Monarda fistulosa, also known as wild bergamot or bee balm, is a widespread and abundant wildflower in North America. It belongs to the mint family and is often used as a honey plant, medicinal plant, and garden ornamental. This herbaceous perennial has showy pink to lavender flowers and grows up to 3 feet tall. It is found in dry fields, thickets, and clearings, usually on limy soil. Monarda fistulosa is native to much of North America, ranging from Quebec to British Columbia and south to Georgia, Texas, and Arizona. It is known for its fragrant scent and is a source of oil of thyme. There are several varieties of Monarda fistulosa, each with its own unique characteristics and range. Some Native American tribes recognized different types of wild bergamot based on their distinct odors. This plant is considered a medicinal plant by many Native American tribes and is commonly used to treat colds and other ailments. It is also a popular herb for making tea and is known for its antiseptic properties. Monarda fistulosa is an important plant for pollinators and is a larval host to several species of moths.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Monarda fistulosa var. typica	Sherff	Torreya 45: 68 (1945)

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	wild bergamot
English	beebalm
Arabic	نعنع الفرس
Arabic	نعنع الخيل
Arabic	برغموت
Arabic	مونردة انبوبية
Arabic	مونرد انبوبي
chy	vé'ȯhkėheséeo'ȯtse
German	wilde bergamotte
Persian	مناردا فیستولسا
Finnish	preeriaväriminttu
nv	azeeʼ ndootʼeezhítsoh
Russian	Монарда трубчатая
Russian	Монарда дудчатая
Swedish	lila temynta
Ukrainian	Монарда трубчаста
Chinese	擬美國薄荷
Chinese	美国薄荷或美洲薄荷
Chinese	拟美国薄荷

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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No subspecies added yet.

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Monarda fistulosa var. fistulosa		Unknown
Monarda fistulosa var. maheuxii	B.Boivin	Naturaliste Canad. 93: 1061 (1967)
Monarda fistulosa var. menthifolia	(Graham) Fernald	Rhodora 46: 495 (1944)
Monarda fistulosa var. mollis	(L.) L.	Sp. Pl. ed. 2 : 32 (1762)
Monarda fistulosa var. rubra	A.Gray	Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 2: 374 (1878)
Monarda fistulosa var. stipitatoglandulosa	(Waterf.) ined.	ined.

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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Germination/Propagation Top

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Sow seeds at 20°C, expecting germination within 3 months without further temperature treatment.

Requires Light or Surface Sowing: These seeds need light to germinate and should not be covered with soil or only very lightly. They are often very small and sown directly on the surface of the growing medium.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Northern America click to expand
- Eastern Canada
  - Ontario
  - Québec
- Mexico
  - Mexico Northeast
- North-central U.S.A.
  - Illinois
  - Iowa
  - Kansas
  - Minnesota
  - Missouri
  - Nebraska
  - North Dakota
  - Oklahoma
  - South Dakota
  - Wisconsin
- Northeastern U.S.A.
  - Connecticut
  - Indiana
  - Maine
  - Massachusetts
  - Michigan
  - New Hampshire
  - New Jersey
  - New York
  - Ohio
  - Pennsylvania
  - Rhode Island
  - Vermont
  - West Virginia
- Northwestern U.S.A.
  - Colorado
  - Idaho
  - Montana
  - Oregon
  - Washington
  - Wyoming
- South-central U.S.A.
  - New Mexico
  - Texas
- Southeastern U.S.A.
  - Alabama
  - Arkansas
  - District Of Columbia
  - Florida
  - Georgia
  - Kentucky
  - Louisiana
  - Maryland
  - Mississippi
  - North Carolina
  - Tennessee
  - Virginia
- Southwestern U.S.A.
  - Arizona
- Western Canada
  - Alberta
  - British Columbia
  - Manitoba
  - Saskatchewan

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000245324
Canadensys	6417
USDA Plants	MOFI
Tropicos	17600168
INPN	160479
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:452042-1
The Plant List	kew-129185
Missouri Botanical Garden	281404
Open Tree Of Life	830204
NCBI Taxonomy	39344
Nature Serve	2.156029
IPNI	452042-1
iNaturalist	85320
GBIF	5341411
Freebase	/m/02qn_1j
WisFlora	4271
EPPO	MOAFI
EOL	482658
USDA GRIN	24536
Wikipedia	Monarda_fistulosa

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Mitigation Potential of Herbal Extracts and Constituent Bioactive Compounds on Salmonella in Meat-Type Poultry

Orimaye OE, Ekunseitan DA, Omaliko PC, Fasina YO

Animals (Basel)

03-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11011123
doi:	10.3390/ani14071087
PMID:	38612326

Biological Control and Habitat Management for the Control of Onion Thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), in Onion Production in Quebec, Canada

Gagnon AÈ, Fortier AM, Audette C

Insects

27-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC11050518
doi:	10.3390/insects15040232
PMID:	38667362

Phytocompounds targeting epigenetic modulations: an assessment in cancer

Khan A, Khan A, Khan MA, Malik Z, Massey S, Parveen R, Mustafa S, Shamsi A, Husain SA

Front Pharmacol

26-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC11002180
doi:	10.3389/fphar.2023.1273993
PMID:	38596245

Project-specific bumble bee habitat quality assessment

Robinson JL

MethodsX

19-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10832483
doi:	10.1016/j.mex.2024.102571
PMID:	38304394

Thymoquinone: A Promising Therapeutic Agent for the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer

Kurowska N, Madej M, Strzalka-Mrozik B

Curr Issues Mol Biol

23-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10814900
doi:	10.3390/cimb46010010
PMID:	38248312

Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Properties of the Subfamily Nepetoideae (Lamiaceae) in Inflammatory Diseases

Ortiz-Mendoza N, Martínez-Gordillo MJ, Martínez-Ambriz E, Basurto-Peña FA, González-Trujano ME, Aguirre-Hernández E

Plants (Basel)

02-Nov-2023

PMCID:	PMC10648697
doi:	10.3390/plants12213752
PMID:	37960108

Are Plant–Soil Feedbacks Caused by Many Weak Microbial Interactions?

Aaronson JK, Kulmatiski A, Forero LE, Grenzer J, Norton JM

Biology (Basel)

27-Oct-2023

PMCID:	PMC10669423
doi:	10.3390/biology12111374
PMID:	37997973

Enhanced Natural Strength: Lamiaceae Essential Oils and Nanotechnology in In Vitro and In Vivo Medical Research

Kowalczyk T, Merecz-Sadowska A, Ghorbanpour M, Szemraj J, Piekarski J, Bijak M, Śliwiński T, Zajdel R, Sitarek P

Int J Mol Sci

17-Oct-2023

PMCID:	PMC10607815
doi:	10.3390/ijms242015279
PMID:	37894959

The most polyphagous insect herbivore? Host plant associations of the Meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (L.)

Thompson V, Harkin C, Stewart AJ

PLoS One

04-Oct-2023

PMCID:	PMC10602594
doi:	10.1371/journal.pone.0291734
PMID:	37792900

Contrasting effects of bioenergy crops on biodiversity

Haan NL, Benucci GN, Fiser CM, Bonito G, Landis DA

Sci Adv

22-Sep-2023

PMCID:	PMC10516493
doi:	10.1126/sciadv.adh7960
PMID:	37738354

Phenology and foraging bias contribute to sex‐specific foraging patterns in the rare declining butterfly Argynnis idalia idalia

Chmielewski MW, Naya S, Borghi M, Cortese J, Fernie AR, Swartz MT, Zografou K, Sewall BJ, Spigler RB

Ecol Evol

18-Jul-2023

PMCID:	PMC10353922
doi:	10.1002/ece3.10287
PMID:	37475725

Interactions between large‐scale and local factors influence seed predation rates and seed loss

Calixto ES, Maron JL, Hahn PG

Ecol Evol

28-Jun-2023

PMCID:	PMC10307795
doi:	10.1002/ece3.10208
PMID:	37396025

Thymoquinone Ameliorates Carfilzomib-Induced Renal Impairment by Modulating Oxidative Stress Markers, Inflammatory/Apoptotic Mediators, and Augmenting Nrf2 in Rats

Qadri MM, Alam MF, Khired ZA, Alaqi RO, Khardali AA, Alasmari MM, Alrashah AS, Muzafar HM, Qahl AM

Int J Mol Sci

25-Jun-2023

PMCID:	PMC10342029
doi:	10.3390/ijms241310621
PMID:	37445797

Current State of Knowledge Regarding WHO High Priority Pathogens—Resistance Mechanisms and Proposed Solutions through Candidates Such as Essential Oils: A Systematic Review

Romanescu M, Oprean C, Lombrea A, Badescu B, Teodor A, Constantin GD, Andor M, Folescu R, Muntean D, Danciu C, Dalleur O, Batrina SL, Cretu O, Buda VO

Int J Mol Sci

04-Jun-2023

PMCID:	PMC10253476
doi:	10.3390/ijms24119727
PMID:	37298678

The influence of climate warming on flowering phenology in relation to historical annual and seasonal temperatures and plant functional traits

Geissler C, Davidson A, Niesenbaum RA

PeerJ

21-Apr-2023

PMCID:	PMC10124540
doi:	10.7717/peerj.15188
PMID:	37101791

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!

Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Hydrocarbons / Unsaturated hydrocarbons / Branched unsaturated hydrocarbons
gamma-Terpinene	7461	Click to see CC1=CCC(=CC1)C(C)C	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/FFJ.2730020310 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols
(3R)-octan-3-ol	445789	Click to see CCCCCC(CC)O	130.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434
1-Heptanol	8129	Click to see CCCCCCCO	116.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434
3-Octanol	11527	Click to see CCCCCC(CC)O	130.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Acyclic monoterpenoids
(+)-Linalyl acetate	6999980	Click to see CC(=CCCC(C)(C=C)OC(=O)C)C	196.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434
3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-al	8843	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CC=O)C)C	152.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434
beta-OCIMENE, (3E)-	5281553	Click to see CC(=CCC=C(C)C=C)C	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698091
Citral	638011	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CC=O)C)C	152.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698091 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434
Geraniol	637566	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCO)C)C	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698091 https://doi.org/10.14255/2308-9628/08.41/8 https://doi.org/10.1002/FFJ.2730020310 https://doi.org/10.3109/13880208609060888
Linalool, (+)-	67179	Click to see CC(=CCCC(C)(C=C)O)C	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434
Linalool, (+/-)-	6549	Click to see CC(=CCCC(C)(C=C)O)C	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698091 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434 https://doi.org/10.1002/FFJ.2730020310
Linalyl acetate	8294	Click to see CC(=CCCC(C)(C=C)OC(=O)C)C	196.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434
Myrcene	31253	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=C)C=C)C	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698091 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434
Neral	643779	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CC=O)C)C	152.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/FFJ.2730020310 https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698091
Nerol	643820	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCO)C)C	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698091
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Aromatic monoterpenoids
Carvacrol	10364	Click to see CC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C(C)C)O	150.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698091 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434
p-CYMENE	7463	Click to see CC1=CC=C(C=C1)C(C)C	134.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698091
Thymol	6989	Click to see CC1=CC(=C(C=C1)C(C)C)O	150.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434 https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698091
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Bicyclic monoterpenoids
(-)-Camphene	440966	Click to see CC1(C2CCC(C2)C1=C)C	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434
(+)-alpha-Pinene	82227	Click to see CC1=CCC2CC1C2(C)C	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434
(1R)-2-methyl-5-propan-2-ylbicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene	6451618	Click to see CC1=CCC2(C1C2)C(C)C	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698091
1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol	64685	Click to see CC1(C2CCC1(C(C2)O)C)C	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698091
alpha-PINENE	6654	Click to see CC1=CCC2CC1C2(C)C	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434 https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698091
beta-Pinene	14896	Click to see CC1(C2CCC(=C)C1C2)C	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698091
Bornyl acetate	6448	Click to see CC(=O)OC1CC2CCC1(C2(C)C)C	196.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434
Bornyl acetate, (-)-	93009	Click to see CC(=O)OC1CC2CCC1(C2(C)C)C	196.29	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434
Camphene	6616	Click to see CC1(C2CCC(C2)C1=C)C	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698091 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434
CID 44630107	44630107	Click to see CC1(C2CCC1(C(C2)O)C)C	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698091
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Menthane monoterpenoids
(+)-alpha-Phellandrene	443160	Click to see CC1=CCC(C=C1)C(C)C	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434
(+)-alpha-Terpineol	442501	Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1)C(C)(C)O	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434
4-Terpineol, (+/-)-	11230	Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1)(C(C)C)O	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698091
alpha-PHELLANDRENE	7460	Click to see CC1=CCC(C=C1)C(C)C	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698091 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434
alpha-Terpinene	7462	Click to see CC1=CC=C(CC1)C(C)C	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698091
Alpha-Terpineol	17100	Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1)C(C)(C)O	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698091 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434
Limonene, (+/-)-	22311	Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1)C(=C)C	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698091
p-Menth-4(8)-en-3-one	6988	Click to see CC1CCC(=C(C)C)C(=O)C1	152.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434
Pulegone	442495	Click to see CC1CCC(=C(C)C)C(=O)C1	152.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
Caryophyllene	5281515	Click to see CC1=CCCC(=C)C2CC(C2CC1)(C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698091
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Germacrane sesquiterpenoids
(S,1Z,6Z)-8-Isopropyl-1-methyl-5-methylenecyclodeca-1,6-diene	91723653	Click to see CC1=CCCC(=C)C=CC(CC1)C(C)C	204.35	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698091
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Tetraterpenoids / Carotenoids / Carotenes
1,3,3-trimethyl-2-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl]cyclohexene	152743364	Click to see CC1=C(C(CCC1)(C)C)C=CC(=CC=CC(=CC=CC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC2=C(CCCC2(C)C)C)C)C	536.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434
Beta-Carotene	5280489	Click to see CC1=C(C(CCC1)(C)C)C=CC(=CC=CC(=CC=CC=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC2=C(CCCC2(C)C)C)C)C	536.90	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acid derivatives / Carboxylic acid esters
[(3S)-octan-3-yl] acetate	11819488	Click to see CCCCCC(CC)OC(=O)C	172.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434
3-Octyl acetate	521238	Click to see CCCCCC(CC)OC(=O)C	172.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0028-1099434
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Secondary alcohols
1-Hepten-3-OL	21057	Click to see CCCCC(C=C)O	114.19	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698091
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Benzoquinones / P-benzoquinones
Thymoquinone	10281	Click to see CC1=CC(=O)C(=CC1=O)C(C)C	164.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10575639808044955
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Cyclic ketones
Jasmone	1549018	Click to see CCC=CCC1=C(CCC1=O)C	164.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1992.9698091
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids
Caffeic Acid	689043	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C=CC(=O)O)O)O	180.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978(99)00007-1

Biological Material Top

Contributors Top

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Collections Top

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Monarda fistulosa

Table of Contents

Details Top

Description Top

Synonyms Top

Common names Top

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

Germination/Propagation Top

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Links to other databases Top

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Scientific Literature Top

Phytochemical Profile Top

Biological Material Top

Contributors Top

Collections Top