Cymbopogon nardus
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID64402f806a790254228418 |
| Scientific name | Cymbopogon nardus |
| Authority | (L.) Rendle |
| First published in | Cat. Afr. Pl. 2: 155 (1899) |
Ethnobotanical Use Top
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Important notice
- Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
- Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
- Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
- Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.
Cymbopogon nardus, known locally as citronella or Serai wangi in some markets, is used for mild, warming teas and infusions in several traditional systems. Among the Hmong of northern Thailand and northern Laos, fresh or sun‑dried leaves are steeped in hot water for about 10–15 minutes to make a fragrant tea taken for mild fevers, colds, and general discomfort, sometimes sweetened before drinking (Le repertoire des produits forestiers non ligneux de la province de Xiengkhuang, Lao PDR, 2002). In some parts of East Africa, particularly around Kilimanjaro and the Lake Victoria basin, dried leaf infusions are prepared as a stomachic tonic; elders have described straining the tea after a short steep to reduce bitterness (Heine & König, 1988). In West Java, Indonesia, communities also make hot infusions of fresh leaves as a household remedy for coughs and indigestion; in southern India, particularly Kerala and Tamil Nadu, women traditionally include the infusion in daily teas during seasonal colds (Warrier et al., 1994).
Decoctions are common in food as well as household medicines. In central and southern Vietnam, citronella stems and leaves are often chopped and simmered in water for 10–20 minutes with lime, garlic, and chilies to produce a refreshing “nước sả” broth added to soups and seafood dishes; locally it is valued as a gentle digestive (Nguyen Van Duong, 2001). In central Thailand, bundles of leaves are boiled with ginger and lemongrass for colds and menstrual discomfort, typically reducing the liquid to about half before drinking warm (Hiranyaprasart et al., 2015). In West Africa, especially around eastern Nigeria, the dried herb is also decocted for fevers and mild gastrointestinal upsets, and the practice is recorded among older homekeepers who learned it from their elders (Okwu & Okwu, 2004).
Because infusion and decoction extracts are quite mild, tinctures are used to standardize doses when stronger action is desired. Folk practitioners in southern Vietnam and parts of Laos soak chopped fresh stems and leaves in about 45% ethanol at a ratio of roughly 1:5 (herb to solvent by weight/volume) for 2–3 weeks, shaking daily and filtering before use; 2–3 mL of the tincture is taken two or three times a day for cough, fever, or body aches (Nguyen Van Duong, 2001). In Malaysia, small batches prepared similarly by village herbalists are used to alleviate rheumatic pains, sometimes after dilution with water (Burkill, 1966). Safety notes: use only small amounts; do not take essential oils or high‑proof preparations internally; do not use during pregnancy or while nursing; discontinue if irritation occurs and consult a clinician if symptoms persist.
The aroma and gentle activity of these preparations fit with the plant’s well‑known chemistry: fresh leaves and stems yield an essential oil rich in citronellal, citronellol, and geraniol, along with myrcene and small amounts of geranyl acetate, compounds that contribute to the herb’s spasmolytic and insect‑repellent properties (Guenther, 1948–1952; Lahlou, 2003). Today, the herb continues to appear in regional markets for culinary and household use, while essential oil and standardized extracts are used in complementary medicine, cosmetics, and insect‑repellent products; scientific interest in anti‑inflammatory and antimicrobial activity remains ongoing (Parthasarathy et al., 2008; Bisht et al., 2013).
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Common products:
Essential oil (citronella oil) is the principal commercial product derived from the leaves of Cymbopogon nardus. It is marketed as a raw material for insect‑repellent, fragrance and flavor applications.
Industrial and craft applications:
Industrial uses include the incorporation of the oil into insect‑repellent products such as candles, room diffusers, spray formulations and lotions for personal use. The oil also serves as a fragrance component in soaps, detergents and other cleaning products, providing a citrus‑floral scent.
Food and beverages (non‑medicinal):
The oil is approved by the U.S. FDA as a Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) flavoring substance (21 CFR 184.1250). It is used to impart a lemon‑citrus note in confectionery, baked goods, ice cream and non‑alcoholic beverages.
Fragrance and cosmetics:
Beyond functional use, citronella oil is a valued component in fine fragrances and colognes for its fresh, lemony aroma. It is incorporated into soaps, shampoos, body lotions and other personal‑care preparations as a fragrance and for its mild antimicrobial properties.
Properties relevant to use:
The oil is obtained by steam distillation of fresh leaf material, typically yielding 0.5–1.5 % (w/w) oil from the plant. Its composition is dominated by citronellal (≈45–55 % w/w), citronellol (≈10–15 %), geraniol (≈5–10 %) and citronellyl acetate (≈2–5 %). These terpenoids confer a strong citrus‑lemony odor, low water solubility and high vapor pressure, which underlie its repellent and fragrance properties.
Standards and regulation:
The oil is listed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a GRAS flavoring ingredient (21 CFR 184.1250). The International Fragrance Association (IFRA) provides guidelines that set maximum permissible usage levels of citronella oil in fragrance compositions. In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) registers citronella oil as an active ingredient in registered insect‑repellent products.
Sustainability and sourcing:
Cymbopogon nardus is cultivated on large plantations in tropical and subtropical regions—India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, China and Vietnam are major producers. The grass is harvested by cutting the stems before flowering; the fresh biomass is subjected to steam distillation to extract the oil. With typical oil yields of 0.5–1.5 % (w/w) of fresh leaves, sustainable management involves a 2–3‑year harvest cycle, allowing the plant to regrow without extensive replanting. Because the plant’s natural repellent constituents suppress pest infestations, synthetic pesticide inputs are generally low, resulting in a low environmental impact production model.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Andropogon citrosus | hort. ex Steud. | Nomencl. Bot. , ed. 2, 1: 90 (1840) |
| Andropogon confertiflorus | Steud. | Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 385 (1854) |
| Andropogon grandis | Nees ex Steud. | Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 399 (1854) |
| Andropogon hamulatus | Nees ex Steud. | Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 388 (1854) |
| Andropogon khasianus | Munro ex Duthie | Fodder Grasses N. India : 88 (1888) |
| Andropogon nardus | L. | Sp. Pl. : 1046 (1753) |
| Andropogon nardus subsp. grandis | Hack. | Monographiae Phanerogamarum 6 1889 |
| Andropogon nardus subsp. nilagiricus | Hack. | Monogr. Phan. 6: 604 (1889) |
| Andropogon nardus var. luridus | Hook.f. | Fl. Brit. India 7: 204 (1896) |
| Andropogon nardus var. prolixus | Stapf | Fl. Cap. 7: 352. 1898 |
| Andropogon nardus var. validus | Stapf | Fl. Cap. 7: 352. 1898 |
| Andropogon nilagiricus | Hochst. ex Hack. | Monogr. Phan. [A.DC. & C.DC.] 6: 604. 1889 [Apr 1889] |
| Andropogon pseudohirtus | Steud. | Flora 12(2): 471. 1829 |
| Andropogon thwaitesii | Hook.f. | Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5: 243 (1900) |
| Cymbopogon afronardus | Stapf | Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 279 (1919) |
| Cymbopogon claessensii | Robyns | Fl. Agrost. Congo Belge 1: 145 (1929) |
| Cymbopogon confertiflorus | (Steud.) Stapf | Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1906: 318 (1906) |
| Cymbopogon nardus subsp. nilgiricus | Hack. | Monogr. Phan. 6: 604. 1889 (1889) |
| Cymbopogon nardus var. confertiflorus | (Steud.) Stapf ex Bor | J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 905 (1953) |
| Cymbopogon nardus var. luridus | (Hook.f.) N.Rama Rao | J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 12: 378 (1988 publ. 1989) |
| Cymbopogon prolixus | (Stapf) E.Phillips | Intr. S. Afr. Grass. 6: 218 (1931) |
| Cymbopogon thwaitesii | (Hook.f.) Willis | Revis. Cat. Pl. Ceylon : 110 (1911) |
| Cymbopogon validus | Stapf ex Burtt Davy | Ann. Transvaal Mus. 3: 121 (1912) |
| Cymbopogon validus var. lysocladus | Stapf | Fl. Trop. Afr. 9: 252. 1919 |
| Cymbopogon virgatus | Stapf ex Bor | J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 52: 168 (1954) |
| Lagurus paniculatus | Burm.f. | Fl. Indica : 30 (1768) |
| Sorghum nardus | Kuntze | Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 792 (1891) |
| Andropogon nardus var. confertiflorus | (Steud.) Stapf ex Bor | J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51: 905 1953 |
| Andropogon nardus var. zeyheri | Hack. | Monogr. Phan. 6: 607 (1889) |
| Andropogon nilagiricus | Hochst. | Exsicc. (Pl. Hohenack.) 1851: n.° 932 (1851) |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| English | citronella grass |
| Afrikaans | reuseterpentyngras |
| gor | timbuwale monu |
| Hungarian | citronella |
| Indonesian | serai wangi |
| Japanese | シトロネラ |
| jv | seré |
| kge | sorai betawi |
| Kannada | ಕಮಾಚಿ ಹುಲ್ಲು |
| Korean | 시트로넬라 |
| Malay | serai wangi |
| Burmese | စပါးလင်ဆီမွှေး |
| Dutch | citronella |
| Sinhala | පැගිරි |
| Thai | ตะไคร้หอม |
| Vietnamese | sả |
| Chinese | 柠檬草（香茅） |
| Chinese | 亚香茅 |
| Chinese | 亞香茅 |
| Chinese | 柠檬草 |
| Chinese | 金桔草 |
| Chinese | 香茅 |
Germination/Propagation Top
Suggest a correction or add new data!
No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
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Africa click to expand
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East Tropical Africa
- Kenya
- Tanzania
- Uganda
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Northeast Tropical Africa
- Sudan
-
Northern Africa
- Egypt
-
South Tropical Africa
- Angola
- Mozambique
- Zimbabwe
-
Southern Africa
- Botswana
- Cape Provinces
- Free State
- Kwazulu-Natal
- Lesotho
- Northern Provinces
- Swaziland
-
West Tropical Africa
- Nigeria
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West-central Tropical Africa
- Burundi
- Rwanda
- Zaïre
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Western Indian Ocean
- Madagascar
- Seychelles
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East Tropical Africa
-
Asia-temperate click to expand
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China
- China South-central
- China Southeast
- Hainan
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Eastern Asia
- Nansei-shoto
- Taiwan
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China
-
Asia-tropical click to expand
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Indian Subcontinent
- Assam
- Bangladesh
- East Himalaya
- India
- Maldives
- Sri Lanka
- West Himalaya
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Indo-China
- Andaman Islands
- Cambodia
- Laos
- Myanmar
- Nicobar Nicobar
- Vietnam
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Malesia
- Borneo
- Jawa
- Lesser Sunda Islands
- Malaya
- Maluku
- Philippines
- Sumatera
-
Papuasia
- Bismarck Archipelago
- New Guinea
-
Indian Subcontinent
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Northern America click to expand
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Mexico
- Mexico Northeast
- Mexico Southeast
- Mexico Southwest
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Southeastern U.S.A.
- Florida
-
Mexico
-
Pacific click to expand
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Northwestern Pacific
- Caroline Islands
- Marianas
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Southwestern Pacific
- Fiji
- Niue
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Northwestern Pacific
-
Southern America click to expand
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Brazil
- Brazil Northeast
- Brazil West-central
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Caribbean
- Bahamas
- Cuba
- Dominican Republic
- Haiti
- Jamaica
- Leeward Islands
- Puerto Rico
- Trinidad-Tobago
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Central America
- Honduras
-
Western South America
- Colombia
-
Brazil
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0000861056 |
| UNII | A9TR1GFH5L |
| Florida Plant Atlas | 4382 |
| USDA Plants | CYNA |
| Tropicos | 25509468 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:396972-1 |
| The Plant List | kew-406227 |
| Open Tree Of Life | 913226 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 79840 |
| IPNI | 396972-1 |
| iNaturalist | 184182 |
| GBIF | 2705267 |
| Freebase | /m/026r_10 |
| EPPO | CYGNA |
| EOL | 1114868 |
| USDA GRIN | 12810 |
| Wikipedia | Cymbopogon_nardus |
| CMAUP | NPO1937 |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
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Phytochemical Profile Top
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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Alkaloids and derivatives / Aspidospermatan-type alkaloids | |||||
| methyl (1R,9R,10S,11R,12S,13R,19R)-11-acetyloxy-12-ethyl-5-methoxy-8-methyl-20-oxa-8,16-diazahexacyclo[10.6.1.110,13.01,9.02,7.016,19]icosa-2(7),3,5-triene-10-carboxylate | 21586687 | Click to see | 456.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Benzenoids / Anthracenes / Anthraquinones | |||||
| Fredericamycin E | 44448279 | Click to see CC=CC=CC1=CC2=CC3=C(C(=C2C(=O)N1)O)C4(CC3)C(=O)C5=C(C6=C(C(=CC(=C6O)OC)O)C(=C5C(=O)C4=O)O)O | 569.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Benzenoids / Anthracenes / Anthraquinones / Hydroxyanthraquinones | |||||
| Gephyromycin | 11303332 | Click to see | 374.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Benzamides / Anthranilamides | |||||
| 2-Amino-4-chlorobenzamide | 12374837 | Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1Cl)N)C(=O)N | 170.59 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Benzoic acid esters | |||||
| Methyl 4-chloroanthranilate | 80001 | Click to see | 185.61 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Nitrobenzenes | |||||
| Aureothin | 6569946 | Click to see | 397.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Griseulin | 15764695 | Click to see | 341.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Benzenoids / Indanes / Indanones / Indanediones | |||||
| (8R)-4',9,9'-trihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3-[(1E,3E)-penta-1,3-dienyl]spiro[6,7-dihydro-2H-cyclopenta[g]isoquinoline-8,2'-cyclopenta[g]naphthalene]-1,1',3',5',8'-pentone | 11016980 | Click to see | 539.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (8S)-4',9,9'-trihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3-[(1E,3E)-penta-1,3-dienyl]spiro[6,7-dihydro-2H-cyclopenta[g]isoquinoline-8,2'-cyclopenta[g]naphthalene]-1,1',3',5',8'-pentone | 9937086 | Click to see | 539.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Benzenoids / Naphthacenes / Tetracenequinones | |||||
| Anhydromaggiemycin | 124643 | Click to see | 408.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Benzenoids / Phenol ethers / Anisoles | |||||
| Elemicin | 10248 | Click to see | 208.25 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR10.078 |
| > Benzenoids / Phenols / Methoxyphenols | |||||
| Eugenol | 3314 | Click to see | 164.20 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR10.078 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Long-chain fatty acids | |||||
| 18-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid | 5282915 | Click to see | 300.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 3-Hydroxymargarate | 98093872 | Click to see | 286.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Isotetradecanoic acid | 520298 | Click to see | 228.37 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Medium-chain fatty acids | |||||
| (s)-10-Methyldodecanoic acid | 92467611 | Click to see | 214.34 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Isotridecanoic acid | 33002 | Click to see | 214.34 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohol esters | |||||
| Geranyl acetate | 1549026 | Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCOC(=O)C)C)C | 196.29 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR10.078 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols | |||||
| (5S)-5-[(1S)-1-hydroxyhexyl]oxolan-2-one | 10511762 | Click to see | 186.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids | |||||
| Oxaloterpin C | 24178994 | Click to see CC1(C2CCC3CC(CC=C3C2(CCC1OC(=O)C(=O)NO)C)(C)C=C)C | 375.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Viguiepenol | 101438014 | Click to see | 288.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Acyclic monoterpenoids | |||||
| beta-OCIMENE, (3E)- | 5281553 | Click to see | 136.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(200003/04)15:2<100::AID-FFJ874>3.0.CO;2-Y |
| Citral | 638011 | Click to see | 152.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR10.078 |
| Citronellal | 7794 | Click to see | 154.25 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR10.078 |
| Citronellol | 8842 | Click to see | 156.26 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR10.078 |
| Geraniol | 637566 | Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCO)C)C | 154.25 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(200003/04)15:2<100::AID-FFJ874>3.0.CO;2-Y |
| Linalool | 6549 | Click to see | 154.25 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(200003/04)15:2<100::AID-FFJ874>3.0.CO;2-Y https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR10.078 |
| Myrcene | 31253 | Click to see | 136.23 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR10.078 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(200003/04)15:2<100::AID-FFJ874>3.0.CO;2-Y |
| Neral | 643779 | Click to see | 152.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR10.078 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Aromatic monoterpenoids | |||||
| 2-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-6-[(2S,4Z)-4-[(2E,4E,6E)-2,4,6-trimethyl-7-(4-nitrophenyl)hepta-2,4,6-trienylidene]oxolan-2-yl]pyran-4-one | 102350426 | Click to see | 477.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Bicyclic monoterpenoids | |||||
| Camphene | 6616 | Click to see | 136.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(200003/04)15:2<100::AID-FFJ874>3.0.CO;2-Y |
| Sabinene | 18818 | Click to see | 136.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR10.078 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Menthane monoterpenoids | |||||
| Limonene, (+/-)- | 22311 | Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1)C(=C)C | 136.23 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR10.078 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids | |||||
| alpha-Cadinol | 10398656 | Click to see CC1=CC2C(CCC(C2CC1)(C)O)C(C)C | 222.37 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR10.078 |
| delta-Cadinene | 441005 | Click to see | 204.35 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR10.078 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Elemane sesquiterpenoids | |||||
| Beta-Elemene | 6918391 | Click to see | 204.35 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR10.078 |
| Elemol | 92138 | Click to see | 222.37 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR10.078 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Germacrane sesquiterpenoids | |||||
| (S,1Z,6Z)-8-Isopropyl-1-methyl-5-methylenecyclodeca-1,6-diene | 91723653 | Click to see CC1=CCCC(=C)C=CC(CC1)C(C)C | 204.35 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR10.078 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides | |||||
| Zincophorin | 11757702 | Click to see | 568.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Androstane steroids / Androgens and derivatives | |||||
| 5alpha-Androstane-3beta,17alpha-diol | 446934 | Click to see | 292.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Alpha amino acids and derivatives | |||||
| (3S,6S)-3,6-Bis-(4-Hydroxy-Benzyl)-1,4-Dimethyl-Piperazine-2,5-Dione | 10473315 | Click to see | 354.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Peptides / Oligopeptides | |||||
| N-methyltyrosyl-N-methyltyrosyl-leucyl-alanine | 10370475 | Click to see | 556.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives | |||||
| (R)-2-[(2R)-Tetrahydro-5beta-[(S)-2-[[(S)-2-[(2S)-5alpha-[(R)-2-hydroxybutyl]tetrahydrofuran-2alpha-yl]propanoyl]oxy]propyl]furan-2beta-yl]propanoic acid | 11502215 | Click to see CCC(CC1CCC(O1)C(C)C(=O)OC(C)CC2CCC(O2)C(C)C(=O)O)O | 400.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Aminosaccharides / Aminoglycosides | |||||
| 2-amino-4-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose | 16213812 | Click to see | 340.33 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 3'-O-Forosaminyl-griseusin a | 3074466 | Click to see CC1CC(C(C2(O1)C3=C(C4C(O2)CC(=O)O4)C(=O)C5=C(C3=O)C(=CC=C5)O)OC6CCC(C(O6)C)N(C)C)OC(=O)C | 585.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Aminosaccharides / Aminoglycosides / Aminocyclitol glycosides | |||||
| Streptomycin | 19649 | Click to see | 581.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Monosaccharides / Pentoses / Pentose phosphates | |||||
| d-Cytidintriphosphat | 12358859 | Click to see | 483.16 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Phenylketones / Alkyl-phenylketones | |||||
| Actiphenol | 245940 | Click to see | 275.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzoxazines / Phenoxazines | |||||
| (3R,4R,5R)-2-amino-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[[8-(hydroxymethyl)-3-oxophenoxazin-2-yl]amino]-6-oxocyclohexene-1-carboxamide | 46939682 | Click to see | 426.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Bezerramycin A | 46183338 | Click to see | 285.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Bezerramycin B | 46183339 | Click to see CC(=O)NC1=C(C2=NC3=C(C=CC(=C3)CO)OC2=CC1=O)C(=O)O | 328.28 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Bezerramycin C | 46183340 | Click to see CC(=O)NC1=C(C2=NC3=C(C=CC(=C3)CO)OC2=CC1=O)C#N | 309.28 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Chandrananimycin D | 46939591 | Click to see | 300.27 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Elloxazinone B | 16658737 | Click to see C1=CC2=C(C=C1C(=O)O)N=C3C(=CC(=O)C(=C3C(=O)N)N)O2 | 299.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Grixazone B | 49866209 | Click to see | 417.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Indoles and derivatives / Indoles / 3-alkylindoles | |||||
| (2R,3S)-2-hydroxy-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)butanoic acid | 12310810 | Click to see CC(C1=CNC2=CC=CC=C21)C(C(=O)O)O | 219.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (5R)-2-Amino-5-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-1,3-oxazol-4-one | 56773917 | Click to see | 229.23 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (5R)-5-[(1R)-1-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-2-(methylamino)-1,3-oxazol-4-one | 25271942 | Click to see | 257.29 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (5R)-5-[(1S)-1-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-2-(methylamino)-1,3-oxazol-4-one | 12310808 | Click to see | 257.29 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Lactams / Beta lactams / Carbapenems / Thienamycins | |||||
| (5R,6R)-3-(2-acetamidoethylsulfanyl)-7-oxo-6-[(1S)-1-sulfonatooxyethyl]-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylate | 21772250 | Click to see CC(C1C2CC(=C(N2C1=O)C(=O)[O-])SCCNC(=O)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-] | 392.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Lactones | |||||
| (3R,4S,7S)-4-hydroxy-7-[(2R)-2-hydroxybutyl]-3-methyloxepan-2-one | 10262756 | Click to see | 216.27 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Feigrisolide A | 11820158 | Click to see CC1C(CCC(OC1=O)CC(C)O)O | 202.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Lactones / Delta valerolactones | |||||
| Prelactone B | 11105821 | Click to see CC1C(CC(=O)OC1C(C)C)O | 172.22 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Oxolanes | |||||
| (-)-Nonactic acid | 11095678 | Click to see CC(CC1CCC(O1)C(C)C(=O)O)O | 202.25 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Piperidines / Piperidinones / Piperidinediones | |||||
| 4-[(2R)-2-[(1S,3R,5S)-3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl]-2-hydroxyethyl]piperidine-2,6-dione | 7059507 | Click to see | 281.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 4-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-2-[(1S,3S,5R)-5-hydroxy-3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl]ethyl]piperidine-2,6-dione | 44715363 | Click to see CC1CC(CC(C1=O)C(CC2CC(=O)NC(=O)C2)O)(C)O | 297.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 4-[(2S)-2-[(1R,3R,5R)-3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl]-2-hydroxyethyl]piperidine-2,6-dione | 16757558 | Click to see | 281.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Isocycloheximide | 6604199 | Click to see CC1CC(C(=O)C(C1)C(CC2CC(=O)NC(=O)C2)O)C | 281.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Pyridines and derivatives / Hydropyridines / Tetrahydropyridines | |||||
| Cycloheximide | 6197 | Click to see | 281.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Naramycin B | 120760 | Click to see | 281.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Angucyclines | |||||
| Dehydrorabelomycin | 443801 | Click to see | 320.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Coumarin glycosides | |||||
| [(3S,4R,5S,6R)-5-hydroxy-6-[4-hydroxy-3-[[4-hydroxy-3-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)benzoyl]amino]-8-methyl-2-oxochromen-7-yl]oxy-3-methoxy-2,2-dimethyloxan-4-yl] carbamate | 73896877 | Click to see | 612.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Isochromanequinones / Benzoisochromanequinones | |||||
| [(3'S,4'R,6'R,11R,15R,17R)-3',4-dihydroxy-6'-methyl-2,9,13-trioxospiro[12,16-dioxatetracyclo[8.7.0.03,8.011,15]heptadeca-1(10),3(8),4,6-tetraene-17,2'-oxane]-4'-yl] acetate | 10026466 | Click to see CC1CC(C(C2(O1)C3=C(C4C(O2)CC(=O)O4)C(=O)C5=C(C3=O)C(=CC=C5)O)O)OC(=O)C | 444.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 2-[(1S,3R,3'S,4'S,6'S)-4'-acetyloxy-3',9-dihydroxy-6'-methyl-5,10-dioxospiro[3,4-dihydrobenzo[g]isochromene-1,2'-oxane]-3-yl]acetic acid | 23255065 | Click to see CC1CC(C(C2(O1)C3=C(CC(O2)CC(=O)O)C(=O)C4=C(C3=O)C(=CC=C4)O)O)OC(=O)C | 446.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Griseusin B | 10321333 | Click to see | 446.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Isoflavonoids / Isoflav-2-enes / Isoflavones | |||||
| 6-Chloro-5,7-dihydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one | 117846410 | Click to see | 304.68 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Macrolide lactams | |||||
| C22H27N3O7S | 10254449 | Click to see | 477.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Griseoviridin | 11225326 | Click to see | 477.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Macrolides and analogues | |||||
| Dinactin | 6916048 | Click to see | 765.00 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Feigrisolide C | 10668706 | Click to see CCC(CC1CCC(C(C(=O)OC(CC2CCC(O2)C(C(=O)O1)C)C)C)O)O | 400.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Feigrisolide D | 10693132 | Click to see | 414.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
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| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |