Common products:
Commercial products derived from Pelargonium graveolens include essential oil (distilled from fresh aerial parts) and hydrosol/co-distillate water obtained during distillation.

Industrial and craft applications:
Citronellol-rich essential oil is used as a fragrance ingredient in fine fragrances and household products. The oil is also processed into fractionated or molecular-distilled grades for different scent profiles; isolates such as citronellal, citronellol, and geraniol may be isolated for fragrance applications. Essential oil is employed in odor-masking or as a fragrance ingredient in detergents and cleaning products where ISO/ASTM fragrance compliance is applicable.

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
Citronellol-rich essential oil and certain citronellol/geraniol isolates are used as flavoring substances in food. Applications are typically in baked goods, confectionery, and beverages, depending on regulatory flavor listings. Use follows common flavor standards (e.g., FEMA GRAS in the United States, EFSA in the European Union) and general flavoring specifications (e.g., JECFA/Codex standards) without health claims.

Colorants and tanning:
No reliable, documented non-medicinal colorants or tanning uses are reported for this taxon.

Wood and fiber:
No documented wood or fiber uses are reported.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
The essential oil is employed in perfumery, aromatherapy, and consumer cosmetics as a fragrance component due to its citronellol-dominant profile. Products include soaps, shampoos, lotions, and creams where the material may serve as a primary or adjunct fragrance. Cosmetics comply with relevant regional cosmetics regulations (e.g., IFRA standards for fragrance materials and EU Cosmetics Regulation 1223/2009).

Properties relevant to use:
Chemical composition such as citronellol, citronellal, and geraniol underlies olfactory and functional properties for fragrance applications. Typical specifications include refractive index, optical rotation, density, and GC profile ranges that characterize the oil within accepted limits for P. graveolens-type oils (e.g., ISO 4727 and related regional standards).

Standards and regulation:
Fragrance and flavor uses may comply with IFRA standards and international flavoring specifications (JECFA/Codex). Cosmetics containing the oil are subject to regional cosmetics legislation such as EU 1223/2009 and U.S. FTC/CFRA guidelines. Essential oil trade specifications commonly reference ISO/ASTM methods and INN/IFRA guidelines.

Sustainability and sourcing:
Sourcing typically involves large-scale cultivation (e.g., in Egypt, China) followed by steam distillation of fresh biomass. Sustainability considerations include agronomic inputs, water use, and energy demand for distillation, with practices varying by producer.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Pelargonium terebinthinaceum	Small	N. Amer. Fl. 25: 24 (1907)
Geraniospermum terebintaceum	Kuntze	Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 94 (1891)
Geranium asperum	Poir.	Encycl. , Suppl. 2: 759 (1812)
Geranium terebinthinaceum	Cav.	Diss. 4: 250 1787
Hoarea intermixta	Sweet	Hort. Brit. : 76 (1826)
Geranium graveolens	(L'Hér.) Thunb.	Prodr. Pl. Cap. 115 *1794)
Pelargonium intermedium	R.Knuth	Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 44(1): 27. 1909 [23 Nov 1909]
Pelargonium asperum	Ehrh. ex Spreng.	Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 3: 62. 1826 [Jan-Mar 1826]

Common names Top

Add a new one! Suggest a correction!

Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	sweet scented geranium
Arabic	لقلقي نفاذ
Arabic	العطر العربي
Arabic	العطر
Arabic	بلارجونيوم
Arabic	غرنوق لقلقي
Bulgarian	дъхаво мушкато
Danish	rosengeranium
Greek	Πελαργόνιο το βαρύοσμο
Greek	Αρμπαρόριζα
Estonian	lõhnav pelargoon
Persian	شمعدانی عطری
French	pélargonium à forte odeur
French	geranium rosat
Hebrew	גרניום לימוני
Hebrew	גרניום ריחני
Hebrew	פלרגון חריף
Hebrew	פלרגוניום ריחני
Hebrew	פלרגוניום חריף
Upper Sorbian	róžowa pelargonija
Hungarian	illatozó muskátli
Japanese	ニオイテンジクアオイ
Georgian	გერანი
Dutch	rozenpelargonium
Dutch	rozengeranium
Polish	anginka
Polish	pelargonia pachnąca
Polish	pelargonia wonna
Slovenian	rožnovin
Swedish	doktor westerlunds hälsoblomma
Swedish	rosengeranium
Swedish	doftgeranium
tg	Анҷибар
Turkish	itır
Ukrainian	Пеларгонія духмяна
Chinese	香葉天竺葵
Chinese	玫瑰天竺葵
Chinese	香叶天竺葵

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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No variety added yet.

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- Macaronesia
  - Canary Islands
- South Tropical Africa
  - Zimbabwe
- Southern Africa
  - Cape Provinces
  - Northern Provinces

Europe click to expand
- Southwestern Europe
  - Corse

Northern America click to expand
- Mexico
  - Mexico Southwest

Southern America click to expand
- Caribbean
  - Cuba
  - Dominican Republic
  - Haiti
  - Puerto Rico
- Central America
  - Costa Rica

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000466422
UNII	0E553RP62F
USDA Plants	PEGR11
Tropicos	13900169
INPN	112631
Flora of Italy	11709
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:376259-1
The Plant List	kew-2532552
Open Tree Of Life	396481
NCBI Taxonomy	73200
IPNI	376259-1
iNaturalist	127298
GBIF	2891608
Freebase	/m/0dnv9p
EPPO	PELGV
EOL	594608
USDA GRIN	317549
Wikipedia	Pelargonium_graveolens
CMAUP	NPO4394

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Natural Sources of Therapeutic Agents Used in Skin Conditions

Dinu M, Tatu AL, Cocoș DI, Nwabudike LC, Chirilov AM, Stefan CS, Earar K, Dumitriu Buzia O

Life (Basel)

10-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11051086
doi:	10.3390/life14040492
PMID:	38672762

Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)—Toxicity, Safety and Green Synthesis: A Critical Review

Niżnik Ł, Noga M, Kobylarz D, Frydrych A, Krośniak A, Kapka-Skrzypczak L, Jurowski K

Int J Mol Sci

05-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11012566
doi:	10.3390/ijms25074057
PMID:	38612865

Antibacterial effects of chitosan-based hydrogels containing Trachyspermum ammi essential oil on pathogens isolated from dogs with otitis externa

Niaraki NJ, Jamshidi S, Fasaei BN, Joghataei SM

BMC Vet Res

01-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC10985873
doi:	10.1186/s12917-024-03971-7
PMID:	38561827

From Polymeric Nanoformulations to Polyphenols—Strategies for Enhancing the Efficacy and Drug Delivery of Gentamicin

Bārzdiņa A, Plotniece A, Sobolev A, Pajuste K, Bandere D, Brangule A

Antibiotics (Basel)

28-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC11047640
doi:	10.3390/antibiotics13040305
PMID:	38666981

Chitosan–Oxidized Pullulan Hydrogels Loaded with Essential Clove Oil: Synthesis, Characterization, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties

Suflet DM, Constantin M, Pelin IM, Popescu I, Rimbu CM, Horhogea CE, Fundueanu G

Gels

26-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC11049474
doi:	10.3390/gels10040227
PMID:	38667646

Inhibition Effect of Non-Host Plant Volatile Extracts on Reproductive Behaviors in the Diamondback Moth Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus)

Zhou J, Zhang Z, Liu H, Guo M, Deng J

Insects

26-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC11049908
doi:	10.3390/insects15040227
PMID:	38667357

Obtaining Microbiologically Safe Hatching Eggs from Hatcheries: Using Essential Oils for Integrated Sanitization Strategies in Hatching Eggs, Poultry Houses and Poultry

Oliveira GD, McManus C, Vale IR, dos Santos VM

Pathogens

18-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10974541
doi:	10.3390/pathogens13030260
PMID:	38535603

Fungi beyond limits: The agricultural promise of extremophiles

Zenteno‐Alegría CO, Yarzábal Rodríguez LA, Ciancas Jiménez J, Álvarez Gutiérrez PE, Gunde‐Cimerman N, Batista‐García RA

Microb Biotechnol

13-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10936741
doi:	10.1111/1751-7915.14439
PMID:	38478382

Higher Plant-Derived Biostimulants: Mechanisms of Action and Their Role in Mitigating Plant Abiotic Stress

Martínez-Lorente SE, Martí-Guillén JM, Pedreño MÁ, Almagro L, Sabater-Jara AB

Antioxidants (Basel)

06-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10967762
doi:	10.3390/antiox13030318
PMID:	38539851

Unraveling endophytic diversity in dioecious Siraitia grosvenorii: implications for mogroside production

Tamang A, Kaur A, Thakur D, Thakur A, Thakur BK, Shivani, Swarnkar M, Pal PK, Hallan V, Pandey SS

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

01-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10907472
doi:	10.1007/s00253-024-13076-8
PMID:	38427084

Essential oil-containing solutions (mouthwashes) preserve dental enamel with releasing low Ca and P concentrations without morphology alterations: an in vitro study

Mutran SC, de Carvalho-Filho PR, Ribeiro ME, Faial KD, Lima RR, D’Almeida Couto RS

Front Chem

28-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10933047
doi:	10.3389/fchem.2024.1341769
PMID:	38482175

Use of Essential Oils to Counteract the Phenomena of Antimicrobial Resistance in Livestock Species

Lupia C, Castagna F, Bava R, Naturale MD, Zicarelli L, Marrelli M, Statti G, Tilocca B, Roncada P, Britti D, Palma E

Antibiotics (Basel)

07-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10885947
doi:	10.3390/antibiotics13020163
PMID:	38391549

A critical overview of challenging roles of medicinal plants in improvement of wound healing technology

Pathak D, Mazumder A

Daru

15-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC11087437
doi:	10.1007/s40199-023-00502-x
PMID:	38225520

Helicobacter pylori infection in humans and phytotherapy, probiotics, and emerging therapeutic interventions: a review

Liu M, Gao H, Miao J, Zhang Z, Zheng L, Li F, Zhou S, Zhang Z, Li S, Liu H, Sun J

Front Microbiol

10-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10806011
doi:	10.3389/fmicb.2023.1330029
PMID:	38268702

Short- and long-term effects of essential oils on swine spermatozoa during liquid phase refrigeration

Troisio I, Bertocchi M, Ventrella D, Scozzoli M, Di Vito M, Truzzi E, Benvenuti S, Mattarelli P, Bacci ML, Elmi A

Sci Rep

02-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10762118
doi:	10.1038/s41598-023-51030-2
PMID:	38168599

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!

Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives
Phenylacetic Acid	999	Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)CC(=O)O	136.15	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60197A010
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Benzoic acids
Benzoic Acid	243	Click to see	122.12	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60197A010
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Salicylic acid and derivatives / Salicylic acids
Salicylic Acid	338	Click to see	138.12	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60197A010
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Branched fatty acids
2-Ethylbutyric acid	6915	Click to see CCC(CC)C(=O)O	116.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60197A010
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Branched fatty acids / Methyl-branched fatty acids
2-Methylbutanoic Acid	8314	Click to see	102.13	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60197A010
2-Methylvaleric acid	7341	Click to see CCCC(C)C(=O)O	116.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60197A010
2,3-Dimethylacrylic acid, (E)-	125468	Click to see CC=C(C)C(=O)O	100.12	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60197A010
3-Methylvaleric acid	7755	Click to see CCC(C)CC(=O)O	116.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60197A010
Isocaproic acid	12587	Click to see	116.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60197A010
Isovaleric Acid	10430	Click to see	102.13	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60197A010
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Medium-chain fatty acids
3-Methyloctanoic acid	5312327	Click to see	158.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60197A010
8-Methylnonanoic acid	111470	Click to see CC(C)CCCCCCC(=O)O	172.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60197A010
Capric Acid	2969	Click to see CCCCCCCCCC(=O)O	172.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60197A010
Heptanoic Acid	8094	Click to see	130.18	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60197A010
Hexanoic Acid	8892	Click to see	116.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60197A010
Isooctanoic acid	90716	Click to see	144.21	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60197A010
Lauric Acid	3893	Click to see	200.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60197A010
Nonanoic Acid	8158	Click to see CCCCCCCCC(=O)O	158.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60197A010
Octanoic Acid	379	Click to see CCCCCCCC(=O)O	144.21	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60197A010
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Straight chain fatty acids
Butyric Acid	264	Click to see CCCC(=O)O	88.11	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60197A010
Pentanoic Acid	7991	Click to see	102.13	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60197A010
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohol esters
Citronellol acetate, (S)-	6999975	Click to see	198.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
Citronellyl formate	7778	Click to see	184.27	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1989.9697764 https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1990.9697827
Geranyl formate	5282109	Click to see	182.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1990.9697827
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols
1-Hexanol	8103	Click to see	102.17	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19840670504
1-Octen-3-Ol	18827	Click to see	128.21	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19840670504
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Glycerolipids / Triradylcglycerols / Triacylglycerols
Triolein	5497163	Click to see	885.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Acyclic monoterpenoids
beta-CITRONELLOL, (R)-	101977	Click to see	156.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(83)80140-X
beta-OCIMENE, (3E)-	5281553	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19840670504
beta-Ocimene, (3Z)-	5320250	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19840670504
Citronellic acid	10402	Click to see	170.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60197A010
Citronellol	8842	Click to see	156.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1989.9697764 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(83)80140-X https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1990.9697827
Geranic acid	5275520	Click to see	168.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60197A010
Geraniol	637566	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCO)C)C	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1989.9697764 https://doi.org/10.1039/A707083G https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(97)00761-2 https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1990.9697827 https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(83)80140-X
Linalool	6549	Click to see	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19840670504 https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1990.9697827
Myrcene	31253	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19840670504
Neranic acid	5312583	Click to see	168.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60197A010
Nerol	643820	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCO)C)C	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(83)80140-X https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1990.9697827
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Aromatic monoterpenoids
P-Cymene	7463	Click to see	134.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19840670504
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Bicyclic monoterpenoids
(+-)-alpha-Pinene	6654	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19840670504
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Menthane monoterpenoids
(+)-Menthone	443159	Click to see	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1990.9697827 https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19840670504
alpha-PHELLANDRENE	7460	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19840670504
Beta-Phellandrene	11142	Click to see CC(C)C1CCC(=C)C=C1	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19840670504
Isomenthone, (+-)-	6432469	Click to see	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1990.9697827 https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19840670504
Limonene, (+/-)-	22311	Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1)C(=C)C	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19840670504
p-Menthan-3-one	6986	Click to see	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1990.9697827
Terpinolene	11463	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19840670504
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesterterpenoids / Scalarane sesterterpenoids
(3S,14bR)-8a-(hydroxymethyl)-4,4,6a,6a,11,11,14b-heptamethyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,8,9,10,12,12a,13,14,14a-tetradecahydropicen-3-ol	5319977	Click to see	442.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids
Isobutyric Acid	6590	Click to see	88.11	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF60197A010
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Cyclitols and derivatives / Quinic acids and derivatives
Isochlorogenic acid C	460890	Click to see	516.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Primary alcohols
3-Methyl-1-pentanol	11508	Click to see CCC(C)CCO	102.17	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19840670504
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / Cyanogenic glycosides
Linamarin	11128	Click to see	247.24	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Cyclic ketones
3-Methylcyclohexanone	11567	Click to see	112.17	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19840670504
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Ketones
6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one	9862	Click to see	126.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/HLCA.19840670504
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Oxanes
2,6,6-Trimethyl-2-vinyltetrahydropyran	522514	Click to see	154.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
Rose oxide	27866	Click to see	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-636X(1998)10:3<229::AID-CHIR5>3.0.CO;2-4 https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1990.9697827
trans-Rose oxide	7093102	Click to see CC1CCOC(C1)C=C(C)C	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1990.9697827
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Tetrahydrofurans
Linalool oxide	22310	Click to see CC1(CCC(O1)C(C)(C)O)C=C	170.25	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organosulfur compounds / Thiols / Alkylthiols
Methanethiol	878	Click to see	48.11	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols
Quercetin	5280343	Click to see	302.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides
Hyperoside	5281643	Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)O	464.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Isoquercetin	5280804	Click to see	464.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Quercetin 3-(2R-apiosylrutinoside)	23955865	Click to see	742.60	unknown	via CMAUP database
Rutin	5280805	Click to see	610.50	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides
Kaempferol 3,7-diglucoside	6325460	Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)O	610.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1002/PTR.4853

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Pelargonium graveolens

Table of Contents

Details Top

Ethnobotanical Use Top

General Uses Top

Synonyms Top

Common names Top

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

Germination/Propagation Top

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Links to other databases Top

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Scientific Literature Top

Phytochemical Profile Top

Gallery Top

Contributors Top

Collections Top