Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Ocimum gratissimum, commonly called African basil, is a staple in the folk medicine of many West and Central African communities. Among the Yoruba of southwestern Nigeria, the leaves are boiled into a tea to relieve colds, fevers, and stomach upset, while the bark is decocted for coughs and sore throats (Bennett et al., 2021). The Ewe of Ghana prepare a decoction of fresh leaves and roots to treat malaria‑like fevers and to reduce inflammation, and they also apply a poultice of crushed leaves to minor wounds and bruises (Bennett et al., 2021). In Cameroon, the Bantu use a tincture made from dried leaves and a small amount of alcohol to treat urinary tract infections and to soothe sore muscles (Bennett et al., 2021). These preparations all rely on the plant’s aromatic leaves, with occasional use of bark or root, and they illustrate a consistent theme of anti‑inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antipyretic activity.

A simple, safe tea can be made at home with 5 g of dried leaves (or about 1 tablespoon of fresh leaves) and 250 ml of freshly boiled water. Let the mixture steep for 5–10 minutes, then strain and sip. This mild infusion is suitable for most adults; limit intake to no more than three cups per day, and avoid use during pregnancy or if you have a history of gastrointestinal sensitivity. If you experience nausea or stomach upset, discontinue use and consult a healthcare professional.

The therapeutic effects of Ocimum gratissimum are largely attributed to its essential‑oil constituents. The leaves contain high levels of eugenol, linalool, thymol, carvacrol, and cineole, all of which have documented anti‑inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antipyretic properties. These compounds help explain the plant’s traditional use for fever, infection, and wound healing, and they have been the focus of recent pharmacological studies.

Modern research continues to validate these ethnobotanical claims. Recent in‑vitro studies confirm the antibacterial activity of the leaf oil against common pathogens, and the plant’s essential oil is now commercially available in aromatherapy blends and topical preparations. Traditional use remains strong in rural markets, and scientists are exploring the potential of Ocimum gratissimum as a source of new anti‑inflammatory agents.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
The species is cultivated for essential oil produced by steam-distillation of the fresh aerial parts. The oil is characterized by high eugenol content (approximately 60–95%), with notable 1,8-cineole and β-caryophyllene depending on chemotype and origin.

Industrial and craft applications:
Essential oil is used directly or as a component in fragrance and flavor compositions. It is also employed as a botanical insecticide and insect repellent in stored-products protection and as a fumigant; activity is attributed to eugenol and other terpenoids.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
Leaf oil and extracts provide spicy, clove-like aromatic notes used in perfumery and in flavoring for foods, beverages, and mouth-care formulations (toothpaste, mouthwashes, chewing gum). Regulation of the essential oil as a fragrance ingredient or flavor additive varies by jurisdiction (EU flavor categories; IFRA guidelines for fragrance materials).

Properties relevant to use:
The high eugenol content (typically >60%) confers strong aroma and insecticidal activity. Chemotypes vary in eugenol versus 1,8-cineole/β-caryophyllene, influencing sensory and bioactive profiles. Essential oil composition is analyzed by GC/FID with standard markers.

Standards and regulation:
Quality and safety are governed by general frameworks such as ISO 22000/FSSC 22000 (food safety) and EU Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008 (flavoring substances) or (EC) No 1223/2009 (cosmetic products). The oil as a fragrance material is subject to IFRA recommendations; analytical methods typically follow ISO 17025-accredited practices. For stored-products uses, relevant national pesticide or public-health regulations may apply. No plant-specific timber or fiber uses are documented.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Oil is produced through small-scale steam distillation; the crop is cultivated in tropical regions and yields per hectare vary widely by chemotype and agricultural inputs. Manual harvesting and on-farm distillation are common in some regions, supporting local incomes but with variable yields and quality control.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Ocimum anosurum	Fenzl	Flora 27: 312 (1844)
Ocimum caillei	A.Chev.	Explor. Bot. Afrique Occ. Franç. 1: 511 (1920)
Ocimum frutescens	Mill.	Gard. Dict. ed. 8 : n.º 6 (1768)
Ocimum gratissimum var. suave	(Willd.) Hook.f.	Fl. Brit. India 4: 609. 1885
Ocimum paniculatum	Bojer	Hortus Maurit. : 253 (1837)
Ocimum villosum	Weinm.	Syll. Pl. Nov. 1: 121 (1824)
Ocimum gratissimum var. hildebrandtii	Briq.	Bull. Herb. Boissier 2: 120. 1894
Ocimum gratissimum var. mascarenarum	Briq.	Bull. Herb. Boissier 2: 120 1894
Ocimum suave var. distantidens	Briq.	Bull. Herb. Boissier sér. 2, 3: 980. 1903

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	clove basil
English	african basil
English	wild basil
Spanish	ocimum paniculatum
Spanish	ocimum caillei
Spanish	ocimum anosurum
Spanish	geniosporum discolor
Amharic	ኣንጨባ
Arabic	حبق بهيج
Azerbaijani	gözəl reyhan
azb	گؤزل ریحان
Persian	اسیموم گراتیسیموم
Fulah	kacuke
Finnish	pensasbasilika
guw	Ṣanmadídó
Indonesian	selasih mekah
Japanese	インドメボウキ
ln	lumba lumba
Malagasy	romba
Malayalam	സുമുഖം
Malayalam	കാ ട്ടുതുളസി
Malayalam	കാട്ടുതുളസി
Marathi	अजवला
Polish	bazylia eugenolowa
Russian	Базилик эвгенольный
Tamil	பெருந்துளசி
Telugu	రామ తులసి
Thai	กะเพราควาย
Vietnamese	hương nhu trắng
Yoruba	efinrin
Chinese	丁香羅勒
Chinese	美罗勒
Chinese	丁香罗
Chinese	美羅勒
Chinese	印度零陵香
Chinese	丁香罗勒

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Ocimum gratissimum subsp. gratissimum		Unknown
Ocimum gratissimum subsp. iringense	Ayob. ex A.J.Paton	Kew Bull. 47: 417 (1992)

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Ocimum gratissimum var. macrophyllum	Briq.	Bull. Herb. Boissier 2: 120 (1896)

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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Requires Light or Surface Sowing: These seeds need light to germinate and should not be covered with soil or only very lightly. They are often very small and sown directly on the surface of the growing medium.

soak in running water for 24 hrs, germinate @ 25 °

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- East Tropical Africa
  - Kenya
  - Tanzania
  - Uganda
- Macaronesia
  - Cape Verde
- Northeast Tropical Africa
  - Chad
  - Djibouti
  - Eritrea
  - Ethiopia
  - Somalia
  - Sudan
- South Tropical Africa
  - Angola
  - Malawi
  - Mozambique
  - Zambia
  - Zimbabwe
- Southern Africa
  - Botswana
  - Caprivi Strip
  - Kwazulu-Natal
  - Namibia
  - Northern Provinces
  - Swaziland
- West Tropical Africa
  - Benin
  - Burkina
  - Gambia
  - Ghana
  - Guinea
  - Guinea-Bissau
  - Ivory Coast
  - Liberia
  - Niger
  - Nigeria
  - Senegal
  - Sierra Leone
  - Togo
- West-central Tropical Africa
  - Burundi
  - Cameroon
  - Central African Republic
  - Congo
  - Equatorial Guinea
  - Gabon
  - Gulf Of Guinea Islands
  - Rwanda
  - Zaïre
- Western Indian Ocean
  - Aldabra
  - Comoros
  - Madagascar
  - Mauritius

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Arabian Peninsula
  - Yemen
- China
  - China Southeast
- Eastern Asia
  - Taiwan

Asia-tropical click to expand
- Indian Subcontinent
  - Assam
  - Bangladesh
  - India
  - Laccadive Islands
  - Maldives
  - Nepal
  - Sri Lanka
- Indo-China
  - Andaman Islands
  - Cambodia
  - Laos
  - Thailand
  - Vietnam
- Malesia
  - Jawa
  - Malaya
  - Sumatera
- Papuasia
  - Bismarck Archipelago
  - New Guinea

Australasia click to expand
- Australia
  - Queensland

Northern America click to expand
- Mexico
  - Mexico Gulf
  - Mexico Southwest

Pacific click to expand
- North-central Pacific
  - Hawaii
- South-central Pacific
  - Cook Islands
  - Marquesas
  - Society Islands
  - Tuamotu
- Southwestern Pacific
  - New Caledonia
  - Tonga
  - Vanuatu

Southern America click to expand
- Brazil
  - Brazil North
  - Brazil Northeast
  - Brazil South
  - Brazil Southeast
  - Brazil West-central
- Caribbean
  - Aruba
  - Cuba
  - Dominican Republic
  - Jamaica
  - Leeward Islands
  - Netherlands Antilles
  - Trinidad-Tobago
  - Windward Islands
- Central America
  - Panamá
- Western South America
  - Bolivia

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000253342
UNII	7V3N80T4VS
USDA Plants	OCGR
Tropicos	17600215
INPN	445717
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:452969-1
The Plant List	kew-136923
Open Tree Of Life	782182
Observations.org	198801
NCBI Taxonomy	204144
Nature Serve	2.150852
IPNI	452969-1
iNaturalist	165769
GBIF	2927094
Freebase	/m/09v5hq2
EPPO	OCIGR
EOL	486655
Elurikkus	335809
USDA GRIN	25483
Wikipedia	Ocimum_gratissimum
CMAUP	NPO25377

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by various ethnic tribes of Mizoram, India

Ralte L, Singh YT

PLoS One

10-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11086894
doi:	10.1371/journal.pone.0302792
PMID:	38728345

Knowledge and practices of traditional management of child malnutrition and associated pathologies in Benin

Vissoh AC, Klotoé JR, Fah L, Agbodjento E, Koudokpon H, Togbe E, Saïdou S, Dougnon V

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

02-May-2024

PMCID:	PMC11064319
doi:	10.1186/s13002-024-00684-x
PMID:	38693543

Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Potential of Phytogenic Selenium Nanoparticle- and Light Regime-Mediated In Vitro Caralluma tuberculata Callus Culture Extract

Ali A, Mashwani ZU, Raja NI, Mohammad S, Ahmad MS, Luna-Arias JP

ACS Omega

24-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11079897
doi:	10.1021/acsomega.3c10222
PMID:	38737082

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Zingiber officinale and Ocimum gratissimum Formulation for Its Anti-inflammatory and Antidiabetic Activity: An In Vitro Study

Anandachockalingam A, Shanmugam R, Ryntathiang I, Dharmalingam Jothinathan MK

Cureus

12-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11088973
doi:	10.7759/cureus.58098
PMID:	38741855

Exposure of Caralluma tuberculata to biogenic selenium nanoparticles as in vitro rooting agent: Stimulates morpho-physiological and antioxidant defense system

Ali A, Mashwani ZU, Raja NI, Mohammad S, Ahmad MS, Luna-Arias JP

PLoS One

10-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11006134
doi:	10.1371/journal.pone.0297764
PMID:	38598493

Antiprotozoal Activity of Plants Used in the Management of Sleeping Sickness in Angola and Bioactivity-Guided Fractionation of Brasenia schreberi J.F.Gmel and Nymphaea lotus L. Active against T. b. rhodesiense

Vahekeni N, Brillatz T, Rahmaty M, Cal M, Keller-Maerki S, Rocchetti R, Kaiser M, Sax S, Mattli K, Wolfram E, Marcourt L, Queiroz EF, Wolfender JL, Mäser P

Molecules

03-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11013945
doi:	10.3390/molecules29071611
PMID:	38611890

Effects of Seven Plant Essential Oils on the Growth, Development and Feeding Behavior of the Wingless Aphis gossypii Glover

Wang X, Zhang Y, Yuan H, Lu Y

Plants (Basel)

22-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC11013612
doi:	10.3390/plants13070916
PMID:	38611446

Development and laboratory validation of a plant-derived repellent blend, effective against Aedes aegypti [Diptera: Culicidae], Anopheles gambiae [Diptera: Culicidae] and Culex quinquefasciatus [Diptera: Culicidae]

Wood MJ, Bull JC, Kanagachandran K, Butt TM

PLoS One

21-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10956804
doi:	10.1371/journal.pone.0299144
PMID:	38512948

Ethnobotanical study and vulnerability of medicinal plants used against the symptoms of COVID-19 in the Lomié subdivision, East Region of Cameroon

Ngamsou Abdel K, Mala WA, Chimi PM, Funwi FP, Engoulou C, Messi Effa JA, Kouoguem Kamdem ME, Nzoyeuem Djonko F, Landry Fokoua U, Brice Adounga S, Marguerite Mbolo M

Heliyon

21-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10999872
doi:	10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28247
PMID:	38590891

Combinations of Lemongrass and Star Anise Essential Oils and Their Main Constituent: Synergistic Housefly Repellency and Safety against Non-Target Organisms

Soonwera M, Sinthusiri J, Passara H, Moungthipmalai T, Puwanard C, Sittichok S, Murata K

Insects

20-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10971264
doi:	10.3390/insects15030210
PMID:	38535405

Obtaining Microbiologically Safe Hatching Eggs from Hatcheries: Using Essential Oils for Integrated Sanitization Strategies in Hatching Eggs, Poultry Houses and Poultry

Oliveira GD, McManus C, Vale IR, dos Santos VM

Pathogens

18-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10974541
doi:	10.3390/pathogens13030260
PMID:	38535603

Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants and their utilization by indigenous and local communities of Dugda District, Central Rift Valley, Ethiopia

Oda BK, Lulekal E, Warkineh B, Asfaw Z, Debella A

J Ethnobiol Ethnomed

09-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10924356
doi:	10.1186/s13002-024-00665-0
PMID:	38461267

Review of Herbal Medicinal Plants Used in the Management of Cancers in the East Africa Region from 2019 to 2023

Kudamba A, Kasolo JN, Bbosa GS, Lugaajju A, Wabinga H, Kafeero HM, Ssenku JE, Alemu SO, Walusansa A, Niyonzima N, Muwonge H

Integr Cancer Ther

06-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10916491
doi:	10.1177/15347354241235583
PMID:	38445504

Medicinal Plants Used by Oromo Community in Kofale District, West-Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Nuro GB, Tolossa K, Giday M

J Exp Pharmacol

05-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10929209
doi:	10.2147/JEP.S449496
PMID:	38476311

Systematic review on microbiome-related nutritional interventions interfering with the colonization of foodborne pathogens in broiler gut to prevent contamination of poultry meat

Mekonnen YT, Savini F, Indio V, Seguino A, Giacometti F, Serraino A, Candela M, De Cesare A

Poult Sci

05-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10959702
doi:	10.1016/j.psj.2024.103607
PMID:	38493536

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!

Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid	135	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C(=O)O)O	138.12	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives / M-methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives
Vanillic Acid	8468	Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C(=O)O)O	168.15	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / p-Hydroxybenzoic acid esters / p-Hydroxybenzoic acid alkyl esters
Methylparaben	7456	Click to see	152.15	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Methoxybenzenes / Dimethoxybenzenes
Methyleugenol	7127	Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)CC=C)OC	178.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01959201
> Benzenoids / Phenol ethers / Anisoles
Estragole	8815	Click to see	148.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978(00)00062-4 https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1990-9-1023
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Methoxyphenols
6-Methyleugenol	45266909	Click to see	178.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1990-9-1023
Eugenol	3314	Click to see	164.20	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds
7R,8S-Guaiacylglycerol-8-O-4'-(Coniferyl Alcohol)Ether	14274760	Click to see	376.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
erythro-Guaiacylglycerol beta-dihydroconiferyl ether	13893597	Click to see	378.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Long-chain fatty acids
Eicosanoic Acid	10467	Click to see	312.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
Stearic Acid	5281	Click to see	284.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Medium-chain fatty acids
Azelaic Acid	2266	Click to see C(CCCC(=O)O)CCCC(=O)O	188.22	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids
Tocopherol quinone	2734086	Click to see	446.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Acyclic monoterpenoids
beta-OCIMENE, (3E)-	5281553	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01959201
beta-Ocimene, (3Z)-	5320250	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01959201
Citral	638011	Click to see	152.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
Linalool	6549	Click to see	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698054 https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1990-9-1023 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(98)00020-3
Myrcene	31253	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698054 https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1990-9-1023 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01959201 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(98)00020-3
Neral	643779	Click to see	152.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698054
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Aromatic monoterpenoids
P-Cymene	7463	Click to see	134.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01959201 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978(00)00062-4
Thymol	6989	Click to see	150.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698054 https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1998.9700975 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978(00)00062-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01959201 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(89)90113-X
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Bicyclic monoterpenoids
(+-)-alpha-Pinene	6654	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698054 https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1990-9-1023 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01959201
alpha-Thujene	17868	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01959201
Beta-Pinene	14896	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698054 https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1990-9-1023 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01959201 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(98)00020-3
beta-Thujene	520384	Click to see CC1C=CC2(C1C2)C(C)C	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1990-9-1023
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Menthane monoterpenoids
Alpha-Terpinene	7462	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1990-9-1023 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01959201
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
(-)-Isocaryophyllene	5281522	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978(00)00062-4
(4S)-4-methyl-1-[(3E)-6-methylhepta-1,3-dien-2-yl]cyclohexene	162973367	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00580474
(4S)-4-methyl-1-[(E,2S)-6-methylhept-3-en-2-yl]cyclohexene	163068277	Click to see CC1CCC(=CC1)C(C)C=CCC(C)C	206.37	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00580474
(R)-beta-bisabolene	68128	Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1)C(=C)CCC=C(C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01959201
4-Methyl-1-(6-methylhepta-1,3-dien-2-yl)cyclohexene	162973366	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00580474
4-methyl-1-[(E)-6-methylhept-3-en-2-yl]cyclohexene	101316466	Click to see	206.37	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00580474
7,11-Dimethyl-3-methylene-1,6Z,10-dodecatriene	56936085	Click to see	206.37	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698054
Beta-Bisabolene	10104370	Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1)C(=C)CCC=C(C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01959201
beta-Bourbonene	62566	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698054
beta-Cubebene	93081	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698054 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0944-7113(11)80031-0
beta-Farnesene	5281517	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=C)C=C)C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01959201
Caryophyllene,alpha + beta mixt.	5354499	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1990-9-1023
Cyclohexene, 4-ethenyl-4-methyl-3-(1-methylethenyl)-1-(1-methylethyl)-, (3R-trans)-	89316	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1990-9-1023
delta-Cadinene	441005	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01959201
gamma-Cadinene	15094	Click to see CC1=CC2C(CC1)C(=C)CCC2C(C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01959201
gamma-Cadinene	6432404	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01959201
Humulene	5281520	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1990-9-1023 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01959201
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Aromadendrane sesquiterpenoids / 5,10-cycloaromadendrane sesquiterpenoids
(7aR)-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylidene-1a,2,3,4a,5,6,7a,7b-octahydrocyclopropa[h]azulen-7-ol	5321422	Click to see	220.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698054 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978(00)00062-4
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Elemane sesquiterpenoids
(1S)-4alpha-Ethenyl-2alpha-hydroxy-3beta-[1-(hydroxymethyl)ethenyl]-6alpha-[[2-(hydroxymethyl)-1-oxo-2-propenyl]oxy	13891365	Click to see CC1(CC(C(C(C1C(=C)CO)O)C(=C)C(=O)OC)OC(=O)C(=C)CO)C=C	380.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Eudesmane, isoeudesmane or cycloeudesmane sesquiterpenoids
beta-Maaliene	101596917	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(98)00020-3
Beta-Selinene	442393	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01959201
Npc289143	521242	Click to see	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(98)00020-3
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Germacrane sesquiterpenoids
Germacrene D	5317570	Click to see CC1=CCCC(=C)C=CC(CC1)C(C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01)96050-9 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01959201
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Sesquiterpene lactones
Hemistepsin	10043230	Click to see	346.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Sesquiterpene lactones / Germacranolides and derivatives
[(3aS,4S,5E,9Z,11aR)-6-formyl-10-methyl-3-methylidene-2-oxo-3a,4,7,8,11,11a-hexahydrocyclodeca[b]furan-4-yl] 2-(hydroxymethyl)prop-2-enoate	53494931	Click to see	346.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene lactones / Sesquiterpene lactones / Guaianolides and derivatives
(3S,3aR,4S,6aR,8S,9aR,9bR)-4,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-6,9-dimethylidene-3a,4,5,6a,7,8,9a,9b-octahydro-3H-azuleno[4,5-b]furan-2-one	12047617	Click to see	264.32	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(3S,3aR,4S,6aR,8S,9aR,9bR)-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-6,9-dimethylidene-2-oxo-3a,4,5,6a,7,8,9a,9b-octahydro-3H-azuleno[4,5-b]furan-4-yl] 2-(hydroxymethyl)prop-2-enoate	71503391	Click to see CC1C2C(CC(=C)C3CC(C(=C)C3C2OC1=O)O)OC(=O)C(=C)CO	348.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Cynaropicrin	119093	Click to see	346.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Desacylcynaropicrin	13943205	Click to see	262.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
Isolipidiol	14589530	Click to see CC1C(CC2C1C3C(C(C(=O)O3)C)C(CC2=C)O)O	266.33	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
Beta-Amyrin	73145	Click to see CC1(CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C2C1)C)C)C	426.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Betulonic acid	122844	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(=O)C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)C)C(=O)O	454.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Lupeol	259846	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C	426.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Oleanolic Acid	10494	Click to see	456.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Taraxasterol	115250	Click to see	426.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Taraxasterol Acetate	13889352	Click to see CC1C2C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CCC2(CCC1=C)C)C)C)(C)C)OC(=O)C)C	468.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
(-)-beta-Sitosterol	222284	Click to see	414.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
Sitogluside	5742590	Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C	576.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Tertiary alcohols
Myrcenol	10975	Click to see CC(C)(CCCC(=C)C=C)O	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1990-9-1023
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Benzaldehydes / Hydroxybenzaldehydes
3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde	8768	Click to see	138.12	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Ethers / Diarylethers
(17S)-13,17-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-7,12-dimethyl-9,15-dioxo-2,10,16-trioxatetracyclo[9.7.0.03,8.014,18]octadeca-1(11),3(8),4,6,12,14(18)-hexaene-4-carbaldehyde	1711964	Click to see CC1=CC(=C(C2=C1C(=O)OC3=C(O2)C4=C(C(=C3C)O)C(=O)OC4O)C=O)OC	386.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Indoles and derivatives / Indolecarboxylic acids and derivatives
Indole-3-carboxylic acid	69867	Click to see C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C(=CN2)C(=O)O	161.16	unknown	via CMAUP database
Methyl indole-3-carboxylate	589098	Click to see	175.18	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Cinnamic acid esters
3-Phenyl-2-propenoic acid methyl ester	7644	Click to see COC(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1	162.18	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1515/ZNC-1990-9-1023 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01959201
Methyl cinnamate	637520	Click to see COC(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1	162.18	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01959201
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Coumaric acids and derivatives
3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid methyl ester	92202	Click to see	194.18	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Depsides and depsidones
Granulatin	5379546	Click to see	372.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
Physciosporin	71439318	Click to see	406.80	unknown	via CMAUP database
Tenuiorin	10391110	Click to see	496.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones
Apigenin	5280443	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O	270.24	unknown	via CMAUP database
Luteolin	5280445	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O)O	286.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978(00)00062-4
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glucuronides / Flavonoid-7-O-glucuronides
Luteolin-7-O-glucuronide	13607752	Click to see	462.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1565(200007/08)11:4<257::AID-PCA521>3.0.CO;2-A
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
Kaempferol-3-O-Rutinoside	5318767	Click to see	594.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1565(200007/08)11:4<257::AID-PCA521>3.0.CO;2-A
Rutin	5280805	Click to see	610.50	unknown	via CMAUP database

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Ocimum gratissimum

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