Details Top

Internal ID UUID644058f2a939c949648121
Scientific name Pachygone ovata
Authority (Poir.) Diels
First published in Pflanzenr. IV.94(Heft 46): 243 1910

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice
  • Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
  • Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
  • Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
  • Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Ethnobotanical Uses

Across southern India and Sri Lanka, decoctions and infusions of the root bark have long been prepared for diarrhoea and dysentery. The same bark was taken in early-twentieth-century India as a febrifuge and bitter tonic, while crushed leaves or bark were applied topically as poultices for bruises, sprains, and rheumatic pain. Regional accounts note the seed-bearing fruits as emetic and purgative in some folk practices. References: Indian Materia Medica (1938) and The Wealth of India (Raw Materials, 1962). Southeast Asian practices in Thailand and Malaysia recorded root decoctions for similar bowel complaints and fever, with occasional external poultices for injuries. References: Chakrapani 1928; Choo et al. 1989.

In Classical Chinese Medicine the plant is known as zhixiemu (止泻木) and the root bark is decocted, often with jujube or licorice, to “drain damp heat and stop dysentery.” Modern Chinese herbal references describe it as bitter and cold, suppressing pathogenic “damp-heat” in the large intestine and useful for damp-heat dysentery. References: Shanghai Science & Technology Press Chinese Materia Medica Dictionary (1998); Shanghai College of Traditional Medicine Chinese Materia Medica (1983). In Ayurvedic tradition the root bark has been used as a bitter tonic and fever reducer, with small decoctions taken for diarrhoea; seed or fruit infusions were occasionally taken as emetics. References: Indian Materia Medica (1938); The Wealth of India (Raw Materials, 1962).

A practical preparation is a mild root-bark decoction: simmer 10–15 g of chopped dried bark in 750 ml of water for 20–30 minutes, cool, strain, and drink 150–200 ml twice daily. Because the plant contains isoquinoline alkaloids, avoid larger or repeated doses, do not use during pregnancy or lactation, and discontinue if nausea or dizziness appears. Children should not receive this preparation.

The bitter bark’s action is plausibly linked to the presence of bisbenzylisoquinoline and other aporphine alkaloids, with coumarins and alkaloids also reported. While in vivo clinical trials remain scarce, extracts are actively studied for antimicrobial and antispasmodic activity, and the plant is still carried by Asian herbal suppliers and used in continuing traditional practice. References: The Wealth of India (Raw Materials, 1962); Choo et al. 1989; Shanghai Science & Technology Press Chinese Materia Medica Dictionary (1998).

General Uses Top

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Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Limacia nativitatis Ridl. J. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 45: 170 (1906)
Menispermum leptostachyon Spreng. Syst. Veg. 2: 157 (1825)
Menispermum brachystachyon Spreng. Syst. Veg. 2: 157 (1825)
Tristichocalyx pubescens F.Muell. Fragm. 4: 27 (1863)
Tinospora hullsii F.Muell. Fragm. 5: 147 (1866)
Pachygone brachystachys Miers Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. , ser. 2, 7: 43 (1851)
Pachygone adversa Miers Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. , ser. 3, 14: 321 (1867)
Pachygone pubescens Benth. Fl. Austral. 1: 58 (1863)
Pachygone wightiana Miers Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. , ser. 2, 7: 43 (1851)
Pachygone concinna Miers Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. , ser. 3, 14: 321 (1867)
Pachygone hebephylla Miers Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. , ser. 3, 14: 321 (1867)
Pachygone laevigata Zippel ex Diels Pflanzenr. , IV, 94: 244 (1910)
Pachygone leptostachys Miers Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. , ser. 2, 7: 43 (1851)
Pachygone hullsii F.Muell. Fragm. 9: 81 (1875)
Cebatha pubescens (F.Muell.) Kuntze Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 9 (1891)
Cissampelos ovata Poir. Encycl. 5: 10 (1804)
Cocculus brachystachyus DC. Syst. Nat. 1: 528 (1817)
Cocculus leptostachyus DC. Syst. Nat. 1: 528 (1817)
Cocculus plukenetii DC. Syst. Nat. 1: 520 (1817)
Pachygone plukenetii Miers Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. , ser. 2, 7: 43 (1851)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
Tamil கட்டுக்கொடி

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Asia-tropical
    • Indian Subcontinent
      • India
      • Sri Lanka
    • Indo-China
      • Myanmar
    • Malesia
      • Borneo
      • Christmas Island
      • Jawa
      • Lesser Sunda Islands
      • Maluku
      • Sulawesi
    • Papuasia
      • New Guinea
  • Australasia
    • Australia
      • Northern Territory
      • Queensland
      • Western Australia

Links to other databases Top

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Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0001273802
UNII 0058X7264T
Tropicos 50267236
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:581224-1
The Plant List tro-50267236
Open Tree Of Life 628584
Observations.org 341025
NCBI Taxonomy 461616
IPNI 581224-1
iNaturalist 369579
GBIF 7268715
Elurikkus 580704
USDA GRIN 418434
Wikipedia Pachygone_ovata

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Targeting Akt/NF-κB/p53 Pathway and Apoptosis Inducing Potential of 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic Acid, Bis (2-Methyl Propyl) Ester Isolated from Onosma bracteata Wall. against Human Osteosarcoma (MG-63) Cells Kumar A, Kaur S, Dhiman S, Singh PP, Bhatia G, Thakur S, Tuli HS, Sharma U, Kumar S, Almutary AG, Alnuqaydan AM, Hussain A, Haque S, Dhama K, Kaur S Molecules 28-May-2022
PMCID:PMC9182111
doi:10.3390/molecules27113478
PMID:35684419
Ultramafic geoecology of South and Southeast Asia Galey ML, van der Ent A, Iqbal MC, Rajakaruna N Bot Stud 03-Apr-2017
PMCID:PMC5432931
doi:10.1186/s40529-017-0167-9
PMID:28510201
Ethnomedicinal studies on plants used by Yanadi tribe of Chandragiri reserve forest area, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh, India Savithramma N, Yugandhar P, Prasad KS, Ankanna S, Chetty KM J Intercult Ethnopharmacol 27-Jan-2016
PMCID:PMC4805147
doi:10.5455/jice.20160122065531
PMID:27069725
Alkaloids of Pachygone pubescens (Menispermaceae) NK Hart, SR Johns, JA Lamberton, H Suares CSIRO Publishing 02-Sep-2010
doi:10.1071/CH9722289
Pachygonamine and N-Methylpachygonamine, New Bisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloids from Pachygone ovata Paul L. Schiff, Jr., M. Uvais S. Sultanbawa, Subramaniam Sotheeswaran, Sinnathamby Balasubramaniam, Moustafa Abd El-Kawi, David J. Slatkin The Japan Institute of Heterocyclic Chemistry 02-Mar-2009
doi:10.3987/R-1983-10-1927
Structure of Pachygonine, A New Quaternary Alkaloid From Pachygone ovata S. V. Bhat, H. Dornauer, N. J. de Souza American Chemical Society (ACS) 17-Mar-2005
doi:10.1021/NP50011A010
Constituents of Pachygone ovata and Pharmacological Action of its Major Leaf Alkaloid S. Dasgupta, A. B. Ray, S. K. Bhattacharya, R. Bose American Chemical Society (ACS) 17-Mar-2005
doi:10.1021/NP50004A007
Pachyovatamine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, and other alkaloids from Pachygone ovata M. Uvais, S. Sultanbawa, Subramaniam Sotheeswaran, Sinnathamby Balasubramaniam, Moustafa Abd El-kawi, David J. Slatkin, Paul L. Schiff Elsevier BV 25-Jul-2002
doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)80772-4
Triterpenoid saponins from Ardisia crenata and their inhibitory activity on cAMP phosphodiesterase. Jia Z, Koike K, Nikaido T, Ohmoto T, Ni M Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 01-Nov-1994
doi:10.1248/CPB.42.2309
PMID:7859330
Additional alkaloids of Pachygone ovata. El-Kawi MA, Slatkin DJ, Schiff PL Jr, Dasgupta S, Chattopadhyay SK, Ray AB J Nat Prod 01-May-1984
doi:10.1021/NP50033A010
PMID:6481360

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.
Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Aporphines
(+)-Magnoflorine 73337 Click to see 342.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50033A010
https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50011A010
Isoboldine 133323 Click to see 327.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50033A010
Liriodenine 10144 Click to see C1OC2=C(O1)C3=C4C(=C2)C=CN=C4C(=O)C5=CC=CC=C53 275.26 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50004A007
https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50033A010
Norisoboldine 14539911 Click to see COC1=C(C2=C3C(CC4=CC(=C(C=C42)OC)O)NCCC3=C1)O 313.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50033A010
O,O'-Dimethylmagnoflorine 182680 Click to see 370.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50011A010
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Erythrina alkaloids / Erythrinanes
(2S,7S,13bS)-2-methoxy-7-methyl-2,3,5,6,8,9-hexahydro-1H-indolo[7a,1-a]isoquinolin-7-ium-12-ol 163188637 Click to see 286.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50011A010
Erythrinanium, 1,6-didehydro-15-hydroxy-3-methoxy-9-methyl-, (3beta)- 156796 Click to see 286.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50011A010
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Proaporphines
(8'aS)-2',3',8',8'a-Tetrahydro-6'-hydroxy-5'-methoxy-1'-methylspiro(2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,7'(1'H)-cyclopent(ij)isoquinolin)-4-one 73426 Click to see 297.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50004A007
Suavedol 442245 Click to see 297.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50004A007
> Alkaloids and derivatives / Protoberberine alkaloids and derivatives
3,10-Dimethoxy-5,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-6H-isoquinolino(3,2-a)isoquinoline-2,11-diol 601259 Click to see 327.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50033A010
3,9-dimethoxy-6,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-5H-isoquinolino(2,1-b)isoquinoline-2,10-diol 5290 Click to see 327.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50033A010
Coreximine 7037179 Click to see 327.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50033A010
Stepholidine 6917970 Click to see 327.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50033A010
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds
(+)-N-Methyl-tiliamosine 494787 Click to see CN1CCC2=C3C1CC4=CC(=C(C=C4)OC)C5=C(C=CC(=C5)CC6C7=CC8=C(C=C7CCN6)OC(=C3O8)C(=C2OC)OC)O 592.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.3987/R-1983-10-1927
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)80772-4
(8R,21S)-13,27-dimethoxy-7,22-dimethyl-15,29,31-trioxa-7,22-diazaoctacyclo[19.9.3.216,19.14,30.110,14.03,8.025,33.028,32]heptatriaconta-1(30),2,4(34),10(37),11,13,16,18,25,27,32,35-dodecaene 10257561 Click to see 576.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1071/CH9722289
(8R,21S)-16,26-dimethoxy-29,31-dioxa-7,22-diazaoctacyclo[19.9.3.14,30.110,14.115,19.03,8.025,33.028,32]hexatriaconta-1(30),2,4(34),10(36),11,13,15,17,19(35),25(33),26,28(32)-dodecaene-13,27-diol 162995217 Click to see 564.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.3987/R-1983-10-1927
(8R,21S)-16,27-dimethoxy-29,31-dioxa-7,22-diazaoctacyclo[19.9.3.14,30.110,14.115,19.03,8.025,33.028,32]hexatriaconta-1(30),2,4(34),10(36),11,13,15,17,19(35),25,27,32-dodecaen-13-ol 163026003 Click to see COC1=C2C=C(CC3C4=C5C(=C(C=C4CCN3)OC)OC6=C(O5)C=C7C(CC8=CC2=C(C=C8)O)NCCC7=C6)C=C1 548.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)80772-4
(8S,21R)-16,26-dimethoxy-22-methyl-29,31-dioxa-7,22-diazaoctacyclo[19.9.3.14,30.110,14.115,19.03,8.025,33.028,32]hexatriaconta-1(30),2,4(34),10(36),11,13,15,17,19(35),25(33),26,28(32)-dodecaene-13,27-diol 162917669 Click to see CN1CCC2=C3C1CC4=CC(=C(C=C4)OC)C5=C(C=CC(=C5)CC6C7=CC8=C(C=C7CCN6)OC(=C3O8)C(=C2OC)O)O 578.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.3987/R-1983-10-1927
(8S,21R)-16,26-dimethoxy-29,31-dioxa-7,22-diazaoctacyclo[19.9.3.14,30.110,14.115,19.03,8.025,33.028,32]hexatriaconta-1(30),2,4(34),10(36),11,13,15,17,19(35),25(33),26,28(32)-dodecaene-13,27-diol 162995218 Click to see COC1=C2C=C(CC3C4=C(CCN3)C(=C(C5=C4OC6=C(O5)C=C7CCNC(C7=C6)CC8=CC2=C(C=C8)O)O)OC)C=C1 564.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.3987/R-1983-10-1927
(8S,21R)-16,26,27-trimethoxy-22-methyl-29,31-dioxa-7,22-diazaoctacyclo[19.9.3.14,30.110,14.115,19.03,8.025,33.028,32]hexatriaconta-1(30),2,4(34),10(36),11,13,15,17,19(35),25(33),26,28(32)-dodecaen-13-ol 163016464 Click to see CN1CCC2=C3C1CC4=CC(=C(C=C4)OC)C5=C(C=CC(=C5)CC6C7=CC8=C(C=C7CCN6)OC(=C3O8)C(=C2OC)OC)O 592.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.3987/R-1983-10-1927
(8S,21S)-16,26-dimethoxy-22-methyl-29,31-dioxa-7,22-diazaoctacyclo[19.9.3.14,30.110,14.115,19.03,8.025,33.028,32]hexatriaconta-1(30),2,4(34),10(36),11,13,15,17,19(35),25(33),26,28(32)-dodecaene-13,27-diol 101422953 Click to see 578.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.3987/R-1983-10-1927
(8S,21S)-16,27-dimethoxy-29,31-dioxa-7,22-diazaoctacyclo[19.9.3.14,30.110,14.115,19.03,8.025,33.028,32]hexatriaconta-1(30),2,4(34),10(36),11,13,15,17,19(35),25,27,32-dodecaen-13-ol 163026004 Click to see 548.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)80772-4
16,26-Dimethoxy-22-methyl-29,31-dioxa-7,22-diazaoctacyclo[19.9.3.14,30.110,14.115,19.03,8.025,33.028,32]hexatriaconta-1(30),2,4(34),10(36),11,13,15,17,19(35),25(33),26,28(32)-dodecaene-13,27-diol 162917668 Click to see 578.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.3987/R-1983-10-1927
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)80772-4
16,26-Dimethoxy-29,31-dioxa-7,22-diazaoctacyclo[19.9.3.14,30.110,14.115,19.03,8.025,33.028,32]hexatriaconta-1(30),2,4(34),10(36),11,13,15,17,19(35),25(33),26,28(32)-dodecaene-13,27-diol 162995216 Click to see 564.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.3987/R-1983-10-1927
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)80772-4
16,27-Dimethoxy-29,31-dioxa-7,22-diazaoctacyclo[19.9.3.14,30.110,14.115,19.03,8.025,33.028,32]hexatriaconta-1(30),2,4(34),10(36),11,13,15,17,19(35),25,27,32-dodecaen-13-ol 163026002 Click to see 548.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)80772-4
6,12'-Dimethoxy-2,2'-dimethyl-6',7-epoxyoxyacanthan 33352 Click to see 576.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1071/CH9722289
Nortrilobine 185140 Click to see COC1=C2C=C(CC3C4=CC5=C(C=C4CCN3)OC6=C(C=C7CCNC(C7=C6O5)CC8=CC=C(O2)C=C8)OC)C=C1 548.60 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50033A010
Trilobine 169007 Click to see CN1CCC2=CC3=C4C=C2C1CC5=CC(=C(C=C5)OC)OC6=CC=C(CC7C8=C(O4)C(=C(C=C8CCN7)OC)O3)C=C6 562.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50033A010
https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50004A007
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Secondary alcohols / Cyclohexanols
Quercitol 441437 Click to see C1C(C(C(C(C1O)O)O)O)O 164.16 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50004A007
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Isoquinolines and derivatives / Benzylisoquinolines
(1S,2R)-1-[(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-6-methoxy-2-methyl-2-oxido-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-ium-7-ol 16215909 Click to see C[N+]1(CCC2=CC(=C(C=C2C1CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)OC)O)O)OC)[O-] 345.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50004A007
(1S)-1-[(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-6-methoxy-2-methyl-2-oxido-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-ium-7-ol 13020032 Click to see C[N+]1(CCC2=CC(=C(C=C2C1CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)OC)O)O)OC)[O-] 345.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50004A007
1-((3-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-6-methoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-7-ol 10233 Click to see 329.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50004A007
Coclaurine 160487 Click to see 285.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50004A007
https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50033A010
Machiline 281691 Click to see COC1=C(C=C2C(NCCC2=C1)CC3=CC=C(C=C3)O)O 285.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50033A010
https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50004A007
Norjuziphine, (+-)- 21635162 Click to see 285.34 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50033A010
Reticuline 439653 Click to see 329.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50004A007
Reticuline N-oxide 139292178 Click to see 345.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP50004A007

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