Canarium strictum
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID64400f2a234d3684606281 |
| Scientific name | Canarium strictum |
| Authority | Roxb. |
| First published in | Fl. Ind. ed. 1832 , 3: 138 (1832) |
Ethnobotanical Use Top
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Important notice
- Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
- Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
- Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
- Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.
Among tribal communities in the Western Ghats (especially Kani and allied peoples), resin from Canarium strictum is used medicinally. Kani healers have long employed the gum as a bitter resinous tea—sometimes with jaggery—to relieve coughs and bronchial irritation (Bennet, 1987). They also burn it as incense to clear congestion during colds (Udayan, 2011). In adjacent districts of Tamil Nadu and Kerala, local healers combine the resin in a hot-water decoction with turmeric powder and black pepper for coughs and as an anti-inflammatory liniment (Kirtikar & Basu, 1935). Moving north, the Newar communities of Nepal traditionally dissolve Canarium resin (often identified locally as a Burseraceae “dammar” or “kaṭur”) in hot water as a warm drink for throat soreness and as a skin-healing poultice applied to wounds and bruises (Manandhar, 2002).
Practical recipe: mild decoction for cough relief. To make a gentle throat-soothing tea, dissolve about 1–2 g of clean resin in a cup (250 mL) of hot (near‑boiling) water and let it sit, covered, for 10–15 minutes. Stir until the resin softens, then sip slowly. Avoid exceeding 2–3 g per day; ingestion during pregnancy is not recommended. Alternatively, a skin poultice can be prepared by warming 3–4 g of resin in a few teaspoons of warm water to a spreadable paste and applying it to clean skin for 10–15 minutes, then washing off. Test a small skin area first.
Active constituents associated with these uses are well established for Canarium species. The gum contains triterpenoid resin acids (notably α‑ and β‑boswellic acids) and essential oils with aromatic constituents such as α‑phellandrene, limonene, and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. These constituents account for the resin’s anti‑inflammatory and antimicrobial actions and the aromatic properties that aid airway relief (Kumar et al., 2017).
Modern relevance: Today the resin is still gathered in the Western Ghats for incense and occasional home remedies, while laboratory studies on Canarium gum oils continue to support its traditional roles in respiratory comfort and skin care (Kumar et al., 2017; Udayan, 2011; Manandhar, 2002).
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Common products:
- Resin (oleoresin) known in Indian trade as “Indian dammar” or “black dammar,” typically supplied as a hard, brittle, pale yellow to brownish solid suitable for spirit varnishes and related applications.
Industrial and craft applications:
- Source of dammar gum for high-grade spirit (alcohol-based) varnishes; the gum dissolves in ethanol or turpentine and yields clear, hard films used for protective coating of wood and craft substrates.
- Match-head compositions; the resin is used as a binder and fuel component in match manufacture.
- Incense and aromatics; the resin is burned directly or used in incense blends.
- Research model for resin biosynthesis; investigated for dammarane-type triterpenoids and resin composition, contributing to biochemical understanding of Burseraceae resin formation.
Colorants and tanning:
- Historical small-scale use of dammar resins as colorants is not well documented for this taxon.
Wood and fiber:
- Timber from this species is not documented as a major commercial product; wood uses are not a recognized category for C. strictum resin trade.
Fragrance and cosmetics:
- The resin’s mild terpenoid aroma supports non-medicinal incense use; however, dammar gum is not commonly documented in mainstream cosmetics or perfumery.
Properties relevant to use:
- Ethanol/turpentine solubility characteristic of dammar resins enables spirit-varnish formulation.
- Film-forming behavior yields hard, clear films suitable for protective/coating applications.
- Combustibility and binding properties are pertinent to match-head uses.
- Chemical profile includes dammarane-type triterpenes that underpin solubility and film behavior.
Standards and regulation:
- Indian resin trade practices historically described; modern specification standards (e.g., ISO/ASTM/EN) are not established for this product. Match safety and quality are subject to national standards in some jurisdictions.
Sustainability and sourcing:
- Resin is tapped from living trees; sustainable practices include selective tapping and avoidance of overexploitation to maintain tree vigor.
- Historical trade documented in India (e.g., Bengal), with resin flowing from forest areas to larger market centers.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Rumphia amboinensis | L. | Sp. Pl. 2: 1193. 1753 [1 May 1753] |
| Pimela stricta | Blume | Mus. Bot. 1: 226 (1850) |
| Rumphia tiliifolia | Poir. | Encycl. [J. Lamarck & al.] 6(1): 352 (1804) |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| English | black damar |
| Kannada | ಕಾಯಿಧೂಪ |
| Malayalam | തെള്ളിമരം |
| Marathi | राळ |
| Chinese | 乌榄 |
| Chinese | 滇榄 |
| Chinese | 漾短 |
| Chinese | 漾蕊 |
| Chinese | 滇欖 |
Germination/Propagation Top
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No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
-
Asia-temperate click to expand
-
China
- China South-central
-
China
-
Asia-tropical click to expand
-
Indian Subcontinent
- Assam
- East Himalaya
- India
-
Indo-China
- Myanmar
- Thailand
-
Indian Subcontinent
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0000583750 |
| USDA Plants | CAST46 |
| Tropicos | 50127491 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:127527-1 |
| The Plant List | kew-2696089 |
| Open Tree Of Life | 721340 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 300212 |
| IPNI | 127527-1 |
| iNaturalist | 898158 |
| GBIF | 5421349 |
| Freebase | /m/0yt3h2p |
| EOL | 483470 |
| USDA GRIN | 310569 |
| Wikipedia | Canarium_strictum |
| CMAUP | NPO7077 |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
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Phytochemical Profile Top
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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives | |||||
| (S)-Mandelonitrile | 439767 | Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)C(C#N)O | 133.15 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Branched fatty acids / Methyl-branched fatty acids | |||||
| (R)-2-Methylbutanoic acid | 6950479 | Click to see CCC(C)C(=O)O | 102.13 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Long-chain fatty acids | |||||
| Eicosanoic Acid | 10467 | Click to see | 312.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Myristic Acid | 11005 | Click to see | 228.37 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Palmitoleic Acid | 445638 | Click to see CCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)O | 254.41 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Stearic Acid | 5281 | Click to see | 284.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols | |||||
| 2-Hexen-1-OL | 5318042 | Click to see CCCC=CCO | 100.16 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Lineolic acids and derivatives | |||||
| Linoleic Acid | 5280450 | Click to see CCCCCC=CCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)O | 280.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Linolenic Acid | 5280934 | Click to see | 278.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Acyclic monoterpenoids | |||||
| Citral | 638011 | Click to see | 152.23 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Linalool, (-)- | 443158 | Click to see CC(=CCCC(C)(C=C)O)C | 154.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Aromatic monoterpenoids | |||||
| P-Cymene | 7463 | Click to see | 134.22 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Menthane monoterpenoids | |||||
| (+)-alpha-Terpineol | 442501 | Click to see | 154.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Terpinolene | 11463 | Click to see | 136.23 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids | |||||
| I2-Ionone | 638014 | Click to see | 192.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Vomifoliol, (+)- | 5280462 | Click to see | 224.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Tetraterpenoids / Carotenoids / Xanthophylls | |||||
| Flavoxanthin | 5281238 | Click to see | 584.90 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Rubixanthin | 5281252 | Click to see | 552.90 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids | |||||
| Alpha-Amyrin | 73170 | Click to see | 426.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-010-9543-3 |
| alpha-Amyrin acetate | 92842 | Click to see | 468.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Beta-Amyrin | 73145 | Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C)C | 426.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-010-9543-3 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Estrane steroids / Estrogens and derivatives | |||||
| (8S,9S,13S,14R)-3-hydroxy-13-methyl-7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16-octahydro-6H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-one | 670995 | Click to see CC12CCC3C(C1CCC2=O)CCC4=C3C=CC(=C4)O | 270.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives | |||||
| 17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol | 86821 | Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C | 414.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1007/S10600-010-9543-3 |
| Poriferasterol | 5281330 | Click to see CCC(C=CC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C | 412.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Stigmasteryl-beta-d-glucopyranoside | 12895774 | Click to see CCC(C=CC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C | 574.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Tricarboxylic acids and derivatives | |||||
| 2-(Carboxymethyl)-2-hydroxybutanedioate;hydron | 88113319 | Click to see [H+].[H+].C(C(=O)O)C(CC(=O)[O-])(C(=O)[O-])O | 192.12 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glucuronides / O-glucuronides | |||||
| beta-D-GlcpA-(1->6)-beta-D-Galp | 70680285 | Click to see C(C1C(C(C(C(O1)O)O)O)O)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)C(=O)O)O)O)O | 356.28 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / Cyanogenic glycosides | |||||
| Amygdalin | 656516 | Click to see | 457.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Neoamygdalin | 441462 | Click to see | 457.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Prunasin | 119033 | Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)C(C#N)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)CO)O)O)O | 295.29 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Aldehydes / Medium-chain aldehydes | |||||
| 2-Nonenal | 5283335 | Click to see CCCCCCC=CC=O | 140.22 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 2,4-Decadienal | 5283349 | Click to see | 152.23 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Hexanal | 6184 | Click to see | 100.16 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| trans-2-Hexenal | 5281168 | Click to see | 98.14 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Lactones / Gamma butyrolactones | |||||
| (5S)-5-butyloxolan-2-one | 7057972 | Click to see CCCCC1CCC(=O)O1 | 142.20 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (R)-gamma-Decalactone | 183870 | Click to see | 170.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Gamma-dodecalactone, (R)- | 10888889 | Click to see | 198.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Tetrahydrofurans | |||||
| Linalool oxide, cis- | 6428573 | Click to see | 170.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Biflavonoids and polyflavonoids | |||||
| (1S,5R,6S,13R,21S)-5,13-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,12,14-trioxapentacyclo[11.7.1.02,11.03,8.015,20]henicosa-2(11),3(8),9,15,17,19-hexaene-6,9,17,19,21-pentol | 5317050 | Click to see | 544.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (1S,5S,6R,13R,21S)-5,13-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,12,14-trioxapentacyclo[11.7.1.02,11.03,8.015,20]henicosa-2(11),3(8),9,15,17,19-hexaene-6,9,17,19,21-pentol | 73353883 | Click to see | 544.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (1S,5S,6S,13R,21S)-5,13-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,12,14-trioxapentacyclo[11.7.1.02,11.03,8.015,20]henicosa-2(11),3(8),9,15,17,19-hexaene-6,9,17,19,21-pentol | 5317051 | Click to see | 544.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| [(1S,5R,6R,13R,21S)-6,9,17,19-tetrahydroxy-5,13-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,12,14-trioxapentacyclo[11.7.1.02,11.03,8.015,20]henicosa-2(11),3(8),9,15,17,19-hexaen-21-yl] 4-hydroxybenzoate | 10723070 | Click to see | 664.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Mahuannin A | 5317052 | Click to see | 544.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols | |||||
| Kaempferol | 5280863 | Click to see | 286.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Quercetin | 5280343 | Click to see | 302.23 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides | |||||
| Isoquercetin | 5280804 | Click to see | 464.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Rutin | 5280805 | Click to see | 610.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |