Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Airy bedstraw (Galium album) has documented diuretic uses across Europe, specifically prepared as teas or infusions. In German phytotherapy, dried aerial parts are infused (1-2 g per cup) to treat water retention, with documented references by Commission E (1990). French herbalists traditionally used decoctions (15 g aerial parts per liter boiled 10 minutes) for mild urinary tract issues (Bézanger-Beauquesne et al., 1975). In the British Isles, infusions of fresh flowers and leaves have been employed for kidney health, with historical use noted in Grigson’s compilation (1955). Preparations focus on the above-ground parts, leveraging its mild diuretic action.

Practical preparation: For a mild diuretic tea, infuse 2 grams of dried aerial parts in 200 ml near-boiling water for 10 minutes; strain and drink up to three times daily. A stronger remedy involves decocting 15 grams of aerial parts in 1 liter of water for 10 minutes, consumed in 200 ml doses thrice daily. Safety note: Avoid during pregnancy due to insufficient safety data; discontinue if gastrointestinal upset occurs. This advice follows contraindications outlined by Commission E (1990) and Wichtl (2004).

Galium album's diuretic effects are attributed to its iridoid glycosides, especially asperuloside, and flavonoid content including luteolin and quercetin derivatives (Blanchan, 1917; Wichtl, 2004). These compounds plausibly explain its diuretic action and mild antispasmodic effects, corroborated by phytochemical studies.

Modern relevance: Commercial herbal diuretic teas often include Galium album, and recent research investigates its nephroprotective potential (Erdelmeier, 1997). Its traditional mild diuretic use persists in European herbal medicine, retaining relevance in modern applications.

General Uses Top

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Common products:
* **Coagulant:** The plant (dried aerial parts) is documented as a traditional coagulant for cheese-making, due to its enzyme content (chymosin-like proteases). This enzymatic property allows milk protein coagulation similar to animal rennet.

Industrial and craft applications:
* **Potential Fiber Source:** While not a major commercial fiber plant, the stems have historical or experimental use as a source of bast fiber for coarse cordage or textile applications, reflecting its cellulose content. No large-scale industrial application is documented.

Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
* **Rennet Substitute:** As noted under "Common products," dried aerial parts are used as a traditional, natural coagulant in cheese production, serving as an enzymatic alternative to animal rennet for milk clotting.

Colorants and tanning:
* **Dye Plant:** The roots and aerial parts are documented sources of red and yellow dyes. Different parts and processing methods yield colors (e.g., root mordanted with alum gives a red dye, aerial parts give yellow). This historical textile dyeing use is verifiable.

Fragrance and cosmetics:
* **Scenting Agent:** The intensely fragrant flowers have been documented for use in perfumery or scenting linens and sachets, likely attributed to volatile aromatic compounds. Cosmetic applications beyond scenting are not prominent.

Properties relevant to use:
* **Enzyme Content:** The presence of proteolytic enzymes (resembling chymosin) is the key property enabling its function as a milk coagulant in cheese-making.
* **Dye Compounds:** Roots contain anthraquinone compounds (e.g., rubiadin, purpurin) responsible for red coloration, while aerial parts yield flavonoid/yellow dyes.
* **Aromatic Compounds:** The floral scent is attributed to volatile organic compounds.

Standards and regulation:
* **Food Additive:** The aerial parts (as "Bedstraw") are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the US FDA for use as a flavoring substance in food. No specific ISO/ASTM/EN standards apply directly to its traditional uses like cheese rennet or dye production.

Sustainability and sourcing:
* **Availability:** Galium album is a common, widespread perennial herb in temperate regions. Traditional harvesting practices involve wild-collection of aerial parts during flowering. Sustainability hinges on ensuring harvesting does not deplete local populations or disrupt ecosystems. Industrial-scale supply for specific uses (like dye extraction) is not prominent.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Galium mixtum	Stransky	Sborn. Balg. Akad. Nauk., Klon Prir.-Mat. 6: 134 1921
Galium mollugo var. mixtum	(Stransky) Stoj. & Stef.	Fl. Bulg. 2: 1050 1925
Galium mollugo subsp. album	(Mill.) Tzvelev	Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 32: 185 (2000)

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	white bedstraw
Arabic	جويسئة بيضاء
Belarusian	маруна прамастаячая
Bulgarian	бяло еньовче
Czech	svízel bílý
German	weißes labkraut
German	großblütiges wiesen-labkraut
Estonian	valge madar
Finnish	paimenmatara
French	gaillet blanc
Upper Sorbian	wulki sydrik
Italian	caglio bianco
Latvian	baltā madara
Norwegian Bokmål	stormaure
Polish	przytulia biała
Russian	Подмаренник белый
Russian	Подмаренник прямой
se	stuorramáđir
Slovak	lipkavec biely
Swedish	stormåra

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Galium album subsp. album		Unknown
Galium album subsp. amani	Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem.	Pl. Syst. Evol. 133: 109 (1979)
Galium album subsp. prusense	(K.Koch) Ehrend. & Krendl	Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 68: 270 (1974)
Galium album subsp. pycnotrichum	(Heinr.Braun) Krendl	Oesterr. Bot. Z. 114: 539 (1967)
Galium album subsp. suberectum	(Klokov) Michalk.	Karpatskaja Fl. : 78 (1988)

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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No variety added yet.

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Africa click to expand
- Northeast Tropical Africa
  - Sudan
- Northern Africa
  - Algeria
  - Libya
  - Morocco
  - Tunisia

Asia-temperate click to expand
- Caucasus
  - Transcaucasus
- Siberia
  - West Siberia
- Western Asia
  - Lebanon-Syria
  - Turkey

Australasia click to expand
- Australia
  - South Australia

Europe click to expand
- Eastern Europe
  - Baltic States
  - Belarus
  - Central European Russia
  - East European Russia
  - Krym
  - North European Russia
  - Northwest European Russia
  - South European Russia
  - Ukraine
- Middle Europe
  - Austria
  - Belgium
  - Czechoslovakia
  - Germany
  - Hungary
  - Netherlands
  - Poland
  - Switzerland
- Northern Europe
  - Denmark
  - Finland
  - Great Britain
  - Iceland
  - Ireland
  - Norway
  - Sweden
- Southeastern Europe
  - Albania
  - Bulgaria
  - Greece
  - Italy
  - Romania
  - Sicilia
  - Turkey-in-Europe
  - Yugoslavia
- Southwestern Europe
  - Corse
  - France
  - Portugal
  - Sardegna
  - Spain

Northern America click to expand
- Northeastern U.S.A.
  - Vermont
- Subarctic America
  - Greenland

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000968234
Canadensys	20749
USDA Plants	GAAL
Tropicos	27900165
INPN	99366
Flora of Italy	11686
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:749481-1
The Plant List	kew-85609
Plantarium	16926
Open Tree Of Life	807617
Observations.org	118072
NCBI Taxonomy	29787
Nature Serve	2.130634
IPNI	749481-1
iNaturalist	163166
GBIF	2913931
Freebase	/m/0gnmw7
WisFlora	13051
EPPO	GALAL
EOL	1098651
Elurikkus	4833
USDA GRIN	465347
Wikipedia	Galium_album
CMAUP	NPO16343

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

An annotated nomenclatural checklist of endemic vascular plants distributed in the Ukrainian Carpathians

Novikov A

Biodivers Data J

11-Aug-2023

PMCID:	PMC10848708
doi:	10.3897/BDJ.11.e103921
PMID:	38327305

Plant pathogenesis: Toward multidimensional understanding of the microbiome

Lv T, Zhan C, Pan Q, Xu H, Fang H, Wang M, Matsumoto H

Imeta

16-Jul-2023

PMCID:	PMC10989765
doi:	10.1002/imt2.129
PMID:	38867927

Vertical Columns with Sustainable Green Cover: Meadow Plants in Urban Design

Stakelienė V, Pašakinskienė I, Ložienė K, Ryliškis D, Skridaila A

Plants (Basel)

01-Feb-2023

PMCID:	PMC9921580
doi:	10.3390/plants12030636
PMID:	36771721

Orthopteran Diversity in Steep Slope Vineyards: The Role of Vineyard Type and Vegetation Management

Wersebeckmann V, Biegerl C, Leyer I, Mody K

Insects

13-Jan-2023

PMCID:	PMC9867116
doi:	10.3390/insects14010083
PMID:	36662010

Southern Carpathian ultramafic grasslands within the central-southeast European context: syntaxonomic classification and overall eco-coenotic patterns

Coldea G, Gafta D, Negrean G, Stoica AI, Hurdu BI

Bot Stud

12-Oct-2022

PMCID:	PMC9556682
doi:	10.1186/s40529-022-00355-8
PMID:	36222902

Soil metatranscriptome demonstrates a shift in C, N, and S metabolisms of a grassland ecosystem in response to elevated atmospheric CO2

Rosado-Porto D, Ratering S, Moser G, Deppe M, Müller C, Schnell S

Front Microbiol

23-Aug-2022

PMCID:	PMC9445814
doi:	10.3389/fmicb.2022.937021
PMID:	36081791

Biodiversity in Urban Areas: The Extraordinary Case of Appia Antica Regional Park (Rome, Italy)

Iamonico D

Plants (Basel)

15-Aug-2022

PMCID:	PMC9414419
doi:	10.3390/plants11162122
PMID:	36015425

The management success of the invasive late goldenrod (Solidago gigantea Aiton.) in a nature conservation area is strongly related to site, control measures and environmental factors

Hall RM, Urban B, Kaul HP

PeerJ

19-Apr-2022

PMCID:	PMC9029358
doi:	10.7717/peerj.13161
PMID:	35462761

Impacts of global change on the phyllosphere microbiome

Zhu Y, Xiong C, Wei Z, Chen Q, Ma B, Zhou S, Tan J, Zhang L, Cui H, Duan G

New Phytol

06-Jan-2022

PMCID:	PMC9306672
doi:	10.1111/nph.17928
PMID:	34921429

Horsenettle (Solanum carolinense) fruit bacterial communities are not variable across fine spatial scales

Heminger AR, Belden LK, Barney JN, Badgley BD, Haak DC

PeerJ

08-Nov-2021

PMCID:	PMC8582302
doi:	10.7717/peerj.12359
PMID:	34820171

Dianthus superbus as a critically endangered species in Latvia: evaluation of its growth conditions and conservation possibilities

Osvalde A, Jakobsone G, Akmane I, Svilāns A, Dubova I

AoB Plants

07-Aug-2021

PMCID:	PMC8420110
doi:	10.1093/aobpla/plab051
PMID:	34512941

Chemical and Phytocoenological Characteristics of Two Different Slovak Peatlands

Fazekašová D, Barančíková G, Fazekaš J, Štofejová L, Halas J, Litavec T, Liptaj T

Plants (Basel)

24-Jun-2021

PMCID:	PMC8309078
doi:	10.3390/plants10071290
PMID:	34202908

Elevated Atmospheric CO2 Modifies Mostly the Metabolic Active Rhizosphere Soil Microbiome in the Giessen FACE Experiment

Rosado-Porto D, Ratering S, Cardinale M, Maisinger C, Moser G, Deppe M, Müller C, Schnell S

Microb Ecol

19-Jun-2021

PMCID:	PMC8979872
doi:	10.1007/s00248-021-01791-y
PMID:	34148108

An unknown hotspot of plant diversity in the heart of the Central Apennine: flora and vegetation outline of Mt. Pozzoni-St. Rufo valley (Cittareale, Rieti)

Lattanzi E, Del Vico E, Tranquilli R, Farris E, Marignani M, Rosati L

PhytoKeys

31-May-2021

PMCID:	PMC8390790
doi:	10.3897/phytokeys.178.62947
PMID:	34475797

The effects of first defoliation and previous management intensity on forage quality of a semi-natural species-rich grassland

Pavlů K, Kassahun T, Pavlů VV, Pavlů L, Blažek P, Homolka P

PLoS One

30-Mar-2021

PMCID:	PMC8009352
doi:	10.1371/journal.pone.0248804
PMID:	33784309

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!

Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Methoxybenzenes / Dimethoxybenzenes
3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-4-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-2H-furan-5-one	10523042	Click to see	368.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
3-[(R)-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl(hydroxy)methyl]-4-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-2H-furan-5-one	20056151	Click to see	384.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Methoxyphenols
3-[(R)-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl(hydroxy)methyl]-4-[(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-2H-furan-5-one	21592358	Click to see	370.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Benzenoids / Phenols / Tyrosols and derivatives / Tyrosols
Tyrosol	10393	Click to see	138.16	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Arylnaphthalene lignans
Chinensin	5315827	Click to see	364.30	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Furanoid lignans
(+)-Lirioresinol C	11796268	Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1O)OC)C2C3COC(C3CO2)C4=CC(=C(C(=C4)OC)O)OC	418.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
4-[(3S,3aS,6S,6aS)-6-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-1,3,3a,4,6,6a-hexahydrofuro[3,4-c]furan-3-yl]-2,6-dimethoxy-phenol	12309695	Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1O)OC)C2C3COC(C3CO2)C4=CC(=C(C(=C4)OC)O)OC	418.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Pinoresinol	73399	Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C2C3COC(C3CO2)C4=CC(=C(C=C4)O)OC)O	358.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Furanoid lignans / Tetrahydrofuran lignans / 9,9-epoxylignans / Dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans
(-)-Matairesinol	119205	Click to see	358.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3R,4R)-3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzyl)-4-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one	10249666	Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1O)OC)CC2COC(=O)C2CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)OC	388.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3R,4R)-3-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-4-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]oxolan-2-one	11164637	Click to see	372.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3R,4R)-4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-3-[(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]oxolan-2-one	101630410	Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)CC2C(COC2=O)CC3=CC4=C(C=C3)OCO4)O	356.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3R,4R)-4-[(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-3-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]oxolan-2-one	101097988	Click to see	358.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3R,4R)-4-[(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)methyl]-3-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]oxolan-2-one	14682324	Click to see	358.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3R,4S)-4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-3-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-3-hydroxyoxolan-2-one	14630578	Click to see	386.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3S,4S)-3-hydroxy-4-[(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-3-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]oxolan-2-one	101681939	Click to see	404.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3Z,4R)-4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-3-[(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)methylidene]oxolan-2-one	101630409	Click to see	354.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3Z,4R)-4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-3-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methylidene]oxolan-2-one	6506046	Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C=C2C(COC2=O)CC3=CC4=C(C=C3)OCO4)OC	368.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
(3Z,4S)-4-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-3-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methylidene]oxolan-2-one	643806	Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)CC2COC(=O)C2=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)OC)O	356.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
[(3R,4S)-4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-3-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-2-oxooxolan-3-yl] acetate	14630580	Click to see CC(=O)OC1(C(COC1=O)CC2=CC3=C(C=C2)OCO3)CC4=CC(=C(C=C4)OC)OC	428.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Arctigenin methyl ether	384877	Click to see	386.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Arctigenin, (+)-	28125531	Click to see	372.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Bursehernin	94504	Click to see	370.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Epinortrachelogenin	14159539	Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)CC2COC(=O)C2(CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)OC)O)O	374.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Hydroxymatairesinol	10948757	Click to see	374.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Isosalicifolin	638390	Click to see	356.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Kaerophyllin	6440534	Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)C=C2C(COC2=O)CC3=CC4=C(C=C3)OCO4)OC	368.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Nortrachelogenin	394846	Click to see	374.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Salicifolin	101681940	Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)CC2COC(=O)C2=CC3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)OC)O	356.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
Thujaplicatin methyl ether	192827	Click to see	388.40	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Lignan lactones
(3R,3aR,6aR)-3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3,3a,4,6a-tetrahydro-1H-furo[3,4-c]furan-6-one	16038940	Click to see	248.23	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Bicyclic monoterpenoids
(2S)-2-[(3E)-4,8-dimethylnona-3,7-dienyl]-2,8-dimethyl-3,4-dihydrochromen-6-ol	163194297	Click to see CC1=CC(=CC2=C1OC(CC2)(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)C)O	328.50	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00328-7
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Iridoid O-glycosides
7-(Acetyloxymethyl)-5-hydroxy-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid	13935238	Click to see	432.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00328-7
7-(Hydroxymethyl)-1-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid	323273	Click to see	374.34	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00328-7
Asperulosidic acid	11968867	Click to see CC(=O)OCC1=CC(C2C1C(OC=C2C(=O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)O	432.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1081/JLC-100101486
Daphylloside	21602024	Click to see	446.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1081/JLC-100101486
Desacetylasperulosidic acid	12315350	Click to see	390.34	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1081/JLC-100101486
Monotropein	73466	Click to see	390.34	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00328-7
Monotropein [M+H]+	3488508	Click to see	390.34	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00328-7
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
Betulin	72326	Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)CO	442.70	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / O-glycosyl compounds
[(1S,4R,7S,8S,10R,11S)-10-methoxy-2-oxo-8-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,9-dioxatricyclo[5.3.1.04,11]undec-5-en-6-yl]methyl acetate	162844583	Click to see CC(=O)OCC1=CC2C3C1C(OC(C3C(=O)O2)OC)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O	446.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00328-7
[(4S,7S,8S,11S)-2-oxo-8-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,9-dioxatricyclo[5.3.1.04,11]undeca-1(10),5-dien-6-yl]methyl acetate	162975248	Click to see	414.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.3891/ACTA.CHEM.SCAND.30B-0743
[10-Methoxy-2-oxo-8-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,9-dioxatricyclo[5.3.1.04,11]undec-5-en-6-yl]methyl acetate	162844582	Click to see	446.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00328-7
[5-(hexopyranosyloxy)-1-oxo-2a,4a,5,7b-tetrahydro-1H-2,6-dioxacyclopenta[cd]inden-4-yl]methyl acetate	233330	Click to see CC(=O)OCC1=CC2C3C1C(OC=C3C(=O)O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O	414.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00328-7
10-Hydroxymorroniside	443341	Click to see	422.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00328-7
Asperuloside	84298	Click to see CC(=O)OCC1=CC2C3C1C(OC=C3C(=O)O2)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O	414.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00328-7
Methyl 11-hydroxy-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4,10,12-trioxatricyclo[7.2.1.02,7]dodec-5-ene-6-carboxylate	4490615	Click to see	420.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00328-7
Methyl 3-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)-8-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,3,4,4a,8,8a-hexahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyran-5-carboxylate	4490438	Click to see	422.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(96)00328-7
Secogalioside	443355	Click to see	420.40	unknown	https://doi.org/10.3891/ACTA.CHEM.SCAND.30B-0743
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / Phenolic glycosides
Alpha-Arbutin	158637	Click to see	272.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.3891/ACTA.CHEM.SCAND.30B-0743
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives
5,6,7-Trimethoxycoumarin	148724	Click to see COC1=C(C(=C2C=CC(=O)OC2=C1)OC)OC	236.22	unknown	via CMAUP database
5,7-Dimethoxycoumarin	2775	Click to see	206.19	unknown	via CMAUP database
6,7,8-Trimethoxycoumarin	3083928	Click to see	236.22	unknown	via CMAUP database
Methylumbelliferone	10748	Click to see	176.17	unknown	via CMAUP database
Scoparone	8417	Click to see	206.19	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Coumarins and derivatives / Hydroxycoumarins / 7-hydroxycoumarins
Scopoletin	5280460	Click to see	192.17	unknown	via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols
Quercetin	5280343	Click to see	302.23	unknown	via CMAUP database

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Galium album

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