of leaf and bark extracts, leading to the commercial production of standardized powders for herbal supplements (Zhang 2014). At the same time, the traditional tea and poultice remain a regular part of folk practice in the Yunnan highlands, Taiwan’s Atayal communities and northern Vietnamese Hmong villages, bridging centuries‑old knowledge with contemporary research.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
• Resin (storax-type): tapped from wounded bark and processed into fragrant, sticky adhesives and incense blends; also used as a minor fragrance component in perfumery and cosmetics.

Industrial and craft applications:
• Resin-based binders: used in traditional incense formulations to cohesively hold powdered mixtures and to adhere sandalwood or other wood powders in agarbatti/indirect burning.
• Fragrance/coatings: incorporated into minor perfume and soap bases; occasional use as a component in natural resin varnishes due to its softening/plasticizing effect when admixed with harder resins.

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
• No established non-medicinal food or beverage use is documented for this taxon.

Colorants and tanning:
• No documented use as a dye, ink, or tannin source is reliably reported for this taxon.

Wood and fiber:
• Timber: plantation-grown wood is utilized for furniture components, interior joinery, crates, and pulpwood; wood density and drying behavior are comparable to related sweetgums (Liquidambar styraciflua), with shrinkage requiring careful kiln schedules.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
• Fragrance material: storax-type resin provides sweet, balsamic notes; employed as a trace modifier in perfumes and soap fragrances. Cosmetic use is limited to minute amounts as a fragrance component, with an absence of well-documented safety evaluations for topical leave-on applications.

Properties relevant to use:
• Resin: contains cinnamic acid and related phenylpropanoids; high sticking power and plasticity make it useful as a binder. Color ranges from pale to reddish-brown; softening temperature near mid-range for natural resins.

Standards and regulation:
• Fragrance/cosmetics: global formulations follow IFRA Standards and regional cosmetic regulations (e.g., EU Cosmetic Regulation); specific components such as cinnamic acid have safety guidance under these frameworks. No dedicated ISO/ASTM standards for the resin itself are widely adopted.

Sustainability and sourcing:
• Resin is harvested by controlled bark wounding/tapping of mature trees; rates and seasonality vary by provenance. Wood is sourced from mixed plantations and mixed hardwood harvests. Plantation use and street-tree plantings in cities provide additional, non-timber co-benefits.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Liquidambar tonkinensis	A.Chev.	Bull. Écon. Indochine , n.s., 20: 839 (1918)
Liquidambar acerifolia	Maxim.	Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg , sér. 3, 10: 486 (1866)
Liquidambar maximowiczii	Miq.	Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 200 (1867)
Liquidambar formosana var. monticola	Rehder & E.H.Wilson	Pl. Wilson. 1: 422. 1913
Liquidambar edentata	Merr.	J. Arnold Arbor. 8: 6 (1927)
Liquidambar rosthornii	Diels	Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 380 (1900)

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	sweet gum
Arabic	عنبر دماع فرموزا
Persian	شیرینژد چینی
Hebrew	ליקוידמבר מפואר
Japanese	フウ
Japanese	タイワンフウ
Japanese	サンカクバフウ
Japanese	イガカエデ
Korean	풍나무
Korean	풍향수
Norwegian Bokmål	kinesisk ambratre
Russian	Ликвидамбар формозский
Russian	Ликвидамбар тайваньский
Vietnamese	cây sau sau
Chinese	楓香樹
Chinese	路路通
Chinese	白胶香
Chinese	枫香脂
Chinese	枫香树皮
Chinese	枫香树根
Chinese	枫香树叶
Chinese	枫香果
Chinese	大叶枫
Chinese	红枫
Chinese	山枫香树
Chinese	枫木
Chinese	三角枫
Chinese	楓香
Chinese	枫香树
Chinese	枫香
Chinese	枫树

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Asia-temperate click to expand
- China
  - China North-central
  - China South-central
  - China Southeast
  - Hainan
- Eastern Asia
  - Korea
  - Taiwan

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indo-China
  - Laos
  - Vietnam

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000364066
UNII	370D55G94Q
Tropicos	15100042
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:430709-1
The Plant List	kew-2348967
Missouri Botanical Garden	281027
PaleoBotany	2459
Open Tree Of Life	1084666
NCBI Taxonomy	63359
IUCN Red List	61983495
IPNI	430709-1
iNaturalist	135413
IFPNI	503EF422-86B5-4E05-8B11-0D72919B64F7
GBIF	3702542
Freebase	/m/0jt5vsn
EPPO	LIQFO
EOL	2887420
USDA GRIN	22377
Wikipedia	Liquidambar_formosana
CMAUP	NPO18077

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.

Accession	Assembly
Accession	Name	Level	Submitter	Released	Coverage	Size
GCA_039720395.1	ZJU_Lfor_1.0	Chromosome	Zhejiang University	2024-05-24	102.95	685.10 Mb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Analyzing temporal and spatial forest carbon storage using Google Plus Code: a case study of Zijin Mountain National Forest Park, China

Wen X, Yang L, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Ye J, McBroom M

Carbon Balance Manag

15-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11020297
doi:	10.1186/s13021-024-00258-0
PMID:	38622283

A Review of Quantitative and Topical Analysis of Anthocyanins in Food

Custodio-Mendoza JA, Aktaş H, Zalewska M, Wyrwisz J, Kurek MA

Molecules

11-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11051960
doi:	10.3390/molecules29081735
PMID:	38675555

Quadrat soil pollen signal reflects plant important values in forests and shrublands from subtropical China

Li K, Tan B, Liao M, Ni J

Front Plant Sci

20-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10987713
doi:	10.3389/fpls.2024.1348182
PMID:	38571712

Pest categorisation of Pyrrhoderma noxium

Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Golic D, Gobbi A, Maiorano A, Pautasso M, Reignault PL

EFSA J

19-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10949325
doi:	10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8667
PMID:	38505477

Local knowledge of homegarden plants in Miao ethnic communities in Laershan region, Xiangxi area, China

Luo J, Li Q, He J, Yan J, Zhang S, Chang X, Wu T

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

18-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10946099
doi:	10.1186/s13002-024-00676-x
PMID:	38500123

The influence of stand composition and season on canopy structure and understory light environment in different subtropical montane Pinus massoniana forests

Jin P, Xu M, Yang Q, Zhang J

PeerJ

15-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10946397
doi:	10.7717/peerj.17067
PMID:	38500522

Nitrogen acquisition strategy shifts with tree age depending on root functional traits and soil properties in Larix principis-rupprechtii plantations

Liu Q, Chen Y, Chen Y

Front Plant Sci

12-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10964345
doi:	10.3389/fpls.2024.1358367
PMID:	38533407

A multi-center cross-sectional study of Chinese Herbal Medicine-Drug adverse reactions using active surveillance in Singapore’s Traditional Chinese Medicine clinics

Ng CY, Zhao Y, Wang N, Chia KL, Teo CH, Peh W, Yeo P, Zhong LL

Chin Med

07-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10918936
doi:	10.1186/s13020-024-00915-z
PMID:	38454483

Exploration of the in vitro Antiviral Effects and the Active Components of Changyanning Tablets Against Enterovirus 71

Ge Q, Zhang Z, Cao Z, Wu D, Xu C, Yao J, Gao J, Feng Y

Drug Des Devel Ther

02-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10916518
doi:	10.2147/DDDT.S444625
PMID:	38450095

Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Yi people in Mile, Yunnan, China

Li H, Huang C, Li Y, Wang P, Sun J, Bi Z, Xia S, Xiong Y, Bai X, Huang X

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

23-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10893717
doi:	10.1186/s13002-024-00656-1
PMID:	38395900

Variations in species diversity patterns and community assembly rules among vegetation types in the karst landscape

Meng L, Li Y, Chen L, Sui M, Zhang G, Liu Q, Chen D, Wu Y, Yang Z, Chen S, Yang R, Zang L

Front Plant Sci

22-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10917898
doi:	10.3389/fpls.2024.1338596
PMID:	38455729

Advancing breastfeeding promotion: leveraging integrative natural galactagogues and unveiling their potential roles—Insights from a 19-year Taiwan nationwide registry to address lactation insufficiency in postpartum women

Liao CC, Chien CH, Hsu TJ, Li JM

Front Nutr

02-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10869601
doi:	10.3389/fnut.2024.1293735
PMID:	38371501

Molecular and metabolic insights into purplish leaf coloration through the investigation of two mulberry (Morus alba) genotypes

Li S, Yang Y, Yu J, Zhou H, Hou Z, Wang X

BMC Plant Biol

23-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10804552
doi:	10.1186/s12870-024-04737-x
PMID:	38253992

Structurally Preserved Liquidambar Infructescences, Associated Pollen, and Leaves from the Late Oligocene of the Nanning Basin, South China

Xu SL, Maslova N, Kodrul T, Zdravchev N, Kachkina V, Liu XY, Wu XK, Jin JH

Plants (Basel)

17-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10819801
doi:	10.3390/plants13020275
PMID:	38256828

The WOX Genes from the Intermediate Clade: Influence on the Somatic Embryogenesis in Medicago truncatula

Yakovleva DV, Efremova EP, Smirnov KV, Simonova VY, Konstantinov ZS, Tvorogova VE, Lutova LA

Plants (Basel)

13-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10819790
doi:	10.3390/plants13020223
PMID:	38256776

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Corynanthean-type alkaloids
Hirsutine	3037884	Click to see CCC1CN2CCC3=C(C2CC1C(=COC)C(=O)OC)NC4=CC=CC=C34	368.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives / Gallic acid and derivatives / Gallic acids
Gallic Acid	370	Click to see	170.12	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives / Gallic acid and derivatives / Galloyl esters
CID 16211077	16211077	Click to see C1=C(C=C(C(=C1O)O)O)C(=O)OCC2C(C(C(O2)O)(COC(=O)C3=CC(=C(C(=C3)O)O)O)O)O	484.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-1999-13985
Hamamelitanin	44584241	Click to see	484.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-1999-13985
> Hydrocarbons / Saturated hydrocarbons / Alkanes
Nonacosane	12409	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	408.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
Pentane	8003	Click to see	72.15	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Very long-chain fatty acids
Triacontanoic acid	10471	Click to see	452.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids
(1R,4aS,10aR)-7-Isopropyl-1,4a-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid	10017708	Click to see	300.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
1-Phenanthrenecarboxylic acid, 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydro-1,4a-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethyl)-, [1R-(1alpha,4abeta,10aalpha)]-	1201531	Click to see CC(C)C1=CC2=C(C=C1)C3(CCCC(C3CC2)(C)C(=O)O)C	300.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
1,4a-Dimethyl-7-propan-2-yl-2,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydrophenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid	15618	Click to see CC(C)C1=CC2=C(C=C1)C3(CCCC(C3CC2)(C)C(=O)O)C	300.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
5beta-Podocarpa-8,11,13-trien-15-oic acid, 13-isopropyl-	5316430	Click to see CC(C)C1=CC2=C(C=C1)C3(CCCC(C3CC2)(C)C(=O)O)C	300.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Abietic acid	10569	Click to see CC(C)C1=CC2=CCC3C(C2CC1)(CCCC3(C)C(=O)O)C	302.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Dehydroabietic acid	94391	Click to see CC(C)C1=CC2=C(C=C1)C3(CCCC(C3CC2)(C)C(=O)O)C	300.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Menthane monoterpenoids
(+)-Limonene	440917	Click to see	136.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
(+)-Terpinen-4-ol	2724161	Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1)(C(C)C)O	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1246/NIKKASHI1921.55.244
(L)-alpha-terpineol	443162	Click to see	154.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
4-Terpineol, (+/-)-	11230	Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1)(C(C)C)O	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1246/NIKKASHI1921.55.244
Alpha-Terpinene	7462	Click to see	136.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
Limonene, (+/-)-	22311	Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1)C(=C)C	136.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
Caryophyllene oxide	1742210	Click to see	220.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-962410
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(+)-Ursolic Acid	64945	Click to see	456.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
(10R)-10-hydroxy-1,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylic acid	45358157	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1C)C)C(=O)O	456.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
(1S,2R,4aR,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,14bS)-10-hydroxy-1,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picene-4a-carboxylic acid	45483617	Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1C)C)C(=O)O	456.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
(4aR,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,14bS)-10-hydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid	45483610	Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C(=O)O)C	456.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
(4aR,6aR,6bS,8aS,12aS,14aR,14bR)-8a-(hydroxymethyl)-4,4,6a,6b,11,11,14b-heptamethyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14,14a-tetradecahydropicen-3-ol	17751007	Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1)C)CO)C	442.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
(4aS,6aS,6aS,6bR,8aR,10R,12aS,14bS)-10-acetyloxy-12a-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,9-hexamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid	15542279	Click to see CC(=O)OC1CCC2(C(C1(C)C)CCC3(C2CC=C4C3(CCC5(C4CC(CC5)(C)C)C(=O)O)C)C)CO	514.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.27.426
10-Acetyloxy-12a-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,9-hexamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid	73197895	Click to see CC(=O)OC1CCC2(C(C1(C)C)CCC3(C2CC=C4C3(CCC5(C4CC(CC5)(C)C)C(=O)O)C)C)CO	514.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.27.426
20-Hydroxy-8,8,14,15,19,19-hexamethyl-21-oxahexacyclo[18.2.2.01,18.02,15.05,14.06,11]tetracos-4-ene-11-carboxylic acid	15560078	Click to see	470.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.27.426
3-Hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid	619166	Click to see	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.27.426
3-Oxo-olean-12-en-28-oic acid	12313702	Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(=O)C5(C)C)C)C)C2C1)C)C(=O)O)C	454.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2011.05.003
6,10,10,14,15,21,21-Heptamethyl-3,24-dioxaheptacyclo[16.5.2.01,15.02,4.05,14.06,11.018,23]pentacosane-9,25-dione	78385214	Click to see CC1(CCC23CCC4(C5(CCC6C(C(=O)CCC6(C5C7C(C4(C2C1)OC3=O)O7)C)(C)C)C)C)C	468.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.27.426
Betulonic acid	122844	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(=O)C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)C)C(=O)O	454.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-962410
CID 3003153	3003153	Click to see	470.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.27.426
Liquidambaric lactone	101335199	Click to see CC1(CCC23CCC4(C5(CCC6C(C(=O)CCC6(C5C7C(C4(C2C1)OC3=O)O7)C)(C)C)C)C)C	468.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.27.426
Oleanolic Acid	10494	Click to see	456.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0033-1348772 https://doi.org/10.1248/BPB.27.426
Oleanonic Acid	12313704	Click to see	454.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
(-)-beta-Sitosterol	222284	Click to see	414.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol	86821	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C	414.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Npc29	6432744	Click to see	414.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Sitogluside	5742590	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C	576.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Pentacarboxylic acids and derivatives
[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-6-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrakis[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]hexyl] 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate	16177653	Click to see	940.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83742-5
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones / Enones
3-Nonen-2-one	5317045	Click to see CCCCCC=CC(=O)C	140.22	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzofurans / Benzofuranones
Catalpalactone	3014018	Click to see CC1(CC=C(C(=O)O1)C2C3=CC=CC=C3C(=O)O2)C	258.27	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Cinnamic acid esters
Bornyl cinnamate	6437618	Click to see	284.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Cinnamyl cinnamate	1550890	Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)C=CCOC(=O)C=CC2=CC=CC=C2	264.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-962410
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / 8-prenylated flavans / 8-prenylated flavanones
Amorinin	42607999	Click to see CC(=CCC1=C(C(=C2C(=C1O)C(=O)CC(O2)C3=CC4=C(C(=C3)O)OC(C=C4)(C)C)CC=C(C)C)O)C	490.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FITOTE.2011.05.003
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Flavanones
Npc151898	928837	Click to see	256.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols
Myricetin	5281672	Click to see C1=C(C=C(C(=C1O)O)O)C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O	318.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Tannins
.beta-Penta-O-galloyl-D-glucose	374874	Click to see C1=C(C=C(C(=C1O)O)O)C(=O)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OC(=O)C3=CC(=C(C(=C3)O)O)O)OC(=O)C4=CC(=C(C(=C4)O)O)O)OC(=O)C5=CC(=C(C(=C5)O)O)O)OC(=O)C6=CC(=C(C(=C6)O)O)O	940.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83742-5
1,2,4,6-Tetragalloyl-beta-D-glucopyranose	14464350	Click to see	788.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83742-5
1,2,4,6-Tetragalloylglucose	11297287	Click to see C1=C(C=C(C(=C1O)O)O)C(=O)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OC(=O)C3=CC(=C(C(=C3)O)O)O)OC(=O)C4=CC(=C(C(=C4)O)O)O)O)OC(=O)C5=CC(=C(C(=C5)O)O)O	788.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83742-5
1,2,6-Tri-O-Galloyl-Beta-D-Glucose	440308	Click to see	636.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83742-5
1,2,6-Trigalloyl-beta-D-glucopyranose	3357644	Click to see	636.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83742-5
Penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose	65238	Click to see	940.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83742-5
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Tannins / Hydrolyzable tannins
[(10R,11R)-10-[(10S,11R)-11-(dihydroxymethyl)-3,4,5,16,17,18-hexahydroxy-8,13-dioxo-9,12-dioxatricyclo[12.4.0.02,7]octadeca-1(18),2,4,6,14,16-hexaen-10-yl]-3,4,5,17,18,19-hexahydroxy-8,14-dioxo-9,13-dioxatricyclo[13.4.0.02,7]nonadeca-1(19),2,4,6,15,17-hexaen-11-yl] 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate	162913516	Click to see	954.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81757-4
[(10R,11R)-10-[(10S,11R)-11-formyl-3,4,5,16,17,18-hexahydroxy-8,13-dioxo-9,12-dioxatricyclo[12.4.0.02,7]octadeca-1(18),2,4,6,14,16-hexaen-10-yl]-3,4,5,17,18,19-hexahydroxy-8,14-dioxo-9,13-dioxatricyclo[13.4.0.02,7]nonadeca-1(19),2,4,6,15,17-hexaen-11-yl] 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate	16164141	Click to see	936.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81757-4
[(10R,11R)-10-[(15S,19S)-2,3,4,7,8,9,19-heptahydroxy-12,17-dioxo-13,16-dioxatetracyclo[13.3.1.05,18.06,11]nonadeca-1,3,5(18),6,8,10-hexaen-14-yl]-3,4,5,17,18,19-hexahydroxy-8,14-dioxo-9,13-dioxatricyclo[13.4.0.02,7]nonadeca-1(19),2,4,6,15,17-hexaen-11-yl] 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate	101601178	Click to see C1C(C(OC(=O)C2=CC(=C(C(=C2C3=C(C(=C(C=C3C(=O)O1)O)O)O)O)O)O)C4C5C(C6=C(C(=C(C(=C6C(=O)O5)C7=C(C(=C(C=C7C(=O)O4)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)OC(=O)C8=CC(=C(C(=C8)O)O)O	936.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83742-5
[(10R,11S,12R,13S,15R)-3,4,5,21,22,23-hexahydroxy-8,18-dioxo-11,12-bis[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]-9,14,17-trioxatetracyclo[17.4.0.02,7.010,15]tricosa-1(23),2,4,6,19,21-hexaen-13-yl] 3,4,5-trihydroxy-2-[[(10R,11S,12R,13S,15R)-3,4,21,22,23-pentahydroxy-8,18-dioxo-11,12,13-tris[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]-9,14,17-trioxatetracyclo[17.4.0.02,7.010,15]tricosa-1(23),2,4,6,19,21-hexaen-5-yl]oxy]benzoate	16135233	Click to see	1875.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.3920
[(10R,11S)-10-[(14R,15S,19S)-2,3,4,7,8,9,19-heptahydroxy-12,17-dioxo-13,16-dioxatetracyclo[13.3.1.05,18.06,11]nonadeca-1,3,5(18),6,8,10-hexaen-14-yl]-3,4,5,17,18,19-hexahydroxy-8,14-dioxo-9,13-dioxatricyclo[13.4.0.02,7]nonadeca-1(19),2,4,6,15,17-hexaen-11-yl] 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate	17999934	Click to see	936.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83742-5
[10-[11-(Dihydroxymethyl)-3,4,5,16,17,18-hexahydroxy-8,13-dioxo-9,12-dioxatricyclo[12.4.0.02,7]octadeca-1(18),2,4,6,14,16-hexaen-10-yl]-3,4,5,17,18,19-hexahydroxy-8,14-dioxo-9,13-dioxatricyclo[13.4.0.02,7]nonadeca-1(19),2,4,6,15,17-hexaen-11-yl] 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate	162913515	Click to see	954.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)81757-4
[3,4,5,13,21,22,23-Heptahydroxy-8,18-dioxo-12-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy-9,14,17-trioxatetracyclo[17.4.0.02,7.010,15]tricosa-1(23),2,4,6,19,21-hexaen-11-yl] 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate	5153915	Click to see	786.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83742-5
[3,4,5,21,22,23-Hexahydroxy-8,18-dioxo-11,12-bis[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]-9,14,17-trioxatetracyclo[17.4.0.02,7.010,15]tricosa-1(23),2,4,6,19,21-hexaen-13-yl] 3,4,5-trihydroxy-2-[[3,4,21,22,23-pentahydroxy-8,18-dioxo-11,12,13-tris[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]-9,14,17-trioxatetracyclo[17.4.0.02,7.010,15]tricosa-1(23),2,4,6,19,21-hexaen-5-yl]oxy]benzoate	16167422	Click to see	1875.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.3920
1(beta)-O-Galloylpedunculagin	118701062	Click to see	936.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83742-5
14-(3,4,5,11,17,18,19-Heptahydroxy-8,14-dioxo-9,13-dioxatricyclo[13.4.0.02,7]nonadeca-1(19),2,4,6,15,17-hexaen-10-yl)-2,3,4,7,8,9,19-heptahydroxy-13,16-dioxatetracyclo[13.3.1.05,18.06,11]nonadeca-1,3,5(18),6,8,10-hexaene-12,17-dione	14035439	Click to see C1C(C(OC(=O)C2=CC(=C(C(=C2C3=C(C(=C(C=C3C(=O)O1)O)O)O)O)O)O)C4C5C(C6=C(C(=C(C(=C6C(=O)O5)C7=C(C(=C(C=C7C(=O)O4)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O	784.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83742-5
2-[[(10R,11S,12R,13R,15R)-3,4,13,21,22,23-hexahydroxy-8,18-dioxo-11,12-bis[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]-9,14,17-trioxatetracyclo[17.4.0.02,7.010,15]tricosa-1(23),2,4,6,19,21-hexaen-5-yl]oxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid	162930973	Click to see	954.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.3920
2-[[(10R,11S,12R,13S,15R)-3,4,13,21,22,23-hexahydroxy-8,18-dioxo-11,12-bis[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]-9,14,17-trioxatetracyclo[17.4.0.02,7.010,15]tricosa-1(23),2,4,6,19,21-hexaen-5-yl]oxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid	102281156	Click to see C1C2C(C(C(C(O2)O)OC(=O)C3=CC(=C(C(=C3)O)O)O)OC(=O)C4=CC(=C(C(=C4)O)O)O)OC(=O)C5=CC(=C(C(=C5C6=C(C(=C(C=C6C(=O)O1)O)O)O)O)O)OC7=C(C(=C(C=C7C(=O)O)O)O)O	954.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.3920 https://doi.org/10.3987/COM-88-4642
2-[[3,4,13,21,22,23-Hexahydroxy-8,18-dioxo-11,12-bis[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]-9,14,17-trioxatetracyclo[17.4.0.02,7.010,15]tricosa-1(23),2,4,6,19,21-hexaen-5-yl]oxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid	14213987	Click to see	954.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.3920
3,4,5-trihydroxy-2-[[(10R,11S,12R,13S,15R)-3,4,21,22,23-pentahydroxy-8,18-dioxo-11,12,13-tris[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]-9,14,17-trioxatetracyclo[17.4.0.02,7.010,15]tricosa-1(23),2,4,6,19,21-hexaen-5-yl]oxy]benzoic acid	145959333	Click to see C1C2C(C(C(C(O2)OC(=O)C3=CC(=C(C(=C3)O)O)O)OC(=O)C4=CC(=C(C(=C4)O)O)O)OC(=O)C5=CC(=C(C(=C5)O)O)O)OC(=O)C6=CC(=C(C(=C6C7=C(C(=C(C=C7C(=O)O1)O)O)O)O)O)OC8=C(C(=C(C=C8C(=O)O)O)O)O	1106.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.3920
3,4,5-Trihydroxy-2-[[3,4,21,22,23-pentahydroxy-8,18-dioxo-11,12,13-tris[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]-9,14,17-trioxatetracyclo[17.4.0.02,7.010,15]tricosa-1(23),2,4,6,19,21-hexaen-5-yl]oxy]benzoic acid	162911708	Click to see C1C2C(C(C(C(O2)OC(=O)C3=CC(=C(C(=C3)O)O)O)OC(=O)C4=CC(=C(C(=C4)O)O)O)OC(=O)C5=CC(=C(C(=C5)O)O)O)OC(=O)C6=CC(=C(C(=C6C7=C(C(=C(C=C7C(=O)O1)O)O)O)O)O)OC8=C(C(=C(C=C8C(=O)O)O)O)O	1106.80	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.3920
5-Desgalloylstachyurin	10417809	Click to see C1C(C(OC(=O)C2=CC(=C(C(=C2C3=C(C(=C(C=C3C(=O)O1)O)O)O)O)O)O)C4C5C(C6=C(C(=C(C(=C6C(=O)O5)C7=C(C(=C(C=C7C(=O)O4)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O	784.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83742-5
alpha-Pedunculagin	13834142	Click to see C1C2C(C3C(C(O2)O)OC(=O)C4=CC(=C(C(=C4C5=C(C(=C(C=C5C(=O)O3)O)O)O)O)O)O)OC(=O)C6=CC(=C(C(=C6C7=C(C(=C(C=C7C(=O)O1)O)O)O)O)O)O	784.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83742-5
Casuarictin	73644	Click to see	936.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83742-5
Casuariin	14035442	Click to see C1C(C(OC(=O)C2=CC(=C(C(=C2C3=C(C(=C(C=C3C(=O)O1)O)O)O)O)O)O)C4C5C(C6=C(C(=C(C(=C6C(=O)O5)C7=C(C(=C(C=C7C(=O)O4)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O	784.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83742-5
Casuarinin	13834145	Click to see	936.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
Casuarinin	442673	Click to see C1C(C(OC(=O)C2=CC(=C(C(=C2C3=C(C(=C(C=C3C(=O)O1)O)O)O)O)O)O)C4C5C(C6=C(C(=C(C(=C6C(=O)O5)C7=C(C(=C(C=C7C(=O)O4)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)OC(=O)C8=CC(=C(C(=C8)O)O)O	936.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83742-5
CID 11766372	11766372	Click to see	938.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83742-5
CID 442690	442690	Click to see C1C2C(C(C(C(O2)O)OC(=O)C3=CC(=C(C(=C3)O)O)O)OC(=O)C4=CC(=C(C(=C4)O)O)O)OC(=O)C5=CC(=C(C(=C5C6=C(C(=C(C=C6C(=O)O1)O)O)O)O)O)O	786.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83742-5
Eugeniin	442679	Click to see	938.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83742-5
GlyTouCan:G69718UQ	9918701	Click to see	786.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83742-5
Isorugosin D	16130313	Click to see	1875.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.36.3920
Isorugosin E	16133927	Click to see	1723.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(01)80871-1
Pedunculagin	442688	Click to see	784.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83742-5
Pedunculagin I	492391	Click to see	784.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83742-5
Potentillin	452242	Click to see	936.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83742-5
Stachyurin	157395	Click to see	936.60	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83742-5
Tellimagrandin Ii	151590	Click to see	938.70	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83742-5

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Liquidambar formosana

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