Callicarpa maingayi

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Common products:
• Timber and wood products from the heartwood and sapwood (general engineering lumber, light construction framing, and furniture components).
• Paper and pulp fibers (kraft pulp and paper products, based on hardwood cellulose and lignin content typical of Verbenaceae).
• Essential oils, oleoresins, or extracts used in fragrance systems (fine fragrance, perfumery accords), and in cosmetic formulations (creams, lotions) as odoriferous components.
• Seed and fruit oils for technical or edible applications (general edible oil, frying and baking oil, feedstock for industrial uses depending on fatty acid composition).
• Tannins and dyes for industrial and craft applications (natural brown dyes for wool and silk; vegetable tanning of leather).
• Gums, resins, and adhesives for coating, binding, and modeling (natural resins, rosins, gum-based binders, and traditional plasters).

Industrial and craft applications:
• Paper and pulp: kraft chemical pulping of hardwood fibers; pulps may be bleached or unbleached for writing, printing, packaging, and specialty papers.
• Timber: dimension lumber, planed lumber, engineered-wood products, and veneer for joinery and furniture, depending on mechanical performance.
• Resins and gums: natural gum/resin materials used in modeling, coating, and adhesive applications, with variable composition of terpenoids, phenolics, or polysaccharides.
• Biobased materials: lignocellulosic biomass and derivatives (lignin fractions, cellulose nanocrystals, hemicelluloses) explored in research for materials, not for direct commercial products.
• Filler and industrial additives: ground plant materials or fiber (bast/liber fibers, ground wood fibers) used in composites and as inert additives.

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
• Fruits: commonly consumed fresh or cooked (e.g., jellies, jams, compotes, fruit leather); high local demand and occasional international trade as fresh or processed fruit.
• Fruit wine and cordials: alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverage production, including fruit wines and cordials.
• Leaves as a culinary herb: young leaves may be cooked as a vegetable or used as a spice.

Colorants and tanning:
• Natural brown dyes for protein fibers (e.g., wool, silk) using leaf or stem extracts; the brown color is attributed to tannins.
• Vegetable tanning of leather using bark/leaf or stem extracts containing hydrolyzable tannins (gallotannins, ellagitannins).

Wood and fiber:
• Timber and sawn wood products (see Common products).
• Fiber yield and mechanical properties of Callicarpa indicate suitability for bast fiber and pulpwood applications; kraft pulping yields fibers used in paper and board.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
• Essential oils, oleoresins, or extracts from leaves/flowers used in fine fragrance, body care, and cosmetic bases; the oil composition typically includes phenylpropanoids, terpenoids, and/or benzenoids.

Properties relevant to use:
• Wood density and mechanical properties (specific gravity ~0.5; modulus of rupture ~50–100 MPa; modulus of elasticity ~7–10 GPa).
• Pulp characteristics: lignocellulosic composition includes cellulose (40–55%), hemicellulose (20–35%), and lignin (15–30%) in typical hardwood ranges, enabling kraft pulping.
• Fiber morphology: fiber length ~0.6–1.2 mm; fiber diameter ~15–25 μm; aspect ratio suitable for paper and board.
• Tannins: hydrolyzable tannins (gallotannins/ellagitannins) predominant, suitable for natural brown dyes and leather tanning.
• Essential oil/extract composition: monoterpenes (sabinene, α-pinene, limonene), sesquiterpenes (germacrene D, β-caryophyllene), phenylpropanoids, and oxygenated terpenes.
• Seed/fruit oil profile: major fatty acids include palmitic (14–22%), stearic (2–5%), oleic (35–60%), and linoleic (20–45%), with minor polyunsaturated acids; iodine value ~110–130; saponification value ~185–200.
• Gums/resins: polysaccharides or terpenoids, variable solubility and viscosity depending on age and extraction.

Standards and regulation:
• Timber: ISO 13061 (moisture content and mass determination), ISO 4471 (grading), and ISO 9709 (species identification).
• Paper and pulp: ISO 638 (dry matter), ISO 2470 (brightness), ISO 1762 (ash), ISO 302 (Kappa number, lignin).
• Essential oils: ISO 3216 (mass; density), ISO 3217 (angular rotation), ISO 3215 (refractive index), ISO 3218 (congealing point).
• Vegetable oils: CODEX Alimentarius CXS 33-1981 (命名与销售标准), ISO 659 (oils and fats; acid value), ISO 3960 (peroxide value), ISO 660 (acid value), ISO 13402 (water content), ASTM D1652 (acid value), ASTM D1541 (iodine value), ASTM D5558 (saponification value), AOCS Ca 5a-40 (free fatty acids).
• Cosmetics: 1223/2009 (EU化妆品法规), California Proposition 65 (环境健康), 17 CFR 700.23 (FDA U.S.化妆品标签).
• Leather tanning (vegetable tannins): ISO 14088 (tannin content determination).
• Food (fresh and processed fruit, fruit wines): Codex Alimentarius, ISO 22000, FDA 21 CFR Part 117, EU General Food Law (Regulation (EC) No 178/2002).

Sustainability and sourcing:
• Plantation-grown and wild-harvested wood; plantation-grown on suitable sites; wild harvesting from natural populations; limited natural production in some regions.
• Tannins: bark and leaf collection for dyeing and tanning; careful harvest rates required to maintain tree vigor.
• Oil: seed and fruit collection; little current data on yields; yields vary by provenance and season.
• Essential oils: leaf/flower harvesting; steam distillation and solvent extraction methods; yields low to moderate.
• Paper and pulp: kraft pulping, with modern process controls and wastewater treatment; species characteristics support efficient pulping.
• Fruit: marketed locally; supply can be uneven; long shelf life and consumer demand drive trade.

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