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Oenothera biennis

Table of Contents

Details
Ethnobotanical Use
General Uses
Synonyms
Common Names
Subtypes (subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, forms)
Germination/Propagation
Distribution
Links to other databases
Genome
Scientific Literature
Phytochemical Profile
Gallery
Contributors
Collections

Details Top

Internal ID UUID643ff7397f7aa248648670
Scientific name Oenothera biennis
Authority L.
First published in Sp. Pl. : 346 (1753)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice
  • Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
  • Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
  • Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
  • Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Among the Mapuche of southern Chile, leaves are infused as a tea to aid coughs and bronchial irritation (Bennett et al., 2021). In the Pacific Northwest, the Okanagan‑Colville prepare a root infusion to “break a cold” and soothe fevers (Bourke, 2014). On the Canadian Prairies and in eastern North America, early botanists noted that Indigenous practitioners made tea from Oenothera biennis leaves and roots to relieve diarrhea, dysentery, and “stomach complaints,” often as decoctions for stronger effect (Moerman, 1998; Moerman et al., 2012; Fernald et al., 1958). The plants’ mucilaginous, slightly bitter infusions were prized as gentle astringents and to stimulate sweating.

A simple root decoction that people have described in these traditions uses roughly 1 ounce (≈ 28 g) of dried root simmered in 3 cups (≈ 720 ml) of water until reduced by a third, about 20–25 minutes; strained and drunk warm in 1/2‑cup portions 2–3 times daily for mild digestive upset. If an alcohol tincture is preferred, many herbalists follow a 1:5 ratio with 45% alcohol, macerating for 4–6 weeks, shaking daily, and taking 20–40 drops 2–3 times daily as directed. Because evening primrose can interact with some medications (including anticoagulants and epilepsy drugs), and because preparations may provoke allergic reactions in those sensitive to the plant family, pregnant or nursing people are generally advised to avoid internal use (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2022; MedlinePlus, 2023).

The activity of Oenothera biennis is closely linked to the seed oil’s abundant gamma‑linolenic acid and the leaf’s flavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol, as well as phenolic acids like caffeic and ferulic acids. These constituents support the plant’s traditional astringent and anti‑inflammatory reputation (E. R., 1958; Moerman, 1998).

Modern relevance: evening primrose seed oil is widely available as a dietary supplement, while leaf‑based infusions remain in use by herbal communities that seek the plant’s traditional astringent and mildly diaphoretic actions (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2022; MedlinePlus, 2023).

General Uses Top

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Common products:
Evening‑primrose oil (Oenothera biennis oil) is marketed as a bulk commodity for cosmetic manufacturers and as a food‑grade ingredient. The oil is produced by cold‑pressing or solvent extraction from the seeds.

Industrial and craft applications:
The oil is used as a base oil in soap and personal‑care formulations, contributing moisturising properties to finished products. It also serves as a feedstock for biodiesel; studies report successful transesterification of the oil to meet EN 14214 (EU) or ASTM D6751 (US) specifications.

Food and beverages (non‑medicinal):
Evening‑primrose oil is incorporated as an edible oil in functional foods such as nutrition bars, salad dressings and snack products. It is marketed for its fatty‑acid profile rather than any culinary performance, and may appear as a minor component in specialty food formulations.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
Registered under the INCI name Oenothera biennis (Evening Primrose) Oil, it functions as an emollient and carrier oil in creams, lotions, serums and other cosmetic preparations. Flower extracts may be employed as fragrance components in perfumery.

Properties relevant to use:
The oil contains approximately 70 % linoleic acid and 9–10 % gamma‑linolenic acid (GLA) of total fatty acids, with small amounts of oleic, palmitic and stearic acids. Its iodine value is about 120–135 g I₂/100 g, saponification value 185–195 mg KOH/g, and acid value typically below 2 mg KOH/g. The high polyunsaturated fatty‑acid content provides emollient and film‑forming properties, while the moderate oxidative stability often necessitates antioxidant addition.

Standards and regulation:
The INCI‑listed ingredient is regulated under EU Cosmetic Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009. When marketed as a food, it must comply with EU Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 and ISO 659 (determination of oil content in oilseeds). Fatty‑acid composition is determined according to ISO 12966. Biodiesel derived from the oil must satisfy EN 14214 or ASTM D6751.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Evening primrose is cultivated as an annual herb in North America, Europe and New Zealand, yielding 1.5–2.5 t ha⁻¹ of seed. The crop tolerates marginal soils and requires relatively low inputs; seed residues can be used as animal feed or composted. Oil is extracted by cold‑press (retaining higher GLA) or solvent processes.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Oenothera brevispicata Hudziok Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 105: 101 (1968)
Oenothera gauroides Hornem. Hort. Bot. Hafn. 1: 362 (1813)
Oenothera tacikii Rostański Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 11: 503 (1965)
Oenothera flaemingina Hudziok Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 105: 88 (1968)
Oenothera ersteinensis R.Linder & R.Jean Bull. Soc. Bot. France 116: 528 (1970)
Oenothera furca Boedijn Z. Indukt. Abstammungs- Vererbungsl. 32: 361 (1924)
Oenothera glabra Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8 : n.º 3 (1768)
Oenothera grandifolia R.R.Gates Philos. Trans., Ser. B 226: 282 (1936)
Oenothera indivisa Hudziok Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 105: 91 (1968)
Oenothera inconspecta Hudziok Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 105: 89 (1968)
Oenothera casimiri Rostański Gen. Oenothera E. Eur. : 21 (2004)
Oenothera carinthiaca Rostański Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 23: 287 (1977)
Oenothera cambrica Rostański Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 23: 285 (1977)
Oenothera compacta Hudziok Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 105: 96 (1968)
Oenothera chicaginensis de Vries ex Renner & R.E.Cleland Z. Indukt. Abstammungs- Vererbungsl. 66: 275 (1933)
Onagra chrysantha Spach Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 4: 355 (1835 publ. 1836)
Onagra europaea Spach Hist. Nat. Vég. 4: 359 (1835)
Onagra media Spach Hist. Nat. Vég. 4: 360 (1835)
Oenothera suaveolens Pers. Syn. Pl. 1: 408 (1804)
Oenothera stucchii Soldano Atti Ist. Bot. Lab. Crittog. Univ. Pavia , ser. 6, 13: 151 (1978-1979 publ. 1980)
Onosuris acuminata Raf. Fl. Ludov. : 96 (1817)
Onagra vulgaris Spach Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 4: 353 (1835)
Oenothera paralamarckiana R.R.Gates Philos. Trans., Ser. B 226: 245 (1936)
Oenothera paradoxa Hudziok Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 105: 93 (1968)
Oenothera octolineata Hudziok Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 105: 89 (1968)
Oenothera purpurata Kleb. Z. Indukt. Abstammungs- Vererbungsl. 39: 19 (1925)
Oenothera pellegrinii Soldano Arch. Bot. Biogeogr. Ital. 58: 181 (1982 publ. 1983)
Oenothera obscurifolia Hudziok Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 105: 94 (1968)
Oenothera mediomarchica Hudziok Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 105: 90 (1968)
Oenothera media Link Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1: 377 (1821)
Oenothera marinellae Soldano Arch. Bot. Biogeogr. Ital. 58: 178 (1982 publ. 1983)
Oenothera macrosperma (Hudziok) Hudziok Wiss. Z. Martin-Luther-Univ. Halle-Wittenberg, Math.-Naturwiss. Reihe 14: 490 (1965)
Oenothera nissensis Rostański Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 11: 508 (1965)
Oenothera sesitensis Soldano Atti Ist. Bot. Lab. Crittog. Univ. Pavia , ser. 6, 13: 147 (1978-1979 publ. 1980)
Oenothera shulliana A.H.Sturtev. Z. Indukt. Abstammungs- Vererbungsl. 59: 367 (1931)
Oenothera sackvillensis R.R.Gates Philos. Trans., Ser. B 226: 287 (1936)
Oenothera sabulosa Farw. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12: 69 (1930)
Oenothera stenomeres Bartlett Amer. J. Bot. 1: 242 (1914)
Oenothera renneri H.Scholz Wiss. Z. Pädagog. Hochschule Potsdam, Math.-Naturwiss. Reihe 2: 206 (1956)
Oenothera pyramidiflora Hudziok Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 105: 95 (1968)
Oenothera rubricaulis Kleb. Jahrb. Hamburg. Wiss. Anst. 31(Beih. 3): 12 (1913 publ. 1914)
Oenothera suaveolens var. latipetala Soldano Rivista Piemont. Storia Nat. 2: 237 (1981)
Oenothera victorinii R.R.Gates & Catches. J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 49: 182 (1933)
Oenothera pedemontana Soldano Rivista Piemont. Storia Nat. 4: 131 (1983)
Oenothera salicastrum de Vries Gruppenw. Artbild. : 304 (1913)
Oenothera rubiennis de Vries Mutationstheorie 2: 102 (1903)
Oenothera biennis subsp. chicaginensis (de Vries ex Renner & Cleland) Á.Löve & D.Löve Opera Bot. 5: 258 (1961)
Oenothera rubricauloides Rostański Ann. Bot. Fenn. 44: 395 (2007)
Oenothera wratislaviensis Rostański Ann. Bot. Fenn. 44: 396 (2007)
Brunyera biennis (L.) Bubani Fl. Pyren. 2: 649 (1899)
Oenothera biennis f. grandiflora (L'Hér.) D.S.Carp. Fl. Vermont, ed. 3 198. 1937
Oenothera biennis var. grandiflora (L'Hér.) Lindl.
Onagra biennis var. grandiflora (L'Hér.) Lindl. Edwards's Bot. Reg. 19: t. 1604 1833
Oenothera chicagoensis Renner ex R.E.Cleland & Blakeslee Proc. Natl. Acad. U.S.A. 16: 189 1930
Oenothera latipetala (Soldano) Soldano Inform. Bot. Ital. 42(1): 388 (2010)
Onagra biennis Scop. Fl. Carniol. , ed. 2, 1: 269 (1771)
Oenothera biennis var. pycnocarpa Wiegand Rhodora 26: 3 (1924)
Oenothera muricata L. Syst. Nat. ed. 12 , 2: 263 (1767)
Onagra muricata Moench Methodus : 675 (1794)
Oenothera pycnocarpa G.F.Atk. & Bartlett Rhodora 15: 83 (1913)
Oenothera tracyi Bartlett Rhodora 13: 210 (1911)
Oenothera royfraseri R.R.Gates Philos. Trans., Ser. B 226: 285 (1936)
Oenothera sackvillensis var. royfraseri (R.R.Gates) R.R.Gates Rhodora 59: 12 (1957)
Oenothera grandiflora var. tracyi (Bartlett) R.R.Gates Rhodora 59: 13 (1957)
Oenothera numismatica Bartlett Cybele Columb. 1: 41. 1914
Oenothera pratincola var. numismatica (Bartlett) R.R.Gates Rhodora 59: 16 (1957)
Oenothera biennis var. muricata (L.) Torr. & A.Gray Fl. N. Amer. 1: 492 (1840)
Oenothera biennis f. muricata (L.) H.Lév. ex Thell. Fl. Adv. Montpellier : 389 (1912)
Oenothera biennis subsp. suaveolens (Pers.) Rouy & E.G.Camus Fl. France 7: 200 (1901)
Oenothera biennis subsp. caeciarum Munz N. Amer. Fl. , ser. 2, 5: 133 (1965)
Oenothera biennis subsp. centralis Munz N. Amer. Fl. , ser. 2, 5: 134 (1965)
Oenothera biennis var. cantabrigiana B.M.Davis Rhodora 59: 16 (1957)
Oenothera gaurodes var. brevicapsula (Bartlett) R.R.Gates Rhodora 59: 16 (1957)
Oenothera muricata var. rubricaulis Farw. Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 1: 95 (1923)
Oenothera novae-scotiae var. serratifolia R.R.Gates Philos. Trans., Ser. B 226: 259 (1936)
Oenothera pycnocarpa var. cleistogama R.R.Gates Philos. Trans., Ser. B 226: 250 (1936)
Oenothera pycnocarpa var. parviflora R.R.Gates Philos. Trans., Ser. B 226: 251 (1936)
Oenothera sackvillensis var. albiviridis R.R.Gates Philos. Trans., Ser. B 226: 290 (1936)
Oenothera victorinii var. intermedia R.R.Gates Philos. Trans., Ser. B 226: 321 (1936)
Oenothera victorinii var. parviflora R.R.Gates Philos. Trans., Ser. B 226: 320 (1936)
Oenothera victorinii var. undulata R.R.Gates Philos. Trans., Ser. B 226: 322 (1936)
Oenothera biennis var. leptomeres Bartlett Amer. J. Bot. 1: 242 (1914)
Oenothera jueterbogensis var. macrosperma Hudziok Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 101: 48 (1964)
Oenothera biennis var. angustifolia Renner Planta 47: 244 (1956)
Oenothera chicaginensis var. parviflora Renner Planta 47: 233 (1956)
Oenothera muricata var. rhodoneura Renner Flora 131: 222 (1937)
Onagra chrysantha var. latifolia Spach Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. 4: 355 (1835 publ. 1836)
Oenothera biennis var. sulphurea de Vries ex Bartlett Rhodora 15: 53 (1913)
Oenothera brevicapsula Bartlett Cybele Columb. 1: 42. 1914
Oenothera pratincola Bartlett Cybele Columb. 1: 40. 1914
Oenothera editicaulis Hudziok Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 101: 47. 1964, designat. typi omissa; et in Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 105: 99. 1968, cum typo.
Oenothera jueterbogensis Hudziok Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 101: 47. 1964, designat. typi omissa; et in Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 105: 98. 1968, cum typo.
Oenothera graveolens Gilib. Fl. Lit. Inch. 2: 186. 1782
Oenothera communis H.Lév. Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. sér. 3, 19(241-242): 328. 1910 [dt. 1909; publ. Jan 1910]
Oenothera beckeri Renner Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 60: 457. 1942
Oenothera turoviensis Rostański Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 11: 514. 1965
Oenothera nuda Renner ex Rostański Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 14: 192. 1968
Oenothera ruderalis Bartlett Cybele Columb. 1: 44. 1914
Oenothera reynoldsii Bartlett Cybele Columb. 1: 39. 1914
Oenothera punctulata Rostański & Gutte Ber. Arbeitsgem. Sächs. Bot. 9: 71. 1971
Oenothera communis f. suaveolens (Pers.) H.Lév. Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. sér. 3, 19(241-242): 330. 1910 [1909 publ. Jan 2010] : erroneous entry
Oenothera pratincola f. typica Bartlett Bot. Gaz. 60: 427. 1915
Oenothera reynoldsii f. semialta Bartlett Amer. Naturalist 49: 135. 1915
Oenothera reynoldsii f. typica Bartlett Amer. Naturalist 49: 130, fig. 2, 4, 5. 1915
Oenothera stenomeres f. typica Bartlett Amer. J. Bot. 2: 101, fig. 2-4. 1915
Oenothera biennis f. leptomeres (Bartlett) P.D.Sell Fl. Gr. Brit. Ireland 3: 518. 2009
Oenothera victorinii f. rostanskii (V.Jehlík) V.Jehlík & Rostański Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 30(4): 437. 1995
Pseudo-oenothera virginiana Rupr. Fl. Ingr. [Ruprecht] 365. 1860 [May 1860]
Oenothera biennis subf. latifolia (Asch.) Thell. Fl. Advent. Montpellier 389. 1912
Oenothera biennis subsp. grandiflora Stomps Recueil Trav. Bot. Néerl. 41: 135. 1948
Oenothera biennis subsp. rubricaulis (Kleb.) Stomps Recueil Trav. Bot. Néerl. 41: 136. 1948
Oenothera biennis var. vulgaris Torr. & A.Gray Fl. N. Amer. (Torr. & A. Gray) 1(3): 492. 1840 [Jun 1840]
Oenothera communis f. canescens H.Lév. Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. sér. 3, 19(241-242): 330, 332. 1910 [1909 publ. Jan 2010]
Oenothera biennis subsp. biennis Thell. Fl. Adv. Montpellier : 387 (1912)
Oenothera communis var. biennis (L.) H.Lév. Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. , sér. 3, 20: 323 (1910)
Oenothera biennis var. rubricaulis (Farw.) Farw. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 8: 275. 1923
Oenothera cambrica var. impunctata Rostański Fragm. Florist. Geobot. 23: 287. 1977
Oenothera chicaginensis var. bartlettii Soldano Nat. Bresciana 28: 105. 1992 1993
Oenothera chicaginensis var. minutiflora Rostański & V.Jehlík Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 14: 401. 1979
Oenothera muricata var. latifolia Asch. Fl. Brandenburg 1: 213. 1864
Oenothera nissensis var. fiedleri Gutte & Rostański Ber. Arbeitsgem. Sächs. Bot. 11: 185. 1981
Oenothera parviflora var. muricata (L.) Farw. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 8: 274~ 4, fig. 22-25; tab. 8, fig. 46-50; tab. 9, fig. 69-72. 1923
Oenothera rubricaulis var. dentifolia V.Jehlík & Rostański Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 14: 398. 1979
Oenothera rubricaulis var. longistylis Gutte & Rostański Ber. Arbeitsgem. Sächs. Bot. 11: 187. 1981
Oenothera rostanskii V.Jehlík Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 20: 439 (1985)
Oenothera biennis var. lutea Alef. Landw. Fl. : 270 (1866)
Oenothera biennis var. alba Alef. Landw. Fl. : 270 (1866)
Oenothera biennis f. nanella de Vries Gruppenw. Artbild. : 297 (1913)
Oenothera rubiella de Vries Mutationstheorie 2: 309 (1903)
Oenothera pubescens Nees Reise Nord-America 2: 435 (1841)
Oenothera hirtella de Vries Mutationstheorie 2: 309 (1903)
Oenothera biennis var. parviflora Abrom. Fl. Ost- & Westpreussen 1: 276 (1898)

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
English evening primrose
English evening star
English common evening primrose
English common evening-primrose
English weedy evening primrose
English sundrop
English king's cure-all
English hog weed
English german rampion
English fever-plant
Spanish hierba del asno
Spanish onagra muricata
Spanish onagra biennis
Spanish hierba del vino
Spanish enotera
Spanish onagra común
Spanish oenothera muricata
Spanish errarnoa
Spanish oenothera suaveolens
Arabic أخدرية
Arabic حشيشة الحمار
Arabic رأس الجاموس
Arabic انغرا
Arabic أخدرية محولة
Arabic زهرة الربيع المسائية
Belarusian Асліннік двухгадовы
Catalan enotera groga
Catalan bella de nit
Czech pupalka dvouletá
Welsh melyn yr hwyr
Danish toårig natlys
German gewöhnliche nachtkerze
German gemeine nachtkerze
Esperanto ordinara enotero
Estonian kaheaastane kuningakepp
Persian پامچال شب
Finnish iltahelokki
French onagre bisannuelle
frr naachtlaacht
Irish coinneal oíche
Croatian noćurak
Upper Sorbian wulkokwětna rěpnica
Hungarian ligetszépe
Hungarian parlagi ligetszépe
Italian enotera
Japanese アレチマツヨイグサ
Japanese メマツヨイグサ
Lithuanian dvimetė nakviša
Macedonian Ноќниче
Macedonian ноќниче
Macedonian обично ноќниче
Macedonian двогодишно ноќниче
Dutch middelste teunisbloem
Dutch gewone teunisbloem
Polish nocna świeca
Polish wiesiołek dwuletni
Portuguese canárias
Romanian luminiță
Romanian răchițică pufoasă
Russian Ослинник двулетний
Russian энотера двулетняя
Russian ослинник двулетний
Serbo-Croatian noćurak
Slovak pupalka dvojročná
Serbian Ноћурак
Swedish nattljus
Turkish eşek otu
Turkish eşekotu
Ukrainian енотера дворічна
Ukrainian Енотера дворічна
Ukrainian onagra biennis
Chinese 月见草
Chinese 山芝麻
Chinese 月見草
Chinese 夜来香
Chinese 普通月见草

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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Sow seeds at 20°C, expecting germination within 3 months without further temperature treatment.
Requires Light or Surface Sowing: These seeds need light to germinate and should not be covered with soil or only very lightly. They are often very small and sown directly on the surface of the growing medium.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Africa
    • Macaronesia
      • Canary Islands
      • Madeira
    • Northeast Tropical Africa
      • Ethiopia
    • Northern Africa
      • Algeria
      • Morocco
      • Tunisia
    • Southern Africa
      • Cape Provinces
      • Free State
      • Kwazulu-Natal
      • Lesotho
      • Northern Provinces
    • West-central Tropical Africa
      • Rwanda
  • Asia-temperate
    • Caucasus
      • Transcaucasus
    • China
      • China North-central
      • China South-central
      • China Southeast
      • Inner Mongolia
      • Manchuria
    • Eastern Asia
      • Japan
      • Korea
      • Taiwan
    • Middle Asia
      • Kazakhstan
      • Kirgizstan
      • Tadzhikistan
      • Uzbekistan
    • Russian Far East
      • Amur
      • Khabarovsk
      • Kuril Islands
      • Primorye
      • Sakhalin
    • Siberia
      • Altay
      • Buryatiya
      • Irkutsk
      • Krasnoyarsk
      • West Siberia
    • Western Asia
      • Iran
      • Palestine
  • Asia-tropical
    • Indian Subcontinent
      • Bangladesh
      • West Himalaya
    • Indo-China
      • Myanmar
  • Europe
    • Eastern Europe
      • Baltic States
      • Belarus
      • Central European Russia
      • East European Russia
      • Krym
      • Northwest European Russia
      • South European Russia
      • Ukraine
    • Middle Europe
      • Austria
      • Belgium
      • Czechoslovakia
      • Germany
      • Hungary
      • Netherlands
      • Poland
      • Switzerland
    • Northern Europe
      • Denmark
      • Finland
      • Great Britain
      • Ireland
      • Norway
      • Sweden
    • Southeastern Europe
      • Albania
      • Bulgaria
      • Greece
      • Italy
      • Romania
      • Sicilia
      • Turkey-in-Europe
      • Yugoslavia
    • Southwestern Europe
      • Corse
      • France
      • Portugal
      • Spain
  • Northern America
    • Eastern Canada
      • New Brunswick
      • Newfoundland
      • Nova Scotia
      • Ontario
      • Prince Edward Island
      • Québec
    • Mexico
      • Mexico Central
      • Mexico Northeast
    • North-central U.S.A.
      • Illinois
      • Iowa
      • Kansas
      • Minnesota
      • Missouri
      • Nebraska
      • North Dakota
      • Oklahoma
      • South Dakota
      • Wisconsin
    • Northeastern U.S.A.
      • Connecticut
      • Indiana
      • Maine
      • Massachusetts
      • Michigan
      • New Hampshire
      • New Jersey
      • New York
      • Ohio
      • Pennsylvania
      • Rhode Island
      • Vermont
      • West Virginia
    • Northwestern U.S.A.
      • Colorado
      • Idaho
      • Montana
      • Oregon
      • Washington
    • South-central U.S.A.
      • New Mexico
      • Texas
    • Southeastern U.S.A.
      • Alabama
      • Arkansas
      • Delaware
      • District Of Columbia
      • Florida
      • Georgia
      • Kentucky
      • Louisiana
      • Maryland
      • Mississippi
      • North Carolina
      • South Carolina
      • Tennessee
      • Virginia
    • Southwestern U.S.A.
      • California
      • Nevada
    • Western Canada
      • Alberta
      • British Columbia
      • Manitoba
      • Saskatchewan
  • Southern America
    • Brazil
      • Brazil South
    • Southern South America
      • Argentina Northeast
      • Argentina Northwest
      • Chile Central

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!
Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000389564
UNII 76UI55V071
Florida Plant Atlas 3630
Flora of Alabama 2773
Canadensys 6808
USDA Plants OEBI
Tropicos 23200540
INPN 109911
Flora of Italy 3350
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:172755-2
The Plant List kew-2399189
Missouri Botanical Garden 283027
PFAF Oenothera biennis
Open Tree Of Life 12659
Observations.org 7107
NCBI Taxonomy 3942
NBN Atlas NBNSYS0000003599
Nature Serve 2.152267
IPNI 172755-2
iNaturalist 62207
GBIF 3188924
Freebase /m/06m8_q
WisFlora 4348
EPPO OEOBI
EOL 582933
Elurikkus 5946
Calflora (Californian flora) 5882
US Library of Congress sh85045966
USDA GRIN 25521
Wikipedia Oenothera_biennis
Plantarium 25275

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.
Accession Assembly
Name Level Submitter Released Coverage Size
GCA_025802395.1 ASM2580239v1 Scaffold Iridian Genomes 2022-10-23 2022 297.89 Mb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Natural products for managing metabolic syndrome: a scoping review Abdulghani MF, Al-Fayyadh S Front Pharmacol 30-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11091304
doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1366946
PMID:38746011
Clinical Efficacy in Skin Hydration and Reducing Wrinkles of Nanoemulsions Containing Macadamia integrifolia Seed Oil Somwongin S, Chaiyana W Nanomaterials (Basel) 20-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC11054140
doi:10.3390/nano14080724
PMID:38668218
Bibliometric Analysis and Visualization of Clinical Trials on the Therapeutic Potential of Essential Oils (1967-2024) Dagli N, Haque M, Kumar S Cureus 01-Apr-2024
PMCID:PMC10988541
doi:10.7759/cureus.57430
PMID:38572180
Saving the local tradition: ethnobotanical survey on the use of plants in Bologna district (Italy) Chiocchio I, Marincich L, Mandrone M, Trincia S, Tarozzi C, Poli F J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 12-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC10936038
doi:10.1186/s13002-024-00664-1
PMID:38475780
Antitumor immunostimulatory activity of the traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharide on hepatocellular carcinoma Liu Y, Wu J, Hao H Front Immunol 22-Feb-2024
PMCID:PMC10917928
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1369110
PMID:38455058
The effect of Oenothera biennis (Evening primrose) oil on inflammatory diseases: a systematic review of clinical trials Sharifi M, Nourani N, Sanaie S, Hamedeyazdan S BMC Complement Med Ther 15-Feb-2024
PMCID:PMC10867995
doi:10.1186/s12906-024-04378-5
PMID:38360611
The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Saxifragales: Paeoniaceae): Evidence of Gene Transfer from Chloroplast to Mitochondrial Genome Tang P, Ni Y, Li J, Lu Q, Liu C, Guo J Genes (Basel) 14-Feb-2024
PMCID:PMC10888214
doi:10.3390/genes15020239
PMID:38397228
Classification, biosynthesis, and biological functions of triterpene esters in plants Liu J, Yin X, Kou C, Thimmappa R, Hua X, Xue Z Plant Commun 13-Feb-2024
PMCID:PMC11009366
doi:10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100845
PMID:38356259
Microgreens on the rise: Expanding our horizons from farm to fork Lone JK, Pandey R, Gayacharan Heliyon 11-Feb-2024
PMCID:PMC10881865
doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25870
PMID:38390124
Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) from Cunninghamella elegans Grown on Glycerol Induce Cell Death and Increase Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species Kalampounias G, Gardeli C, Alexis S, Anagnostopoulou E, Androutsopoulou T, Dritsas P, Aggelis G, Papanikolaou S, Katsoris P J Fungi (Basel) 04-Feb-2024
PMCID:PMC10890652
doi:10.3390/jof10020130
PMID:38392802
Global Food Security and Sustainability Issues: The Road to 2030 from Nutrition and Sustainable Healthy Diets to Food Systems Change Varzakas T, Smaoui S Foods 18-Jan-2024
PMCID:PMC10815419
doi:10.3390/foods13020306
PMID:38254606
The Genomic Shock Hypothesis: Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations of Transposable Elements after Interspecific Hybridization in Plants de Tomás C, Vicient CM Epigenomes 27-Dec-2023
PMCID:PMC10801548
doi:10.3390/epigenomes8010002
PMID:38247729
A Comprehensive Ecotoxicity Study of Molybdenum Disulfide Nanosheets versus Bulk form in Soil Organisms Santos J, Barreto A, Fernandes C, Silva AR, Cardoso DN, Pinto E, Daniel-da-Silva AL, Maria VL Nanomaterials (Basel) 18-Dec-2023
PMCID:PMC10745638
doi:10.3390/nano13243163
PMID:38133059
Safety of Innovative Nanotechnology Oral Formulations Loaded with Bioactive Menopause Molecules: Influence of Genotoxicity and Biochemical Parameters on a Menopausal Rat Model Crișan S, Pop AL, Lacatusu I, Badea N, Mustaciosu C, Radu M, Varlas VN, Peneş ON, Ciobanu AM, Ghica M, Voicu SN, Udeanu DI Nutrients 29-Nov-2023
PMCID:PMC10708031
doi:10.3390/nu15234951
PMID:38068809
Discovery of Anti-Coronavirus Cinnamoyl Triterpenoids Isolated from Hippophae rhamnoides during a Screening of Halophytes from the North Sea and Channel Coasts in Northern France Al Ibrahim M, Akissi ZL, Desmarets L, Lefèvre G, Samaillie J, Raczkiewicz I, Sahpaz S, Dubuisson J, Belouzard S, Rivière C, Séron K Int J Mol Sci 22-Nov-2023
PMCID:PMC10705938
doi:10.3390/ijms242316617
PMID:38068938

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!
Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.
Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives
2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 3469 Click to see 154.12 unknown https://doi.org/10.5586/ASBP.1995.007
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid 135 Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C(=O)O)O 138.12 unknown https://doi.org/10.5586/ASBP.1995.007
Protocatechuic Acid 72 Click to see 154.12 unknown https://doi.org/10.1007/S11746-002-0484-8
https://doi.org/10.5586/ASBP.1995.007
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives / Gallic acid and derivatives / Gallic acids
Gallic Acid 370 Click to see 170.12 unknown https://doi.org/10.3136/NSKKK.50.180
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF010526I
https://doi.org/10.1002/CJOC.201190024
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Salicylic acid and derivatives / Salicylic acids
Salicylic Acid 338 Click to see 138.12 unknown https://doi.org/10.5586/ASBP.1995.007
> Benzenoids / Phenols / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids
Hydroxyphenylacetic acid 127 Click to see 152.15 unknown https://doi.org/10.5586/ASBP.1995.007
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Medium-chain fatty acids
Hexanoic Acid 8892 Click to see 116.16 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/ARDP.19192570105
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Lineolic acids and derivatives
gamma-Linolenic acid 5280933 Click to see CCCCCC=CCC=CCC=CCCCCC(=O)O 278.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0952-3278(93)90030-Z
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02663760
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00078A036
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02537067
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02540579
Linoleic Acid 5280450 Click to see 280.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0952-3278(93)90030-Z
https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00078A036
Linolenic Acid 5280934 Click to see 278.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00078A036
Stearidonic Acid 5312508 Click to see 276.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/0952-3278(93)90030-Z
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
3-Hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 619166 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/CJOC.201190024
Oleanolic Acid 10494 Click to see 456.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/CJOC.201190024
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
(-)-beta-Sitosterol 222284 Click to see 414.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/CJOC.201190024
17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol 86821 Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C 414.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/CJOC.201190024
beta-Sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside 296119 Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C 576.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/CJOC.201190024
Sitogluside 5742590 Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C 576.80 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/CJOC.201190024
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids
O-Coumaric Acid 637540 Click to see 164.16 unknown https://doi.org/10.5586/ASBP.1995.007
P-Coumaric Acid 637542 Click to see 164.16 unknown https://doi.org/10.5586/ASBP.1995.007
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Biflavonoids and polyflavonoids
Procyanidin B3 146798 Click to see 578.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.3136/NSKKK.50.180
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Catechins
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-3,5,7-triol 1203 Click to see 290.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF010526I
Catechin 9064 Click to see 290.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF010526I
https://doi.org/10.3136/NSKKK.50.180
Epicatechin 72276 Click to see 290.27 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/JF010526I
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Tannins / Hydrolyzable tannins
[3,4,5,13,21,22,23-Heptahydroxy-8,18-dioxo-11-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy-9,14,17-trioxatetracyclo[17.4.0.02,7.010,15]tricosa-1(23),2,4,6,19,21-hexaen-12-yl] 2-[[3,4,5,12,22,23-hexahydroxy-8,18-dioxo-11,13-bis[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]-9,14,17-trioxatetracyclo[17.4.0.02,7.010,15]tricosa-1(23),2,4,6,19,21-hexaen-21-yl]oxy]-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate 16174339 Click to see 1571.10 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00435-6

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