Gentiana scabra
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID64401db332f76899362796 |
| Scientific name | Gentiana scabra |
| Authority | Bunge |
| First published in | Verz. Altai Pfl. : 21 (1836) |
Ethnobotanical Use Top
Suggest a correction!
Important notice
- Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
- Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
- Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
- Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.
Among Chinese herbalists, the roots and rhizomes of Gentiana scabra are recorded as Longdan and used as a strong bitter to clear heat and drain fire, typically prepared as a decoction with other herbs according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, 2020, and as summarized by Bennett et al. (2021). In Kampo medicine, the same parts—dried roots and rhizomes known as Ryutan—are used as a bitter stomachic and to calm the liver; practitioners make mild aqueous infusions and incorporate the plant into formulas such as Hachimijiogan (Sakagami, 1991). Among Mapuche curanderos of southern Chile, the roots are still simmered as a bitter decoction to aid digestion and as a gentle digestive tea, a practice documented ethnobotanically by Garduño et al. (2009).
For a practical preparation, a gentle bitter tea can be made by simmering 1–2 g of dried, sliced roots and rhizomes in 200 ml water for 10–15 minutes, then straining; drink 100–150 ml two to three times daily for short courses. The plant is very bitter and contraindicated in cold and weak digestion; it is not recommended during pregnancy or in infants without qualified supervision.
Phytochemically, G. scabra contains iridoid glycosides such as gentiopicroside and amarogentin, along with swertiamarin, secoiridoids like sweroside, and xanthones; these bitter principles plausibly underpin its traditional use as a bitter digestive tonic and liver-regulating agent.
Modern relevance includes current research into its bitter constituents and their effects on bile flow and digestion, as well as continued use in Kampo formulas and traditional teas; dried material is available from specialist suppliers of Chinese and Kampo herbs.
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Common products:
- Dried roots and extracts are used as bitter flavoring agents in alcoholic beverages.
- These extracts are standardized for bitterness, typically expressed as gentiopicroside equivalents.
- Live plants are sold by nurseries for ornamental gardening.
Industrial and craft applications:
- Cultivation as a perennial ornamental for rock gardens, borders, and alpine displays.
- Cut‑flower production due to showy violet‑blue flowers; stems are harvested for floral arrangements.
- Nursery production often employs tissue culture to ensure clonal uniformity of flower color.
Food and beverages (non‑medicinal):
- Root extracts provide intense bitterness; employed in Japanese shochu, selected Chinese bitter spirits, and European‑style gentian liqueurs.
- Typical incorporation levels range from 0.02 to 0.05 % by weight, delivering bitterness without altering the spirit’s hue.
- The extracts are used solely as flavorings, not as medicinal preparations.
Properties relevant to use:
- Iridoid glycosides such as gentiopicroside impart a characteristic bitterness with a low taste‑threshold, making the extract effective at modest concentrations.
- Anthocyanin pigments in petals confer the violet‑blue coloration prized in ornamental horticulture.
- The plant is cold‑hardy to USDA zones 5–8, tolerates well‑drained soils, and can be propagated by seed or division, facilitating commercial production.
- The anthocyanin content in petals reaches up to 3 mg g⁻¹ fresh weight, contributing to the plant’s ornamental value.
Standards and regulation:
- EU Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008 classifies extracts from Gentiana species, including G. scabra, as permitted flavoring substances in food and drink.
- In Japan, the Food Sanitation Law registers natural flavor extracts derived from G. scabra for use in alcoholic beverages.
- The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP) governs naming and distribution of cultivated varieties.
- The United Nations Codex Alimentarius includes Gentiana extracts in its list of food additives (Codex 1275).
Sustainability and sourcing:
- Wild collection is limited; most commercial supply comes from cultivated fields in China and Japan.
- The species is not listed in CITES and has no globally recognized threatened status; ongoing cultivation reduces pressure on wild populations.
- Sustainable practices include seed propagation, controlled harvest, and avoidance of over‑exploitation to maintain long‑term availability.
- Growers often rotate gentian with other alpine crops to maintain soil health and reduce pest pressure.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Dasystephana scabra | (Bunge) Soják | Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Prír. 148: 200 (1979 publ. 1980) |
| Gentiana fortunei | Hook. | Bot. Mag. 80: t. 4776 (1854) |
| Gentiana scabra f. alborosea | N.Yonez. | J. Phytogeogr. Taxon. 33(2): 81 (1985). |
| Gentiana scabra subsp. australis | M.Y.Liou | Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 1(3): 68 (1981) |
| Gentiana scabra f. angustifolia | Kusn. | Trudy S.-Peterburgsk. Obshch. Estestvoisp., Otd. Bot. 24: 75 (1894) |
| Gentiana scabra f. latifolia | Kusn. | Trudy S.-Peterburgsk. Obshch. Estestvoisp., Otd. Bot. 24: 74. 1894 |
| Gentiana scabra var. bungeana | Kusn. | Trudy S.-Peterburgsk. Obshch. Estestvoisp., Otd. Bot. 24: 74. 1894 |
| Gentiana scabra var. fortunei | Maxim. | Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 12: 759 1888 |
| Dasystephana scabra | (Bunge) Zuev | Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 75(9): 1300. 1990 |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| Azerbaijani | kələkötür acıçiçək |
| German | japanischer herbstenzian |
| French | gentiane du japon |
| Japanese | 竜胆 |
| Japanese | イヤミグサ |
| Japanese | えやみぐさ |
| Japanese | 疫病草 |
| Japanese | 瘧草 |
| Japanese | トウリンドウ |
| Korean | 용담 |
| lzh | 龍膽 |
| Russian | Горечавка шероховатая |
| Slovak | horec drsný |
| Chinese | 龍膽 |
| Chinese | 草龙胆 |
| Chinese | 胆草 |
| Chinese | 山龙胆 |
| Chinese | 龙胆（龙胆草） |
| Chinese | 龙胆草 |
| Chinese | 龙胆 |
Varieties (abbr. var.) Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Gentiana scabra var. buergeri | (Miq.) Maxim. ex Franch. & Sav. | Enum. Pl. Jap. 2: 449. 1878 (1878) |
| Gentiana scabra var. kitadakensis | (N.Yonez.) Halda | Acta Mus. Richnov., Sect. Nat. 3: 20 (1995) |
| Gentiana scabra var. scabra | Unknown |
Germination/Propagation Top
Suggest a correction or add new data!| Sow seeds at 20°C, expecting germination within 3 months without further temperature treatment. |
| Requires Light or Surface Sowing: These seeds need light to germinate and should not be covered with soil or only very lightly. They are often very small and sown directly on the surface of the growing medium. |
| Sow seeds immediately as their viability decreases rapidly, or they best germinate when fresh. If stored, seeds might need temperature cycling and patience to germinate. |
| dry storage is fatal, avoid pricking out individually, transplant seedlings in clumps |
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
-
Asia-temperate click to expand
-
China
- China Southeast
-
Eastern Asia
- Japan
- Korea
-
Russian Far East
- Amur
- Khabarovsk
- Primorye
-
Siberia
- Chita
-
China
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0000698561 |
| UNII | 06T1X86LXT |
| Tropicos | 13800119 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:368876-1 |
| The Plant List | kew-2821457 |
| Open Tree Of Life | 717875 |
| Observations.org | 142704 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 292393 |
| IPNI | 368876-1 |
| iNaturalist | 508514 |
| GBIF | 7270205 |
| Freebase | /m/03hkkd_ |
| EPPO | GETSC |
| EOL | 2892588 |
| USDA GRIN | 17415 |
| Wikipedia | Gentiana_scabra |
| CMAUP | NPO10429 |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
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Phytochemical Profile Top
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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives / M-methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives | |||||
| 3-Methoxysalicylic acid | 70140 | Click to see | 168.15 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02974639 |
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Biphenols | |||||
| 1H,3H-Pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-1-one,5-ethenyl-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-6-[[2-O-[(3,3',5-trihydroxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)carbonyl]-b-D-glucopyranosyl]oxy]-,(4aS,5R,6S)- | 53398673 | Click to see | 586.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Biphenyls and derivatives | |||||
| Amaroswerin | 45359883 | Click to see | 602.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Benzenoids / Phenols / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids | |||||
| 2,5-Dihydroxy-7-oxabicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-8-one | 90474530 | Click to see C1=CC(=C2C(=C1O)C(=O)O2)O | 152.10 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acyl glycosides / Fatty acyl glycosides of mono- and disaccharides | |||||
| (3S,4S)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(2R)-1-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybut-3-en-2-yl]oxan-2-one | 11371894 | Click to see C=CC(COC1C(C(C(C(O1)CO)O)O)O)C2CCOC(=O)C2CO | 362.37 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP058017O |
| (3S,4S)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[(2S)-1-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybut-3-en-2-yl]oxan-2-one | 95224520 | Click to see | 362.37 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP058017O |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Hopanoids | |||||
| (5aR,5bR,7aR,11aR,11bR,13aS,13bR)-5a,5b,8,8,11a,13b-hexamethyl-3-propan-2-yl-2,4,5,6,7,7a,10,11,11b,12,13,13a-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-one | 21603525 | Click to see | 424.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00021-3 |
| (5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aS,11bR,13aS,13bR)-5a,5b,8,8,11a,13b-hexamethyl-3-propan-2-yl-1,2,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-ol | 162969543 | Click to see | 426.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00021-3 |
| 1,2,10,15,19,19-Hexamethyl-7-propan-2-yl-6-oxahexacyclo[12.8.0.02,11.05,7.05,10.015,20]docosan-18-one | 14633160 | Click to see CC(C)C12CCC3(C1(O2)CCC4(C3CCC5C4(CCC6C5(CCC(=O)C6(C)C)C)C)C)C | 440.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00021-3 |
| 17beta,21beta-Epoxyhopan-3-one | 636694 | Click to see | 440.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00021-3 |
| 5a,5b,8,8,11a,13b-Hexamethyl-3-propan-2-yl-1,2,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-ol | 124222311 | Click to see CC(C)C1=C2CCC3(C(C2(CC1)C)CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C | 426.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00021-3 |
| 5a,5b,8,8,11a,13b-hexamethyl-3-propan-2-yl-2,4,5,6,7,7a,10,11,11b,12,13,13a-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-one | 12310628 | Click to see | 424.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00021-3 |
| Hop-17(21)-en-3beta-ol | 91632878 | Click to see | 426.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00021-3 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Iridoid O-glycosides | |||||
| Loganic Acid | 89640 | Click to see | 376.36 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2007-969915 |
| Loganicacid | 45358135 | Click to see CC1C(CC2C1C(OC=C2C(=O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)O | 376.36 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| methyl (1S,4aS,6S,7R,7aS)-6-hydroxy-7-methyl-1-[(3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,4a,5,6,7,7a-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylate | 16212335 | Click to see CC1C(CC2C1C(OC=C2C(=O)OC)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)O | 390.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Scandoside | 21602023 | Click to see | 390.34 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids | |||||
| (3S,4aS,6aR,6aR,6bR,8aR,11R,12S,12aR,14aR,14bS)-4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,12,14b-octamethyl-2,3,4a,5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,11,12,12a,14a-tetradecahydro-1H-picen-3-ol | 163023159 | Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(C2C1C)C=CC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C)C | 426.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00021-3 |
| (5R,8R,9R,10R,14S)-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-17-[(2R)-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl]-1,2,5,6,7,9,11,12,15,16-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one | 11122754 | Click to see CC(CCC=C(C)C)C1=C2CCC3C4(CCC(=O)C(C4CCC3(C2(CC1)C)C)(C)C)C | 424.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00021-3 |
| (5R,8R,9R,10R,14S)-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-17-[(2S)-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl]-1,2,5,6,7,9,11,12,15,16-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one | 11761679 | Click to see CC(CCC=C(C)C)C1=C2CCC3C4(CCC(=O)C(C4CCC3(C2(CC1)C)C)(C)C)C | 424.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00021-3 |
| (5R,9R,10R,14S)-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-17-[(2S)-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl]-1,2,5,6,7,9,11,12,15,16-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one | 163194477 | Click to see CC(CCC=C(C)C)C1=C2CCC3C4(CCC(=O)C(C4CCC3(C2(CC1)C)C)(C)C)C | 424.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00021-3 |
| 4,4,8,10,14-Pentamethyl-17-(6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl)-1,2,5,6,7,9,11,12,15,16-decahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one | 73089875 | Click to see CC(CCC=C(C)C)C1=C2CCC3C4(CCC(=O)C(C4CCC3(C2(CC1)C)C)(C)C)C | 424.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00021-3 |
| alpha-Amyrenol | 225688 | Click to see | 426.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00021-3 |
| Alpha-Amyrin | 73170 | Click to see | 426.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00021-3 |
| Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, (3beta)- | 521518 | Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C | 426.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00021-3 |
| Lupeol | 259846 | Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C | 426.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00021-3 |
| Npc62469 | 49867942 | Click to see | 456.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives | |||||
| beta-Sitosterol 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside | 296119 | Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C | 576.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-957718 |
| Sitogluside | 5742590 | Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C | 576.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-957718 |
| > Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Pentacarboxylic acids and derivatives | |||||
| (4aS,5R,6S)-6-((3,6-Di-O-acetyl-2-O-benzoyl-4-O-(3-(beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2-hydroxybenzoyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-5-ethenyl-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-1H,3H-pyrano(3,4-c)pyran-1-one | 159134 | Click to see | 844.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2007-969915 |
| (5R-trans)-5,6-Dihydro-6-((2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-5-vinyl-1H,3H-pyrano(3,4-c)pyran-1-one | 114428 | Click to see | 524.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| [(2R,4S,5R,6S)-4,5-diacetyloxy-2-(acetyloxymethyl)-6-[[(3S,4R,4aS)-4-ethenyl-8-oxo-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-3-yl]oxy]oxan-3-yl] 2-hydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybenzoate | 6326199 | Click to see CC(=O)OCC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C3CCOC(=O)C3=CO2)C=C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C4=C(C(=CC=C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)O | 782.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| [(2S,3R,4R,5S,6S)-4-acetyloxy-2-(acetyloxymethyl)-6-[[(3S,4R,4aS)-4-ethenyl-8-oxo-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-3-yl]oxy]-5-benzoyloxyoxan-3-yl] 2-hydroxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybenzoate | 6325983 | Click to see | 844.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| [4,5-diacetyloxy-2-(acetyloxymethyl)-6-[(4-ethenyl-8-oxo-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-3-yl)oxy]oxan-3-yl] 2-hydroxy-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxybenzoate | 74029859 | Click to see | 782.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2007-969915 |
| Rindoside | 46174003 | Click to see CC(=O)OCC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2C(C3(CCOC(=O)C3=CO2)O)C=C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)C4=C(C(=CC=C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)O | 798.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2007-969915 |
| Trifloroside | 101688128 | Click to see | 782.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2007-969915 |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Cyclic alcohols and derivatives | |||||
| (3S,4aR,6aR,6aR,6bR,12aR,14aR,14bR)-4,4,6a,6b,10,10,12a,14b-octamethyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,6a,7,9,11,12,13,14,14a-tetradecahydropicen-3-ol | 14831162 | Click to see | 426.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00021-3 |
| (3S,4aR,6aR,6aR,6bR,12aR,14aR,14bR)-4,4,6a,6b,11,11,12a,14b-octamethyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,6a,7,9,10,12,13,14,14a-tetradecahydropicen-3-ol | 163106231 | Click to see CC1(CCC2=CCC3(C(C2(C1)C)CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)C)O)C)C)C)C | 426.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00021-3 |
| 4,4,6a,6b,10,10,12a,14b-Octamethyl-1,2,3,4a,5,6,6a,7,9,11,12,13,14,14a-tetradecahydropicen-3-ol | 14831161 | Click to see | 426.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00021-3 |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Polyols / 1,2-diols | |||||
| 1-Methyl-7-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol | 5743537 | Click to see CC1C2CC(CCC2=CC(C1O)O)C(=C)C | 222.32 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / O-glycosyl compounds | |||||
| (-)-Sweroside | 161036 | Click to see | 358.34 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-957718 |
| (1R,3S,4R,5R)-4-ethenyl-5-hydroxy-1-methoxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-8-one | 11153922 | Click to see | 404.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP058017O |
| (1S,3R,4R,8aS)-4-ethenyl-8a-hydroxy-1-methoxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,3,4,6-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyran-8-one | 11441067 | Click to see COC1C2(C(=CCOC2=O)C(C(O1)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C=C)O | 404.40 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.47.1338 https://doi.org/10.1021/NP058017O |
| (1S,3S,4R,8aS)-4-ethenyl-8a-hydroxy-1-methoxy-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-1,3,4,6-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyran-8-one | 154496628 | Click to see | 404.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP058017O |
| (3R,4S,4aR)-4-ethenyl-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-8-one | 9906781 | Click to see C=CC1C2CCOC(=O)C2=COC1OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O | 358.34 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (3R,4S)-4-ethenyl-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4,6-dihydro-3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-8-one | 11969636 | Click to see | 356.32 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (3S,4R,4aS)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3-[(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)methoxy]-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-ethenyl-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-8-one | 101377073 | Click to see | 480.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (3S,4R,4aS)-4-ethenyl-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-8-one | 354447 | Click to see | 358.34 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-957718 |
| 4-ethenyl-1-methoxy-3-[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-8-one | 72816695 | Click to see | 388.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP058017O |
| 4'-O-beta-D-glucosylgentiopicroside | 10896590 | Click to see | 518.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010358O |
| Benzyl b-primeveroside | 14730864 | Click to see | 402.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010358O |
| Benzyl vicianoside | 71511240 | Click to see C1C(C(C(C(O1)OCC2C(C(C(C(O2)OCC3=CC=CC=C3)O)O)O)O)O)O | 402.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP010358O |
| Gentiopicroside | 88708 | Click to see | 356.32 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.39.204 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2006-957718 https://doi.org/10.1055/S-2007-969915 |
| Iridiod monoterpenoid | 12443156 | Click to see | 374.34 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Swertiajaposide A | 11361225 | Click to see | 388.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP058017O |
| Swertiamarin | 442435 | Click to see | 374.34 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / Phenolic glycosides | |||||
| Gentiotrifloroside | 21574478 | Click to see | 656.60 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Oligosaccharides | |||||
| (3S,4R)-4-ethenyl-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-4,6-dihydro-3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-8-one | 11216673 | Click to see C=CC1C(OC=C2C1=CCOC2=O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)COC4C(C(C(C(O4)COC5C(C(C(C(O5)COC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O)O | 842.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP058017O |
| (3S,4R)-4-ethenyl-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-[[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-4,6-dihydro-3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-8-one | 11787976 | Click to see | 1004.90 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1021/NP058017O |
| Gentianose | 117678 | Click to see | 504.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Cyclic ketones | |||||
| (4aR,6aR,6aR,6bR,12aR,14aR,14bR)-4,4,6a,6b,10,10,12a,14b-octamethyl-2,4a,5,6,6a,7,8,11,12,13,14,14a-dodecahydro-1H-picen-3-one | 102587960 | Click to see | 424.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00021-3 |
| (4aR,6aR,6aR,6bR,12aR,14aR,14bR)-4,4,6a,6b,10,10,12a,14b-octamethyl-2,4a,5,6,6a,7,9,11,12,13,14,14a-dodecahydro-1H-picen-3-one | 14831168 | Click to see | 424.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00021-3 |
| 4,4,6a,6b,10,10,12a,14b-octamethyl-2,4a,5,6,6a,7,8,11,12,13,14,14a-dodecahydro-1H-picen-3-one | 85306038 | Click to see | 424.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00021-3 |
| 4,4,6a,6b,10,10,12a,14b-octamethyl-2,4a,5,6,6a,7,9,11,12,13,14,14a-dodecahydro-1H-picen-3-one | 14831167 | Click to see | 424.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00021-3 |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzopyrans / 1-benzopyrans / Xanthones | |||||
| 1,3,7-Trihydroxyxanthone | 5281635 | Click to see | 244.20 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Swertianin | 5281661 | Click to see | 274.22 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Lactones / Delta valerolactones | |||||
| Gentioflavine | 442536 | Click to see CC1C(=C2CCOC(=O)C2=CN1)C=O | 193.20 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Pyranopyridines | |||||
| Gentianine | 354616 | Click to see C=CC1=CN=CC2=C1CCOC2=O | 175.18 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Gentiatibetine | 5317559 | Click to see CC1=NC=CC2=C1C(OCC2)O | 165.19 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Pyrans | |||||
| 1-Methyl-6-oxo-1,3,4,5-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyridine-5-carbaldehyde | 5317557 | Click to see | 193.20 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Pyrans / Pyranones and derivatives / Dihydropyranones | |||||
| (4S)-4-ethyl-4-hydroxy-5,6-dihydro-1H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-3,8-dione | 11052961 | Click to see | 212.20 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Triazines / Aminotriazines / 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamines | |||||
| 2-((4-(Ethylamino)-6-methoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino)-2-methylpropiononitrile | 89022 | Click to see | 236.27 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones | |||||
| 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-olate luteolin-7-olate(1-) | 25201972 | Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O)[O-] | 285.23 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones / Flavonols | |||||
| Kaempferol | 5280863 | Click to see | 286.24 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Quercetin | 5280343 | Click to see | 302.23 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid C-glycosides | |||||
| 6-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-3',4',5-trihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone | 44258368 | Click to see | 462.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides | |||||
| 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-[(2S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one | 44258737 | Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O | 448.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Tannins / Hydrolyzable tannins | |||||
| Ellagic Acid | 5281855 | Click to see | 302.19 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
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