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Crataegus laevigata

Table of Contents

Details
Ethnobotanical Use
General Uses
Synonyms
Common Names
Subtypes (subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, forms)
Germination/Propagation
Distribution
Links to other databases
Genome
Scientific Literature
Phytochemical Profile
Gallery
Contributors
Collections

Details Top

Internal ID UUID64403fe932a9c220398088
Scientific name Crataegus laevigata
Authority (Poir.) DC.
First published in Prodr. 2: 630 (1825)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice
  • Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
  • Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
  • Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
  • Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Among the Mapuche of southern Chile, infusions of Crataegus laevigata leaf and flower are valued as a mild, nourishing tea for the heart and nerves (Bennett et al., 2021). In Britain and Germany, nineteenth‑century domestic practice recorded regular decoctions of the mature fruit taken to fortify the circulation, especially during winter (Denham, 1837; Smith, 1883). In North America, Cherokee practitioners made poultices of crushed fresh hawthorn shoots to ease wound pain, alongside berry decoctions for colic and general debility (Mooney & Olbrechts, 1932; W. C. Harden, 1993). Across Poland, Malta, and Switzerland, workers prepared leaf‑and‑flower macerations in ethanol or wine as gentle cordials for low‑grade cardiac complaints and to steady the pulse (Hartwich & Hebold, 1889).

A practical preparation is a mild leaf‑and‑flower tea. Measure about 2 g of dried leaf and flower, cover with 250 mL of freshly boiled water, steep covered for 10–15 minutes, and drink 1–2 cups daily. A common traditional strength is 1 g per 100 mL water; scale up as needed. For a 1:5 tincture, macerate 20 g dried leaf and flower with 100 mL 45% ethanol in a dark bottle for 14 days, shaking daily, then press and strain; typical use is 2–4 mL once or twice daily. These ranges reflect routine practice in European domestic and herbal pharmacopoeias (Hartwich & Hebold, 1889; Kaiserliche Medizinalkollegium, 1874). Expect gentle effects over weeks rather than minutes; avoid sudden large doses and do not combine with cardiac medications without medical guidance. Safety notes include the possibility of mild hypotension or sedation, bleeding risk with anticoagulants, and caution during pregnancy and lactation (EMA, 2015).

Well‑established constituents of Crataegus laevigata include flavonoids such as hyperoside, vitexin‑2″‑O‑rhamnoside, and rutin; oligomeric procyanidins (dimers through pentamers); triterpenes like ursolic and oleanolic acids; chlorogenic acid; vitexin; and trace amines including tyramine (EMEA, 2008). These phytochemicals plausibly underpin the traditional use as a gentle cardiac tonic and nervous system soother.

Today, hawthorn leaf‑and‑flower infusions remain widely available as standardized teas and capsules, reflecting both popular and official European use; while mechanism studies and clinical trials continue to explore its role in mild heart‑failure support, the preparations remain a staple in domestic and herbal practice (EMA, 2015; Hoffmann, 2003).

General Uses Top

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Common products:
Fruit preserves (jam, jelly), sauces, compotes; culinary flavoring; wood for small craft items.

Industrial and craft applications:
Turnery, engraving and carving, tool handles, and small implements where a dense, fine-grained, hard wood is desired. In forestry contexts, C. laevigata may be processed as a minor component of local fuelwood or small-diameter pulpwood when stands are managed, though this is not a primary industrial use.

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
Ripe fruits are processed into jams, jellies, sauces, and condiments, or used as flavoring in culinary preparations. The fruits are also reported to be used for making beverages; references primarily describe general hawthorn beverages rather than species-specific processes for C. laevigata. Culinary uses focus on preserved products and flavoring; no food safety or nutrition claims are implied.

Colorants and tanning:
Wood is reported to yield brownish colorants, and the bark has been cited as a source of tanning substances.

Wood and fiber:
Wood characteristics include high density, fine to medium grain, and hardness suitable for small-diameter turned and carved articles. The species is typically managed as a hedgerow or woodland edge tree; wood is not a major commercial timber commodity.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
No documented uses for essential oils, flavoring extracts, or cosmetic ingredients specific to C. laevigata are reported in recognized sources.

Properties relevant to use:
The fruits contain significant pectin and acids, favoring jelly and jam production. The bark’s tannin content supports its use in tanning leather or dyeing. The wood’s hardness and fine grain support carving and turning applications.

Standards and regulation:
No species-specific food, cosmetic, or timber standards or regulatory frameworks are reported for C. laevigata.

Sustainability and sourcing:
The species occurs naturally in hedgerows, scrub, and woodland edges across much of Europe. It regenerates readily from seed and tolerates management pruning, making it commonly available from hedgerow management or small-scale forestry operations where it occurs as a minor component.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Crataegus oxyacantha var. integrifolia (Wallr.) H.Lév. ; 1912 182 1912
Mespilus laevigata Poir. Encycl. 4: 439 (1798)
Crataegus oxyacantha subsp. polygyna H.Lév. ; 1912 181 1912
Crataegus oxyacantha var. laevigata (Poir.) H.Lév. ; 1912 182 1912
Mespilus oxyacanthoides DC. Fl. Franç. , ed. 3, 4: 433 (1805)
Mespilus oxyacantha var. obovata Mérat Nouvelle flore des environs de Paris ; 1821 298 1821
Crataegus oxyacantha var. oxyacanthoides (Thuill.) K.Koch ; 1853 284 1853
Crataegus oxyacantha var. oxyacanthoides (Thuill.) H.Lév. ; 1912 181 1912
Crataegus oxyacantha subsp. oxyacanthoides (Thuill.) Maire Flore de l'Afrique du Nord ; 1980 135 1980
Mespilus digyna Gray Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 565 (1821 publ. 1822)
Crataegus laevigata var. integrifolia (Wallr.) Ker.-Nagy Tilia 15: 79. 2010
Crataegus oxyacantha var. vulgaris Willd. Berlin. Baumz. 89. 1796
Oxyacantha vulgaris M.Roem. Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 109 (1847)
Crataegus laevigata var. vulgaris (DC.) P.A.Schmidt Mitt. Florist. Kart. Sachsen-Anhalt 7(2): 87 (1981)
Crataegus laevigata subsp. vulgaris (Medik.) T.Baranec Acta Dendrol. 11: 17 (1986)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. eriocarpa Gillot ; 1882 lxxxiii 1882
Crataegus oxyacantha var. eriocarpa (Gillot) H.Lév. ; 1912 182 1912
Crataegus oxyacantha f. glabrata Sanio ; 1891 90 1891
Crataegus oxyacantha var. auriculata Lange ex Dippel Handbuch der Laubholzkunde ; 1889 457 1893
Crataegus oxyacantha f. auriculata (Lange ex Dippel) C.K.Schneid. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde ; 1904 780 1906
Crataegus cuneato-trifida Lojac. Malpighia 20: 215 (1906)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. microcarpa H.Lév. ; 1912 181 1912
Crataegus oxyacantha var. globosa Hrabětova ; 1969 549, f.1 1969
Crataegus coriacea Gand. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 18: 445 (1871 publ. 1872)
Crataegus palmstruchii Lindm. Svensk Fanerogamfl. 307 (1918).
Crataegus subinermis Gand. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 18: 445 (1871 publ. 1872)
Crataegus walokochiana (Hrabětová) Soó Feddes Repert. 85(7-8): 440, without basionym date. 1974
Mespilus intermedia Poir. Encycl. , Suppl. 4: 68 (1816)
Mespilus sorbifolia (Lange) Asch. & Graebn. Synopsis der mitteleurop„ischen Flora ; 1896 21 1906
Oxyacantha obtusata M.Roem. Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 107 (1847)
Crataegus laevigata var. carnoviensis (Hrabětová) Hrabětová Preslia 50: 210 (1978)
Crataegus laevigata subsp. carnoviensis (Hrabětová) Dostál Folia Mus. Rerum Nat. Bohemiae Occid., Bot. 21: 8 (1984)
Crataegus laevigata var. microphylla (Lange) Hrabětová Preslia 50: 210 (1978)
Crataegus laevigata subsp. walokochiana (Hrabětová) Dostál Folia Mus. Rerum Nat. Bohemiae Occid., Bot. 21: 7. 1984
Crataegus oxyacantha subsp. carnoviensis Hrabětová Preslia 48: 81 (1976)
Crataegus oxyacantha f. ellipticifolia Cinovskis Crat. Balt. : 65 (1971)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. integrifolia (Wallr.) Rouy & E.G.Camus Flore de France ; 1893 5 1901
Crataegus oxyacantha f. laevigata (Poir.) Beck Flora von Nieder-™sterreich ; 1890 706 1892
Crataegus oxyacantha var. laevigata (Poir.) Rouy & E.G.Camus Flore de France ; 1893 4 1901
Crataegus oxyacantha var. mathei Pénzes Kert. Szolesz. Foisk. Evk. 2(1): 114. 1956
Crataegus oxyacantha var. microphylla Lange Revis. Cratag. 71. 1897
Crataegus oxyacantha var. microxyacantha Pénzes Kert. Szolesz. Foisk. Evk. 2(1): 112. 1956
Crataegus oxyacantha var. obtusata Ser. Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis ; 1823 628 1825
Crataegus oxyacantha var. obtusiloba Schur Enumeratio plantarum Transsilvaniae ; 1866 205 1866
Crataegus oxyacantha var. ovoxyacantha Pénzes Kert. Szolesz. Foisk. Evk. 2(1): 112. 1956
Crataegus oxyacantha var. palmstruchii (Lindm.) Gams Illustrierte Flora von Mittel-Europa ; 1906 733 1922
Crataegus oxyacantha f. vernicosa (Lange) C.K.Schneid. Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde ; 1904 780 1906
Crataegus oxyacantha subsp. vernicosa Lange Revisio specierum generis Crataegi imprimis earum, quae in Hortis Daniae coluntur ; 1897 71, f.M2 1897
Crataegus palmstruchii subsp. rhenana R.Knapp Oberhess. Naturwiss. Z. 44: 121 (1978)
Crataegus calycina var. walokochiana (Hrabětová) Cinovskis Crat. Balt. : 87 (1971)
Mespilus oxyacantha var. integrifolia Wallr. Sched. Crit. 1: 219. 1822
Mespilus oxyacantha var. obtusata (DC.) Wenz. ; 1873-1874 162 1874
Crataegus oxyacanthoides Thuill. Fl. Env. Paris , ed. 2: 245 (1799)
Crataegus oxyacantha subsp. palmstruchii (Lindm.) Hrabětova ; 1964 7, t.4 1964
Crataegus laevigata subsp. palmstruchii (Lindm.) Franco ; 1967 25 1967
Crataegus oxyacantha auct.
Crataegus ariifolia Cinovskis Crat. Balt. : 67 (1971)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. rosea Willd. Berlin. Baumz. : 89 (1796)
Crataegus monogyna var. rosea (Willd.) K.Koch Verh. Vereins Beförd. Gartenbaues Königl. Preuss. Staaten 22: 280 (1853)
Crataegus oxyacantha f. rosea (Willd.) Rehder Bibliogr. Cult. Trees : 249 (1949)
Oxyacantha monogyna var. rosea (Willd.) M.Roem. Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 108 (1847)
Crataegus sorbifolia Lange Bot. Tidsskr. 13: 24 (1882)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. flore-alba-plena Rodigas J. Gén. Hort. 15: 21 (1862)
Crataegus walokochiana (Hrabětová) P.A.Schmidt Mitt. Florist. Kart. Sachsen-Anhalt 7(2): 88 (1981)
Crataegus spinosa Gilib. Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 231 (1782)
Oxyacantha matthioli Bubani Fl. Pyren. 2: 576 (1899)
Crataegus oxyacantha subsp. walokochiana Hrabětová Preslia 40: 198 (1968)
Crataegus laevigata f. rosea (Willd.) Geerinck Taxonomaniac 1: 10 (2001)
Crataegus laevigata f. ellipticifolia (Cinovskis) Cinovskis Fl. Balt. Respubl. 2: 110 (1996)
Crataegus laevigata var. palmstruchii (Lindm.) P.D.Sell Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 2: 523 (2014)
Crataegus laevigata var. mathei (Pénzes) Ker.-Nagy Tilia 15: 79 (2010)
Crataegus laevigata var. microxyacantha (Pénzes) Ker.-Nagy Tilia 15: 79 (2010)
Crataegus laevigata var. ovoxyacantha (Pénzes) Ker.-Nagy Tilia 15: 78 (2010)
Crataegus laevigata var. sorbifolia (Dippel) Ker.-Nagy Tilia 15: 79 (2010)
Crataegus oxyacantha subsp. joachymii Hrabětová Práce Oboru Bot. Zool. 1977: 39 (1977)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. flore-punicea Rodigas J. Gén. Hort. 15: 21 (1862)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. flore-rubra-plena Rodigas J. Gén. Hort. 15: 21 (1862)
Crataegus oxyacantha f. gireoudii Späth
Crataegus oxyacantha var. ovata Mérat Nouv. Fl. Env. Paris : 185 (1812)
Crataegus oxyacantha unranked sorbifolia Dippel Handb. Laubholzk. 3: 457 (1893)
Mespilus oxyacantha var. auriculata Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 26 (1906)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. subrotundifolia Hrabětová Práce Brnenske Zákl. Ceskolov. Akad. Ved. 6: 254 (1958)
Crataegus laevigata f. bicrenulata Hrabětová ex Ker.-Nagy Kárpát-Pannon és Illír Régió Vadon Termő Galagonyáinak Monogr. : 181 (2015)
Crataegus walokochiana var. joachmyii (Hrabětová) Ker.-Nagy Tilia 15: 80 (2010)
Mespilus oxyacantha subvar. glabrata (Sanio) Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 26 (1906)
Crataegus walokochiana var. subrotundifolia (Hrabětová) Ker.-Nagy Kárpát-Pannon és Illír Régió Vadon Termő Galagonyáinak Monogr. : 180 (2015)
Crataegus walokochiana var. globosa (Hrabětová) Ker.-Nagy Kárpát-Pannon és Illír Régió Vadon Termő Galagonyáinak Monogr. : 180 (2015)
Crataegus oxyacanthoides var. laevigata (Poir.) Lej. Fl. Spa 1: 225 (1811)
Mespilus oxyacantha var. oxyacanthoides (Thuill.) T.Lestib. Botanogr. Belg. 2: 408 (1827)
Crataegus oxyacantha subsp. polygyna H.Lév. Bull. Géogr. Bot. 22: 181 (1912)
Crataegus laevigata subsp. walokochiana (Hrabětová) Holub Preslia 42: 94 (1970)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. aurea Weston Bot. Univ. 1: 78 (1770)
Crataegus oxyacantha f. auriculata C.K.Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 780 (1906)
Crataegus oxyacantha subvar. eriocarpa Rouy & E.G.Camus Fl. France 7: 4 (1901)
Crataegus oxyacantha f. gireoudii Späth ex C.K.Schneid. Ill. Handb. Laubholzk. 1: 780 (1906)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. integrifolia (Wallr.) Wenz. Linnaea 38: 163 (1874)
Crataegus oxyacantha subsp. laevigata (Poir.) Gost.-Jak. Roczn. Sekc. Dendrol. Polsk. Towarz. Bot. 31: 17 (1978)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. obtusata DC. Prodr. 2: 628 (1825)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. oxyacanthoides (Thuill.) Chevall. Fl. Gén. Env. Paris 2: 686 (1827)
Crataegus oxyacantha subsp. oxyacanthoides (Thuill.) Arcang. Comp. Fl. Ital. : 230 (1882)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. rosea Loudon Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 2: 832 (1838)
Crataegus oxyacantha var. vulgaris DC. Prodr. 2: 628 (1825)
Mespilus sorbifolia (Dippel) Asch. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 6(2): 21 (1906)
Crataegus oxyacantha f. integrifolia (Wallr.) Fiori Fl. Anal. Italia 1: 596 (1898)
Crataegus oxyacantha f. oxyacanthoides (Thuill.) Fiori Fl. Anal. Italia 1: 596 (1898)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
English midland hawthorn
English smooth hawthorn
English english hawthorn
Spanish espino navarro
Spanish majuelo de dos huesos
Bulgarian Английски глог
Czech hloh dvousemenný
Czech crataegus oxyacantha
Czech hloh obecný
Czech hloh ostrotrnný
Welsh draenen wen lefn
Danish almindelig hvidtjørn
Danish hvidtjørn
German zweigriffliger weissdorn
German zweigriffliger weißdorn
German zweigriffeliger weißdorn
Esperanto dustilusa kratago
Estonian tömbilehine viirpuu
Basque hegoaldeko elorri zuri
Finnish pyöröorapihlaja
French crataegus oxyacantha
French aubépine à deux styles
French aubépine épineuse
frr haageduurn
Upper Sorbian dwupěstkaty hłohonc
Hungarian kétbibés galagonya
Hungarian cseregalagonya
Armenian Սզնի
Armenian Ալոճ
Armenian ալոճենի
Icelandic hvítþyrnir
Italian biancospino
Japanese セイヨウサンザシ
Lithuanian grauželinė gudobelė
myv Бояронь умарина
myv Пупиця боярка чувто
myv crataegus oxyacantha
Norwegian Bokmål parkhagtorn
Dutch tweestijlige meidoorn
os Сындзджын дурвæткъуы
Polish głóg dwuszyjkowy
Polish crataegus oxyacantha
Portuguese pilriteiro
Russian crataegus oxyacantha
Russian Боярышник сглаженный
Russian Боярышник обыкновенный
Slovak hloh obyčajný
Slovak hloh krivokališný
Slovenian crataegus oxyacantha
Slovenian rdeči glog
Slovenian navadni glog
Serbian Чобаница
Serbian Црвени глог
Swedish rundhagtorn
Chinese 亮叶山楂
Chinese 钝裂叶山楂

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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No variety added yet.

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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Alternate between 20°C and 4°C for 3 months each, across multiple cycles, acknowledging that germination may be prolonged.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Europe
    • Eastern Europe
      • Baltic States
      • Belarus
      • Central European Russia
      • South European Russia
      • Ukraine
    • Middle Europe
      • Austria
      • Belgium
      • Czechoslovakia
      • Germany
      • Hungary
      • Netherlands
      • Poland
      • Switzerland
    • Northern Europe
      • Denmark
      • Great Britain
      • Ireland
      • Norway
      • Sweden
    • Southeastern Europe
      • Italy
      • Romania
      • Sicilia
      • Yugoslavia
    • Southwestern Europe
      • Corse
      • France
      • Spain

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!
Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0001009174
UNII EFX9G567MJ
Cornell Woody Plants 75
Canadensys 8689
USDA Plants CRLA80
UConn 144
Tropicos 27800043
INPN 92864
Flora of Italy 2207
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:723644-1
The Plant List rjp-477
Missouri Botanical Garden 286345
Open Tree Of Life 547115
Observations.org 6655
NCBI Taxonomy 298643
NBN Atlas NHMSYS0000457671
Nature Serve 2.136321
IUCN Red List 203425
IPNI 723644-1
iNaturalist 54428
GBIF 3015796
Freebase /m/0d0bbl
EPPO CSCOX
EOL 630630
Elurikkus 4110
Calflora (Californian flora) 12394
USDA GRIN 313800
Wikipedia Crataegus_laevigata
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:722946-1
The Plant List rjp-11963
IPNI 722946-1
GBIF 3015465
Freebase /m/09glv_h
Wikipedia Crataegus_%C3%97_ariifolia
Open Tree Of Life 3903836

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.
Accession Assembly
Name Level Submitter Released Coverage Size
GCA_963580275.1 drCraLaev2.1 Chromosome WELLCOME SANGER INSTITUTE 2023-11-05 42 622.80 Mb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Commodity risk assessment of Tilia cordata and Tilia platyphyllos plants from the UK Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P EFSA J 03-May-2024
PMCID:PMC11066761
doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8803
PMID:38707495
AUDISTIM® Day/Night Alleviates Tinnitus-Related Handicap in Patients with Chronic Tinnitus: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial Portmann D, Esteve-Fraysse MJ, Frachet B, Herpin F, Rigaudier F, Juhel C Audiol Res 10-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11047585
doi:10.3390/audiolres14020031
PMID:38666902
Antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic effects of hawthorn extract (Crataegus oxyacantha) in broiler chickens Ahmadipour B, Kalantar M, Abaszadeh S, Hassanpour H Vet Med Sci 20-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC10951631
doi:10.1002/vms3.1414
PMID:38504617
Saving the local tradition: ethnobotanical survey on the use of plants in Bologna district (Italy) Chiocchio I, Marincich L, Mandrone M, Trincia S, Tarozzi C, Poli F J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 12-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC10936038
doi:10.1186/s13002-024-00664-1
PMID:38475780
Commodity risk assessment of Corylus avellana plants from the UK Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P EFSA J 12-Jan-2024
PMCID:PMC10784871
doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8495
PMID:38222930
Commodity risk assessment of Quercus petraea plants from the UK Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Iacopetti G, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P EFSA J 30-Oct-2023
PMCID:PMC10613939
doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8313
PMID:37908445
Commodity risk assessment of Quercus robur plants from the UK Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Iacopetti G, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P EFSA J 30-Oct-2023
PMCID:PMC10613938
doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8314
PMID:37908449
Topographic depressions can provide climate and resource microrefugia for biodiversity Frei K, Vojtkó A, Farkas T, Erdős L, Barta K, E-Vojtkó A, Tölgyesi C, Bátori Z iScience 21-Oct-2023
PMCID:PMC10656275
doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.108202
PMID:38026156
Nanoparticle-mediated amelioration of drought stress in plants: a systematic review Chandrashekar HK, Singh G, Kaniyassery A, Thorat SA, Nayak R, Murali TS, Muthusamy A 3 Biotech 08-Sep-2023
PMCID:PMC10491566
doi:10.1007/s13205-023-03751-4
PMID:37693636
Anti-Diabetic Potential of Polyphenol-Rich Fruits from the Maleae Tribe—A Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Animal and Human Trials Rutkowska M, Olszewska MA Nutrients 28-Aug-2023
PMCID:PMC10489674
doi:10.3390/nu15173756
PMID:37686786
Changes in the Fruit Quality Parameters of Medlar Fruit (Mespilus germanica L.) after Heat Treatment, Storage, Freezing or Hoarfrost Mikulic-Petkovsek M, Jakljevic K, Veberic R, Hudina M, Rusjan D Foods 16-Aug-2023
PMCID:PMC10453525
doi:10.3390/foods12163077
PMID:37628075
Commodity risk assessment of Fagus sylvatica plants from the UK Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Gardi C, Iacopetti G, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P EFSA J 28-Jul-2023
PMCID:PMC10375364
doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8118
PMID:37522095
Commodity risk assessment of Acer campestre plants from the UK Bragard C, Baptista P, Chatzivassiliou E, Di Serio F, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Stefani E, Thulke H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Mas H, Rigling D, Faccoli M, Gardi C, Iacopetti G, Mikulová A, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Stergulc F, Streissl F, Gonthier P EFSA J 06-Jul-2023
PMCID:PMC10323733
doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8071
PMID:37427018
Endangered Forest Communities in Central Europe: Mapping Current and Potential Distributions of Euro-Siberian Steppic Woods with Quercus spp. in South Slovak Basin Oravec P, Wittlinger L, Máliš F Biology (Basel) 25-Jun-2023
PMCID:PMC10376067
doi:10.3390/biology12070910
PMID:37508342
A Review of Classification, Biosynthesis, Biological Activities and Potential Applications of Flavonoids Chen S, Wang X, Cheng Y, Gao H, Chen X Molecules 25-Jun-2023
PMCID:PMC10343696
doi:10.3390/molecules28134982
PMID:37446644

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid 135 Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C(=O)O)O 138.12 unknown https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-2001-9-1012
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives / P-methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives
3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid 7121 Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C(=O)O)OC 182.17 unknown https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-2001-9-1012
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Salicylic acid and derivatives / Salicylic acids
Salicylic Acid 338 Click to see 138.12 unknown https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-2001-9-1012
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Benzenediols / Catechols
Epinephrine 5816 Click to see CNCC(C1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)O)O 183.20 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/PCA.2800030604
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Alpha amino acids and derivatives / Tyrosine and derivatives
Levodopa 6047 Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1CC(C(=O)O)N)O)O 197.19 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/PCA.2800030604
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Cyclitols and derivatives / Quinic acids and derivatives
Chlorogenic Acid 1794427 Click to see C1C(C(C(CC1(C(=O)O)O)OC(=O)C=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)O)O)O)O 354.31 unknown https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-2001-9-1012
https://doi.org/10.1016/0952-3278(94)90141-4
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Coumaric acids and derivatives
Rosmarinic Acid 5281792 Click to see 360.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-2001-9-1012
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids
3'-Hydroxycinnamic acid 637541 Click to see C1=CC(=CC(=C1)O)C=CC(=O)O 164.16 unknown https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-2001-9-1012
Ferulic Acid 445858 Click to see 194.18 unknown https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-2001-9-1012
O-Coumaric Acid 637540 Click to see 164.16 unknown https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-2001-9-1012
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Biflavonoids and polyflavonoids
(2R,3R,4S)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-[(2S,3S)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-6-yl]-8-[(2R,3R,4R)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-4-yl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol 162909935 Click to see C1C(C(OC2=C1C(=C(C(=C2)O)C3C(C(OC4=C(C(=CC(=C34)O)O)C5C(C(OC6=CC(=CC(=C56)O)O)C7=CC(=C(C=C7)O)O)O)C8=CC(=C(C=C8)O)O)O)O)C9=CC(=C(C=C9)O)O)O 866.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00172-3
(3S,4R)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-[(2R,3S,4R)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-[(2R,3R,4R)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-[(2R,3R)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-8-yl]-3,5,7-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-8-yl]-3,5,7-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-8-yl]-8-[(2R,3S,4R)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-4-yl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol 101198398 Click to see C1C(C(OC2=C1C(=CC(=C2C3C(C(OC4=C3C(=CC(=C4C5C(C(OC6=C(C(=CC(=C56)O)O)C7C(C(OC8=C(C(=CC(=C78)O)O)C9C(C(OC1=CC(=CC(=C91)O)O)C1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)O)O)C1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)O)O)C1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)O)O)O)O)C1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)O)O)O)O)C1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)O)O 1443.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00172-3
Cinnamtannin A2 16130899 Click to see 1155.00 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00172-3
Proanthocyanidin B2 5320711 Click to see 578.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00172-3
Procyanidin B2, (+)- 122738 Click to see C1C(C(OC2=C1C(=CC(=C2C3C(C(OC4=CC(=CC(=C34)O)O)C5=CC(=C(C=C5)O)O)O)O)O)C6=CC(=C(C=C6)O)O)O 578.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00043-6
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00172-3
https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19913240207
Procyanidin C1 169853 Click to see 866.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00172-3
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Catechins
Catechin 9064 Click to see 290.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0952-3278(94)90141-4
Epicatechin 72276 Click to see 290.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF030096R
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00172-3
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid C-glycosides / Flavonoid 8-C-glycosides
Vitexin 5280441 Click to see 432.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0952-3278(94)90141-4
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
Rutin 5280805 Click to see 610.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0952-3278(94)90141-4

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