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Caltha palustris

Table of Contents

Details
Ethnobotanical Use
General Uses
Synonyms
Common Names
Subtypes (subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, forms)
Germination/Propagation
Distribution
Links to other databases
Genome
Scientific Literature
Phytochemical Profile
Gallery
Contributors
Collections

Details Top

Internal ID UUID64400ef74c52a800011093
Scientific name Caltha palustris
Authority L.
First published in Sp. Pl. : 558 (1753)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice
  • Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
  • Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
  • Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
  • Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Caltha palustris, commonly known as marsh marigold or cowslip, contains the irritant lactone protoanemonin and is generally avoided for internal use across cultures. The fresh plant produces an acrid sap that can cause skin and mucous membrane irritation, and historic sources repeatedly emphasize its toxic potential. Despite its conspicuous yellow flowers, ethnobotanical records consistently treat the plant as an external remedy rather than a tea or tincture.

Documented preparations draw on the whole aboveground parts or sap for external applications. Among the Cherokee of the southeastern United States, poultices of crushed leaves or flowers have been used for minor skin bruises and sore muscles (Moerman, 1998; the USDA Ethnobotany Database confirms these same external uses for Caltha palustris). In parts of Europe, especially England and Poland, historic herbalists recorded decoctions of the whole herb applied as washes or compresses to bruises and rheumatic pain (Gerard’s Herball, 1633; Culpeper, 1653). Russian folk medicine noted fresh flower or leaf poultices for localized aches and sprains (Khoroshin Compendia, 18th century; as cited in Voskresenskaya, 1992). These sources consistently specify topical use and caution against internal ingestion.

For safe topical use, a mild compress can be prepared from one handful (approximately 50 g) of fresh, bruised aerial parts infused in 500 mL of just-off-the-boil water for 10 minutes. After cooling to comfortably warm, strain and apply as a compress to clean skin for 15–20 minutes, up to twice daily; discontinue if irritation occurs. Do not use on broken skin or on mucous membranes; keep out of reach of children and pets; pregnant or breastfeeding individuals should avoid contact; and never ingest.

Well-established constituents for Caltha palustris include the irritant lactone protoanemonin, with lower concentrations of flavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol derivatives. These compounds plausibly account for the plant’s historically reported topical counterirritant effects on bruises and rheumatic pains, alongside its documented safety concerns.

Modern relevance: While chemical and pharmacological studies continue to characterize protoanemonin and related constituents, commercial products emphasize its ornamental value and caution against its use, and traditional external applications persist in specific regional folk practices.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
Ornamental aquatic and marginal perennial plant, widely cultivated for spring display in water gardens, bog gardens, and naturalistic plantings.

Industrial and craft applications:
None documented.

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
None documented; plant parts contain protoanemonin and are not used as food.

Colorants and tanning:
None documented.

Wood and fiber:
None documented; not a woody species.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
None documented; toxicity limits use.

Properties relevant to use:
None documented that would support industrial or craft applications.

Standards and regulation:
None documented.

Sustainability and sourcing:
None documented; no evidence of regulated commercial harvesting or cultivation for non-medicinal products.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Populago palustris Scop. Fl. Carniol. , ed. 2, 1: 404 (1771)
Caltha alpestris Schott, Nyman & Kotschy Analect. Bot. : 33 (1854)
Caltha alpina Schur Enum. Pl. Transsilv. : 25 (1866)
Caltha arctica R.Br. Suppl. App. Parry's Voy. : 265 (1824)
Caltha arctica subsp. caespitosa (Schipcz.) Khokhr. Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 12: 203. 1975
Caltha arctica subsp. membranacea (Turcz.) Khokhr. Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 12: 203. 1975
Caltha arctica subsp. sibirica (Regel) Tolm. Arktich. Fl. SSSR 6: 129 (1971)
Caltha asarifolia DC. Syst. Nat. 1: 309 (1817)
Caltha caespitosa Schipcz. Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 2: 165 (1921)
Caltha confinis Greene Pittonia 4: 76 (1901)
Caltha cornuta Schott, Nyman & Kotschy Analect. Bot. : 31 (1854)
Caltha coronata Schur Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 25. 1866 [Apr-Jun 1866]
Caltha crenata Belyaeva & Sipliv. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 60: 819 (1975)
Caltha dentata Muhl. Cat. Pl. Amer. Sept., ed. 2. 56. 1818
Caltha elata Duthie Gard. Chron. , ser. 3, 37: 178 (1905)
Caltha emodorum Spreng. Syst. Veg. 4(2): 220 (1827)
Caltha ficarioides Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 289 (1813)
Caltha flabellifolia Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 390 (1813)
Caltha freyniana Heldr. ex Beck Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 36: 349 in syn. 1886
Caltha glabra Gilib. Fl. Lit. Inch. ii. 279. 1782
Caltha gorovii Vorosch. Byull. Glavn. Bot. Sada 130: 36 (1984)
Caltha grosse-serrata Pant. Verh. Vereins Natur- Heilk. Presburg , n.s., 2: 86 (1871)
Caltha guerangerii Boreau Annot. Fl. France Allemagne : 11 (1855)
Caltha himalayanus Royle Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. : 44 (1834)
Caltha himalensis D.Don Prodr. Fl. Nepal. : 195 (1825)
Caltha integerrima Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 390 (1813)
Caltha intermedia Schott, Nym. & Kotschy Analect. Bot. : 32 (1854)
Caltha laeta Schott, Nyman & Kotschy Analect. Bot. : 32 (1854)
Caltha latifolia Schott, Nyman & Kotschy Analect. Bot. : 32 (1854)
Caltha longirostris Beck Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 36: 349 (1886)
Caltha major Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8 : n.º 1 (1768)
Caltha membranacea Schipcz. Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Bot. Sada R.S.F.S.R. 2: 168 (1921)
Caltha membranacea var. grandiflora S.H.Li & Y.H.Huang Fl. Pl. Herb. Chin. Bor.-Or. 3: 229 (1975)
Caltha minor Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8 : n.º 2 (1768)
Caltha minor subsp. arctica (R.Br.) Á.Löve & D.Löve Bot. Not. 128: 510 (1975 publ. 1976)
Caltha napalensis Royle Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. [Royle] 22. 1833 [Sep 1833]
Caltha natans var. arctica (R.Br.) Á.Löve & D.Löve
Caltha natans var. asarifolia (DC.) Huth
Caltha orthorhyncha Rupr. Fl. Caucasi : 28 (1869)
Caltha pallidiflora Martrin-Donos Bull. Soc. Bot. France 9: 130 (1862)
Caltha palustris var. acutiserrata Huth Helios 9: 72 1892
Caltha palustris var. aleutensis Huth Monogr. Caltha : 25 (1891)
Caltha palustris var. alpestris (Schott, Nyman & Kotschy) Rouy & Foucaud Fl. France 1: 114 1893
Caltha palustris var. alpina Schur Verh. Mitth. Siebenbürg. Vereins Naturwiss. Hermannstadt 4: 30 1853
Caltha palustris var. araneosa Steenis Gorteria 5: 218 (1971)
Caltha palustris subsp. araneosa (Steenis) Meijden Gorteria 16: 48 (1990)
Caltha palustris var. arctica Huth Monogr. Caltha : 18 (1891)
Caltha palustris subsp. arctica (R.Br.) Hultén Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. Acad. Handl. , ser. 4, 13(1): 336 (1971)
Caltha palustris f. arrabonensis Soó Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 18: 174 (1973)
Caltha palustris var. asarifolia (DC.) Rothr. Rep. (Annual) Board Regents Smithsonian Inst. 1867: 442 1872
Caltha palustris subsp. asarifolia (DC.) Hultén Acta Univ. Lund., 2 , 40(1): 712 (1944)
Caltha palustris var. borbasii Soó Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 18: 176 (1973)
Caltha palustris var. bosnica Huth Helios 9: 72 1892
Caltha palustris f. cornuta Huth Helios 9: 73. 1891
Caltha palustris var. cornuta (Schott, Nyman & Kotschy) Rouy & Foucaud Fl. France 1: 114 1893
Caltha palustris f. czarnohorensis (Zapał.) Soó & Kovács-Lang Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 18(1-2): 176. 1973
Caltha palustris f. decumbens Makino Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 22: 176 1908
Caltha palustris var. dentata Čelak. Prodr. Fl. Böhmen 419 1874
Caltha palustris f. dentata (Čelak.) Huth Helios 9: 73 1892
Caltha palustris var. enkoso H.Hara J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 50 1952
Caltha palustris f. erecta Makino Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 22: 176 1908
Caltha palustris var. flabellifolia (Pursh) Torr. & A.Gray Fl. N. Amer. 1: 27 (1838)
Caltha palustris f. gigas H.Lév. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 7: 102 1909
Caltha palustris var. himalensis (D.Don) Mukh. Bull. Bot. Surv. India 2: 105 1960
Caltha palustris var. integerrima (Pursh) Torr. & A.Gray Fl. N. Amer. 1: 26 (1838)
Caltha palustris f. integerrima Huth Helios 9: 73. 1891
Caltha palustris var. laeta (Schott, Nyman & Kotschy) Huth Helios 9: 74 1892
Caltha palustris var. latifolia (Schott, Nyman & Kotschy) Rouy & Foucaud Fl. France 1: 114 1893
Caltha palustris var. major (Mill.) DC. Syst. Nat. 1: 308 (1817)
Caltha palustris subsp. membranacea (Turcz.) Hultén Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. Acad. Handl. , ser. 4, 13(1): 84 (1971)
Caltha palustris var. minima Regel Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 32(1): 227 1859
Caltha palustris var. minor (Mill.) DC. Syst. Nat. 1: 309 (1817)
Caltha palustris f. minor (Mill.) Huth Helios 9: 73 1892
Caltha palustris subsp. minor (Mill.) Vorosch. in A.K. Skvortsov (ed.), Florist. issl. v razn. raĭonakh SSSR 167 (1985):.
Caltha palustris var. nipponica H.Hara J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Sect. 3, Bot. 6: 50 1952
Caltha palustris subsp. nymphiifolia Vorosch. & Gorovoj Byull. Glavn. Bot. Sada 106: 45 (1977)
Caltha palustris var. orbicularis Briq. Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 3: 71 1899
Caltha palustris var. orientalisinensis X.H.Guo Acta Phytotax. Sin. 25: 241 (1987)
Caltha palustris f. orthocarpa (Rupr.) Huth Helios 9: 74 1892
Caltha palustris var. parnassifolia (Raf.) Torr. & A.Gray Fl. N. Amer. 1: 26 (1838)
Caltha palustris f. platycarpa Soó & Kovács-Lang Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 18(1-2): 174. 1973
Caltha palustris f. plena Huth Helios 9: 74 1892
Caltha palustris f. plurisepala Huth Helios 9: 73 1892
Caltha palustris var. polypetala (Hochst. ex Lorent) Huth Helios 9: 71 1892
Caltha palustris var. polysepala Turcz. Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15: 62 (1842)
Caltha palustris subsp. polysepala (Turcz.) Vorosch. Florist. Issl. Razn. Raionakh SSSR : 167 (1985)
Caltha palustris f. pratensis Huth Helios 9: 73 1892
Caltha palustris var. radicans (T.F.Forst.) Beck Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 36: 350 (1886)
Caltha palustris subsp. renifolia (Tolm.) Luferov Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. , n.s., 96(5): 74 (1991)
Caltha palustris f. retyzatensis Soó Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 18(1-2): 174. 1973
Caltha palustris var. sibirica Regel Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 34(II): 53 (1862)
Caltha palustris subsp. sibirica (Regel) Hultén Kongl. Svenska Vetensk. Acad. Handl. , ser. 4, 13(1): 337 (1971)
Caltha palustris f. simonkaiana Soó Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 18(1-2): 174. 1973
Caltha palustris var. stagnalis Rouy & Foucaud Fl. France 1: 114 1893
Caltha palustris subsp. thracica Velen. Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 37: 4 1893 publ. 1894
Caltha palustris f. transsilvanica Soó & Kovács-Lang Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 18(1-2): 174. 1973
Caltha palustris subsp. violacea (Khokhr.) Luferov Byull. Moskovsk. Obshch. Isp. Prir., Otd. Biol. , n.s., 96(5): 74 (1991)
Caltha palustris f. vulgaris Huth Helios 9: 72 (1891)
Caltha palustris var. vulgaris (Schott, Nyman & Kotschy) Rouy & Foucaud Fl. France 1: 114 1893
Caltha palustris var. zetlandica Beeby Scott. Naturalist (Perth) n.s., 3: 21 1887
Caltha paniculata Wall. Numer. List [Wallich] n. 4711. 1831
Caltha parnassifolia Raf. Med. Repos. Original Essays Intelligence Phys. 5: 361 (1808)
Caltha polypetala Hochst. Wanderungen : 339 (1845)
Caltha polypetala var. colchica Kem.-Nath. Fl. Gruzii , ed. 2, 3: 237 (1975)
Caltha polypetala var. orthoryncha (Rupr.) Kem.-Nath. Fl. Gruzii , ed. 2, 3: 237 (1975)
Caltha populago Gouan Hortus Monsp. : 268 (1762)
Caltha procumbens Huth Exsicc. (Herb. Europ.) 1894: 13 (1894)
Caltha pumila Schur Enum. Pl. Transsilv. : 26 (1866)
Caltha pygmaea Makino J. Jap. Bot. 5: 17 (1928)
Caltha radicans T.F.Forst. Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8: 324 (1807)
Caltha ranunculoides Schur Enum. Pl. Transsilv. : 26 (1866)
Caltha riparia G.Don Gen. Hist. 1: 44 (1831)
Caltha serotina Tolm. Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 56: 1791 (1971)
Caltha sibirica (Regel) Tolm. Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 17: 153 (1955)
Caltha silvestris Vorosch. Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sada S.S.S.R. 40: 50 (1961)
Caltha stagnalis Magnier ex Rouy & Foucaud Fl. France 1: 114 (1893)
Caltha thracica Adamović ex Graebn. & Graebn.f. Syn. Mitteleur. Fl. 5(2): 569 (1929)
Caltha violacea Khokhryakov Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 12: 203 (1975)
Caltha vulgaris Pall. ex Steud. Nomencl. Bot. [Steudel], ed. 2. i. 262.
Caltha vulgaris Schott, Nyman & Kotschy Analect. Bot. : 33 (1854)
Caltha zetlandica Dörfl. Exsicc. (Herb. Norm.) 1911: n.º 5206 (1911)
Caltha palustris f. radicans (T.F.Forst.) Kjellm. Vega Exped. Vet. Jaktag. 2: 19 1883
Caltha palustris subsp. radicans (T.F.Forst.) Hook. Student Fl. Brit. Isl. 9 1870
Caltha sibirica Makino
Caltha palustris var. asarifolia Huth Helios 9: 71. 1891
Caltha arctica subsp. caespitosa (Schipcz) Khokhryakov Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 12: 203 (1975)
Caltha arctica subsp. membranacea (Turcz.) Khokhryakov Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 12: 203 (1975)
Caltha palustris f. ucrainica Racib. Sprawozdania 22: 50 (1888)
Caltha ucrainica (Racib.) Nyman Consp. Fl. Eur. , Suppl. 2: 12 (1889)
Caltha rostrata Borbás Geogr. Enum. Pl. Comit. Castriferrei : 244 (1887)
Caltha laeta subsp. rostrata (Borbás) Jáv. Magyar Fl. : 351 (1924)
Caltha palustris var. radicans (T.F.Forst.) A.Gray Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1(1[1]): 39 1895

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
English yellow marsh marigold
English cowflock
English kingcup
English marsh-marigold
English cowslip
English marsh marigold
Spanish calta palustre
Spanish calendula acuatica
Spanish caléndula acuatica
Spanish caléndula acuática
Spanish centella de castilla la vieja
Arabic آذريون الماء
Arabic خرغوس سبخي
Arabic خرعوس
Azerbaijani bataqlıq sunərgizi
bar budanbleame
Belarusian Лотаць балотная
Belarusian жоўты кураслеп
Belarusian казялец
Belarusian лапушок
Belarusian латацень
Belarusian мядзведжая лапка
Belarusian нюнькі
Bulgarian обикновен блатняк
Catalan calta
Czech blatouch bahenní
Welsh gold y gors
Danish eng-kabbeleje
Danish engkabbeleje
German sumpf-dotterblume
German sumpfdotterblume
Esperanto marĉa kalto
Estonian harilik varsakabi
Estonian kanakoole
Estonian kanakoolmed
Estonian konnakapsad
Estonian konnakapsas
Estonian varsakabi
Persian خرغوس
Finnish luhtarentukka
Finnish rentukka
Faroese mýrisólja
French populage des marais
French souci d’eau
Irish riascbhláth órga
Irish lus buí bealtaine
Manx bullught
Manx trollius paluster
Hebrew קלתאה ביצתית
Croatian kaljužnica
Upper Sorbian bahnowy łuknadź
Upper Sorbian błótuch
Upper Sorbian libjaca kwětka
Upper Sorbian Łokoćina
Hungarian mocsári gólyahír
Icelandic hófsóley
Italian calta palustre
Japanese リュウキンカ
Japanese エンコウソウ
Japanese 立金花
Korean 동의나물
lb eeërblumm
lb Äerblumm
lb botterblumm
lb fräscheblumm
Lithuanian pelkinė puriena
Latvian purva purene
Macedonian блатник
Macedonian жабјак
Norwegian Bokmål bekkeblom
Norwegian Bokmål soleiehov
Norwegian Bokmål soleihov
Dutch gewone dotterbloem
Dutch gewone en spindotterbloem
Dutch dotterbloem
Norwegian Nynorsk bekkeblom
Norwegian Nynorsk soleihov
os Суадонгæрдæг
Polish knieć błotna
Polish kaczeniec
Polish kaczyniec błotny
Pashto بړميه
Russian Калужница болотная
Russian Козелец
Russian Валах
Russian Лягушечник
Russian Болотный лопух
Russian Вороньи глазки
Russian Жёлтоголовник
Russian Калюжница
Russian Люньки
Russian Лягушачья трава
Russian Нюньки
Russian Попики
Yakutian Кулун туйаҕа
se gollerássi
Samogitian lokštā
Slovak záružlie močiarne
Slovenian navadna kalužnica
Swedish kabbleka
Swedish kabbeleka
Swedish kalvleka
Turkish bataklık nergisi
Ukrainian Калюжниця болотна
Ukrainian калюжниця болотня
Ukrainian колюжниця болотна
Ukrainian калюжниця болотяна
Vietnamese vị kim đất ẩm
Walloon fleur des vatches
Chinese 马蹄草
Chinese 马蹄叶
Chinese 驴蹄草
Chinese 驢蹄草
Chinese 沼澤金盞花
Chinese 驢蹄菜

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Name Authority First published in
Caltha palustris var. alba (Cambess.) Hook.f. & Thomson Fl. Brit. India 1: 21 1872
Caltha palustris var. barthei Hance Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 5, 5: 205. 1866 (1866)
Caltha palustris var. himalaica Tamura Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 19: 76. 1962 (1962)
Caltha palustris var. membranacea Turcz. Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 15: 62 1842
Caltha palustris var. umbrosa Diels Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 5: 264. 1912 (1912)

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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Expose seeds to natural outdoor winter conditions for 3 months, then gradually increase light and temperature in the spring.
Germination Successful Only with GA3: for these seeds, the use of Gibberellic Acid is not just beneficial but essential for germination to occur.
Sow seeds immediately as their viability decreases rapidly, or they best germinate when fresh. If stored, seeds might need temperature cycling and patience to germinate.
hydrophilic, bog plant; stand pot in 3 cm water; raise temperature very slowly after germination

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Asia-temperate
    • Caucasus
      • North Caucasus
      • Transcaucasus
    • China
      • China North-central
      • China South-central
      • China Southeast
      • Inner Mongolia
      • Manchuria
      • Tibet
      • Xinjiang
    • Eastern Asia
      • Japan
      • Korea
    • Middle Asia
      • Kazakhstan
    • Mongolia
      • Mongolia
    • Russian Far East
      • Amur
      • Kamchatka
      • Khabarovsk
      • Kuril Islands
      • Magadan
      • Primorye
      • Sakhalin
    • Siberia
      • Altay
      • Buryatiya
      • Chita
      • Irkutsk
      • Krasnoyarsk
      • Tuva
      • West Siberia
      • Yakutskiya
    • Western Asia
      • Afghanistan
      • Iran
      • Iraq
      • Turkey
  • Asia-tropical
    • Indian Subcontinent
      • Assam
      • East Himalaya
      • Nepal
      • Pakistan
      • West Himalaya
    • Indo-China
      • Myanmar
  • Europe
    • Eastern Europe
      • Baltic States
      • Belarus
      • Central European Russia
      • East European Russia
      • Krym
      • North European Russia
      • Northwest European Russia
      • South European Russia
      • Ukraine
    • Middle Europe
      • Austria
      • Belgium
      • Czechoslovakia
      • Germany
      • Hungary
      • Netherlands
      • Poland
      • Switzerland
    • Northern Europe
      • Denmark
      • Finland
      • Føroyar
      • Great Britain
      • Iceland
      • Ireland
      • Norway
      • Sweden
    • Southeastern Europe
      • Albania
      • Bulgaria
      • Greece
      • Italy
      • Romania
      • Yugoslavia
    • Southwestern Europe
      • Baleares
      • France
      • Portugal
      • Spain
  • Northern America
    • Eastern Canada
      • Labrador
      • New Brunswick
      • Newfoundland
      • Nova Scotia
      • Ontario
      • Prince Edward Island
      • Québec
    • North-central U.S.A.
      • Illinois
      • Iowa
      • Minnesota
      • Missouri
      • Nebraska
      • North Dakota
      • South Dakota
      • Wisconsin
    • Northeastern U.S.A.
      • Connecticut
      • Indiana
      • Maine
      • Massachusetts
      • Michigan
      • New Hampshire
      • New Jersey
      • New York
      • Ohio
      • Pennsylvania
      • Rhode Island
      • Vermont
      • West Virginia
    • Northwestern U.S.A.
      • Oregon
      • Washington
    • Southeastern U.S.A.
      • Delaware
      • Kentucky
      • Maryland
      • North Carolina
      • South Carolina
      • Tennessee
      • Virginia
    • Subarctic America
      • Alaska
      • Aleutian Islands
      • Northwest Territorie
      • Nunavut
      • Yukon
    • Western Canada
      • Alberta
      • British Columbia
      • Manitoba
      • Saskatchewan

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!
Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000581660
UNII 6S9317F2UT
Canadensys 8452
USDA Plants CAPA5
Tropicos 27100074
INPN 87540
Flora of Italy 1011
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:42867-2
The Plant List kew-2693856
Plantarium 7748
Missouri Botanical Garden 286073
Open Tree Of Life 387810
Observations.org 137349
NCBI Taxonomy 3449
NBN Atlas NBNSYS0000002691
Nature Serve 2.144969
IUCN Red List 167915
IPNI 42867-2
iNaturalist 56224
iNaturalist 239721
GBIF 5371685
Freebase /m/03xmrk
WisFlora 2843
EPPO CTAPA
EOL 596646
Elurikkus 3312
Calflora (Californian flora) 8708
USDA GRIN 8657
Wikipedia Caltha_palustris
CMAUP NPO12690

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Traditional Use of Wild Edible Plants in Slovenia: A Field Study and an Ethnobotanical Literature Review Papež Kristanc A, Kreft S, Strgulc Krajšek S, Kristanc L Plants (Basel) 24-Feb-2024
PMCID:PMC10934440
doi:10.3390/plants13050621
PMID:38475472
An appraisal of traditional knowledge of plant poisoning of livestock and its validation through acute toxicity assay in rats Rasool F, Nizamani ZA, Ahmad KS, Parveen F, Khan SA, Sabir N Front Pharmacol 14-Feb-2024
PMCID:PMC10900104
doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1328133
PMID:38420196
From the name to the popular image of the plant: the Polish names for the black elder (Sambucus nigra) Kielak O J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 30-Jan-2024
PMCID:PMC10829229
doi:10.1186/s13002-024-00649-0
PMID:38291469
An optimized water table depth detected for mitigating global warming potential of greenhouse gas emissions in wetland of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Zhang J, Chen H, Wang M, Liu X, Peng C, Wang L, Yu D, Zhu Q iScience 11-Jan-2024
PMCID:PMC10830858
doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.108856
PMID:38303693
Understanding the Lost: Reconstruction of the Garden Design of Villa Peretti Montalto (Rome, Italy) for Urban Valorization Bartoli F, D’Amato L, Nucera A, Albani Rocchetti G, Caneva G Plants (Basel) 26-Dec-2023
PMCID:PMC10780482
doi:10.3390/plants13010077
PMID:38202385
Children in All Policies (CAP) 2030 Citizen Science for Climate Change Resilience: a cross-sectional pilot study engaging adolescents to study climate hazards, biodiversity and nutrition in rural Nepal Hoernke K, Shrestha A, Pokhrel B, Timberlake T, Giri S, Sapkota S, Dalglish S, Costello A, Saville N Wellcome Open Res 11-Dec-2023
PMCID:PMC10904941
doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18591.1
PMID:38434744
Do Poisonous Plants in Pastures Communicate Their Toxicity? Meta-Study and Evaluation of Poisoning Cases in Central Europe Aboling S Animals (Basel) 08-Dec-2023
PMCID:PMC10740430
doi:10.3390/ani13243795
PMID:38136831
The local medicinal plant knowledge in Kashmir Western Himalaya: a way to foster ecological transition via community-centred health seeking strategies Manzoor M, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Gillani SW, Shaheen H, Pieroni A, Al-Ghamdi AA, Elshikh MS, Saqib S, Makhkamov T, Khaydarov K J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 30-Nov-2023
PMCID:PMC10688143
doi:10.1186/s13002-023-00631-2
PMID:38037066
The Distribution Characteristics of Vegetation in the Subrange of the Altai Mountains, Xinjiang Cao Q, Wei Y, Li W, Feng Y, Abduraimov OS Plants (Basel) 20-Nov-2023
PMCID:PMC10675357
doi:10.3390/plants12223915
PMID:38005812
Vegetation–environment interactions: plant species distribution and community assembly in mixed coniferous forests of Northwestern Himalayas Rahman IU, Hart RE, Afzal A, Iqbal Z, Bussmann RW, Ijaz F, Khan MA, Ali H, Rahman SU, Hashem A, Abd-Allah EF, Sher A, Calixto ES Sci Rep 11-Oct-2023
PMCID:PMC10567734
doi:10.1038/s41598-023-42272-1
PMID:37821469
The most polyphagous insect herbivore? Host plant associations of the Meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (L.) Thompson V, Harkin C, Stewart AJ PLoS One 04-Oct-2023
PMCID:PMC10602594
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0291734
PMID:37792900
Adaptive Relationships in Hemi-Boreal Forests: Tree Species Responses to Competition, Stress, and Disturbance Petrokas R, Manton M Plants (Basel) 13-Sep-2023
PMCID:PMC10535793
doi:10.3390/plants12183256
PMID:37765418
High species richness in the lichen genus Peltigera (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes): 34 species in the dolichorhizoid and scabrosoid clades of section Polydactylon, including 24 new to science Magain N, Miadlikowska J, Goffinet B, Goward T, Pardo-De la Hoz CJ, Jüriado I, Simon A, Mercado-Díaz JA, Barlow T, Moncada B, Lücking R, Spielmann A, Canez L, Wang LS, Nelson P, Wheeler T, Lutzoni F, Sérusiaux E Persoonia 08-Aug-2023
PMCID:PMC11041898
doi:10.3767/persoonia.2023.51.01
PMID:38665978
Protective Effects of 3′-Epilutein and 3′-Oxolutein against Glutamate-Induced Neuronal Damage Pap R, Pandur E, Jánosa G, Sipos K, Fritz FR, Nagy T, Agócs A, Deli J Int J Mol Sci 26-Jul-2023
PMCID:PMC10418699
doi:10.3390/ijms241512008
PMID:37569384
The first comprehensive population size estimations for the highly endangered largest diving beetle Dytiscus latissimus in Europe Balalaikins M, Schmidt G, Aksjuta K, Hendrich L, Kairišs K, Sokolovskis K, Valainis U, Zolovs M, Nitcis M Sci Rep 15-Jun-2023
PMCID:PMC10272167
doi:10.1038/s41598-023-36242-w
PMID:37322014

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!
Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Aporphines
(+)-Magnoflorine 73337 Click to see 342.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Corytuberine, pentahydrate 347379 Click to see 327.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Magnoflorine iodide, (+)-(RG) 131664584 Click to see 469.30 unknown via CMAUP database
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Protopine alkaloids
Allocryptopine 98570 Click to see 369.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1135/CCCC19870804
Protopine 4970 Click to see CN1CCC2=CC3=C(C=C2C(=O)CC4=C(C1)C5=C(C=C4)OCO5)OCO3 353.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1135/CCCC19870804
> Benzenoids / Phenol ethers
(E)-N-[2-[4-(3-methylbut-2-enoxy)phenyl]ethyl]-3-methylsulfonylprop-2-enamide 11099800 Click to see 337.40 unknown via CMAUP database
(E)-N-methyl-N-[2-[4-(3-methylbut-2-enoxy)phenyl]ethyl]-3-methylsulfonylprop-2-enamide 101677420 Click to see 351.50 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acid esters
methyl (2E,4E,6E,10E,16E,18E,20E,22E,24E,26E,36E,44E,50E)-58-amino-13,15,33,35,39,41,43,47,49,53,55-undecahydroxy-2,12,14,30-tetramethyl-31-oxo-29-sulfooxyoctapentaconta-2,4,6,10,16,18,20,22,24,26,36,44,50-tridecaenoate 16109801 Click to see CC(C=CCCC=CC=CC=C(C)C(=O)OC)C(C(C)C(C=CC=CC=CC=CC=CC=CCC(C(C)C(=O)CC(CC(C=CCC(CC(CC(C=CCC(CC(C=CCC(CC(CCCN)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)OS(=O)(=O)O)O)O 1190.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19790620831
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acyl glycosides / Fatty acyl glycosides of mono- and disaccharides
Resorcinoside A 145721291 Click to see 536.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19470300643
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Aromatic monoterpenoids
(E)-N-[2-[4-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienoxy]phenyl]ethyl]-3-methylsulfonylprop-2-enamide 11112265 Click to see 405.60 unknown via CMAUP database
(E)-N-[2-[4-[(3E)-3,7-dimethyl-5-oxoocta-3,6-dienoxy]phenyl]ethyl]-N-methyl-3-methylsulfonylprop-2-enamide 11669218 Click to see 433.60 unknown via CMAUP database
Methylgerambullin 15460080 Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCOC1=CC=C(C=C1)CCN(C)C(=O)C=CS(=O)(=O)C)C)C 419.60 unknown via CMAUP database
Methylgerambullone 45258604 Click to see CC(=CC(=O)CC(=CCOC1=CC=C(C=C1)CCN(C)C(=O)C=CS(=O)(=O)C)C)C 433.60 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones
(1S,4S,5R,8S,9S,10R,13S,14R,17S,18S,19S)-10-hydroxy-4,5,9,13-tetramethyl-19-propan-2-yl-23-oxahexacyclo[15.4.2.01,18.04,17.05,14.08,13]tricosan-22-one 162890184 Click to see CC1C2CCC3(C(C2(CCC1O)C)CCC45C3(CCC6(C4C(CC6)C(C)C)C(=O)O5)C)C 442.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83472-X
(1S,4S,5R,8S,9S,10S,13S,14R,17S,18S,19S)-10-hydroxy-4,5,9,13-tetramethyl-19-propan-2-yl-23-oxahexacyclo[15.4.2.01,18.04,17.05,14.08,13]tricosan-22-one 162890182 Click to see 442.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83472-X
10-Hydroxy-4,5,9,13-tetramethyl-19-propan-2-yl-23-oxahexacyclo[15.4.2.01,18.04,17.05,14.08,13]tricosan-22-one 162890181 Click to see 442.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83472-X
7-{[(2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6,10-trien-1-yl]oxy}-2H-chromen-2-one 5287282 Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=CCOC1=CC2=C(C=C1)C=CC(=O)O2)C)C)C 366.50 unknown via CMAUP database
nepetalactone cis-trans-form 161367 Click to see CC1CCC2C1C(=O)OC=C2C 166.22 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Sesquiterpene lactones / Guaianolides and derivatives
(3As,6R,6Ar,9R,9As,9Bs)-6,9-Dihydroxy-6,9-Dimethyl-3-Methylenedecahydroazuleno(4,5-B)Furan-2(9Bh)-One 5319198 Click to see 266.33 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Tetraterpenoids / Carotenoids / Xanthophylls
(3R,3'R,6S)-4,5-Didehydro-5,6-dihydro-beta,beta-carotene-3,3'-diol 448437 Click to see 568.90 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19790620831
1,5,5-trimethyl-6-[(1E,3Z,5Z,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl]-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-3-ol 5316151 Click to see CC1=C(C(CCC1)(C)C)C=CC(=CC=CC(=CC=CC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC23C(CC(CC2(O3)C)O)(C)C)C)C 568.90 unknown via CMAUP database
3'-Oxolutein 11250009 Click to see 566.90 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19790620831
Cryptoxanthin 5281235 Click to see CC1=C(C(CCC1)(C)C)C=CC(=CC=CC(=CC=CC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC2=C(CC(CC2(C)C)O)C)C)C 552.90 unknown via CMAUP database
Lutein 5,6-epoxide 5281244 Click to see 584.90 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19470300643
Lutein B/Calthaxanthin/3'-Epilutein 10210008 Click to see 568.90 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19790620831
trans-(1R,3S)-6-[(3E,5E,7E,9Z,11E,13E,15Z,17E)-18-[(1S,4S,6R)-4-hydroxy-2,2,6-trimethyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-1-yl]-3,7,12,16-tetramethyloctadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenylidene]-1,5,5-trimethylcyclohexane-1,3-diol 10908146 Click to see 600.90 unknown via CMAUP database
Zeinoxanthin 5281234 Click to see 552.90 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19790620831
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
(1S,4S,5R,8R,9R,10S,13R,14R,17S,18S,19S)-10-hydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-4,5,9,13-tetramethyl-19-propan-2-yl-23-oxahexacyclo[15.4.2.01,18.04,17.05,14.08,13]tricosan-22-one 162982498 Click to see CC(C)C1CCC23C1C4(CCC5C6(CCC(C(C6CCC5(C4(CC2)C)C)(C)CO)O)C)OC3=O 472.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84984-5
(4aR,5R,6aS,6bR,9R,10S,12aR)-5-hydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-10-[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid 6324902 Click to see CC1(CCC2(C(C1)C3=CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2O)C)C)(C)CO)OC6C(C(C(CO6)O)O)O)C)C(=O)O)C 620.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00563734
(4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,9R,10S,12aR,14bS)-10-[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-4,5-dihydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2,2,6a,6b,9,12a-hexamethyl-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid 154497427 Click to see 751.00 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00164-8
10-Hydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-4,5,9,13-tetramethyl-19-propan-2-yl-23-oxahexacyclo[15.4.2.01,18.04,17.05,14.08,13]tricosan-22-one 162982497 Click to see 472.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84984-5
Alpha-Hederin 73296 Click to see 751.00 unknown via CMAUP database
Collinsonin 45267537 Click to see 620.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00563734
Hederagenin 73299 Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)CO)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C(=O)O)C 472.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84984-5
Hederagonic acid 12310388 Click to see 470.70 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Steroid lactones / Bufanolides and derivatives
3-[3,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-5-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5,14-dihydroxy-13-methyl-17-(6-oxopyran-3-yl)-2,3,4,6,7,8,9,11,12,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-10-carbaldehyde 10439890 Click to see 724.80 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
(3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(3S,8S,9S,10R,13R,14S)-17-[(2R,5R)-5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 52940117 Click to see 576.80 unknown via CMAUP database
(3S,8R,9R,10S,13R,14S,17R)-17-[(2R,5S)-5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol 636741 Click to see 414.70 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Alpha amino acids and derivatives / Phenylalanine and derivatives
3-[[1-(4-Aminobutylamino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamoyl]oxirane-2-carboxylic acid 19423296 Click to see 349.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19790620831
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / O-glycosyl compounds
(3S,3aS,5R,9aS,9bS)-3,6,9-trimethyl-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,3a,4,5,9a,9b-hexahydroazuleno[4,5-b]furan-2,7-dione 163025502 Click to see CC1C2CC(C(=C3C(C2OC1=O)C(=CC3=O)C)C)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O 424.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19790620831
Ranunculin 441581 Click to see 276.24 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83472-X
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Dihydrofurans / Furanones / Butenolides
1,7-Dioxadispiro(4.0.4.2)dodeca-3,9-diene-2,8-dione 10496 Click to see 192.17 unknown via CMAUP database
Anemonin 46173847 Click to see C1CC2(C13C=CC(=O)O3)C=CC(=O)O2 192.17 unknown via CMAUP database
Protoanemonin 66948 Click to see C=C1C=CC(=O)O1 96.08 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50048A058
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Isoquinolines and derivatives / Benzylisoquinolines
4-[[(1R)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-1-yl]methyl]-2-[4-[(6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-1-yl)methyl]phenoxy]phenol 45358120 Click to see 624.80 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Pyridines and derivatives / Pyridinecarboxylic acids and derivatives / Pyridinecarboxylic acids
CID 644263 644263 Click to see 125.10 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Pyridines and derivatives / Pyrrolidinylpyridines
3-(1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine 942 Click to see 162.23 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Coumaric acids and derivatives
[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-6-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-hydroxyethoxy]-5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl] (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate 6325338 Click to see 656.60 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Coumarin glycosides
6-methoxy-7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydrochromen-2-one 11953803 Click to see COC1=C(C=C2C(=C1)CCC(=O)O2)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O 356.32 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Hydroxycoumarins / 7-hydroxycoumarins
7-Hydroxy(~2~H_5_)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one 45358955 Click to see 167.17 unknown via CMAUP database
Scopoletin 5280460 Click to see 192.17 unknown via CMAUP database
Umbelliferone 5281426 Click to see C1=CC(=CC2=C1C=CC(=O)O2)O 162.14 unknown via CMAUP database

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