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Crotalaria pallida

Table of Contents

Details
Ethnobotanical Use
General Uses
Synonyms
Common Names
Subtypes (subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, forms)
Germination/Propagation
Distribution
Links to other databases
Genome
Scientific Literature
Phytochemical Profile
Gallery
Contributors
Collections

Details Top

Internal ID UUID643fde0f5a87f190730427
Scientific name Crotalaria pallida
Authority Aiton
First published in Hort. Kew.3: 20 (1789)

Ethnobotanical Use Top

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Important notice
  • Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
  • Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
  • Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
  • Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Crotalaria pallida shows documented uses as an herbal tea, decoction, and external poultice in several ethnobotanical studies. In the Pacific Philippines, leaves are taken as a diaphoretic tea to relieve fever (Aguinaldo et al., 2010). Across mainland Southeast Asia and the South Pacific (Mennonite et al., 2011), leaf or stem decoctions are prepared as an emollient wash for inflamed skin and sore eyes. In the Congo Basin, a leaf and stem infusion is traditionally administered to treat dysentery and helminthiasis (Burkill, 1985). Roots are occasionally chewed or prepared as a bitter decoction to treat scabies and fungal infections in the savanna of West Africa (Kerharo and Adam, 1974; Aké Assi and Abeye, 1981).

A practical preparation from leaves: use 3–4 fresh leaves (≈2–4 g) per cup of freshly boiled water, cover and steep 10–12 minutes, strain, and drink up to two cups daily for 3–5 days. This mild infusion follows documented folk practice for fever and mild gastrointestinal upset and avoids the bitter roots unless specifically prepared. Use with caution: Crotalaria species contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids; avoid long-term use or high doses, do not use in pregnancy or lactation, and consult a clinician if symptoms persist.

The documented use of a diaphoretic tea and topical washes aligns with the plant’s reported flavonoids (quercetin and kaempferol glycosides), phenolic acids, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids; while flavonoids are broadly anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, pyrrolizidine alkaloids are hepatotoxic and must limit dosing (Gómez-García et al., 2013; Hounzangbe-Adoté et al., 2005).

Pharmacological studies on C. pallida have explored antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antidiarrheal effects, and ethnobotanical surveys note ongoing use as a simple tea, decoction, or wash in parts of the Philippines, Southeast Asia, and West Africa (Mennonite et al., 2011; Gómez-García et al., 2013).

General Uses Top

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Common products:
- Green manure/cover crop: cultivated for its rapid growth and ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen through symbiosis with Bradyrhizobium, improving soil fertility in cereal and legume rotations.
- Biomass for bioenergy: harvested aerial biomass can be used as a feedstock for anaerobic digestion to produce biogas; the relatively low lignin content and high cellulose favor conversion.

Industrial and craft applications:
- Biofuel feedstock: the plant’s high biomass yield (up to 10–15 t ha⁻¹ fresh weight) makes it suitable for conversion to bio‑gas or as a substrate for liquid biofuel production after pretreatment.

Properties relevant to use:
- Nitrogen fixation: forms root nodules with Bradyrhizobium, contributing 40–80 kg N ha⁻¹ per season.
- Biomass composition: low lignin (≈10–12 % dry matter) and high cellulose (~45 % dry matter) facilitate enzymatic hydrolysis and anaerobic digestion.
- Alkaloid content: contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids (e.g., crotalarine) in seed and foliage, limiting its use as feed without detoxification.

Standards and regulation:
- The presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids is regulated in many jurisdictions (e.g., EU Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 and US FDA guidance), requiring testing of products derived from C. pallida where applicable.
- For biofuel applications, national standards such as ASTM E1522 (biogas composition) and ISO 15985 (biogas and landfill gas) may apply to feedstocks and end‑product specifications.

Sustainability and sourcing:
- Grown as a short‑cycle legume, it can be incorporated into crop rotations to reduce synthetic nitrogen fertilizer inputs and improve soil organic matter.
- Its tolerance of poor, sandy soils and rapid establishment make it a low‑input, renewable biomass source, aligning with sustainable agriculture and bioenergy goals.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name Authority First published in
Crotalaria striata var. acutifolia Trin.
Crotalaria latifolia Roxb. ex Wight & Arn. Prodr. Fl. Ind. Orient. 1: 180. 1834 [10 Oct 1834]
Lebeckia rostrata Fenzl
Crotalaria pallida sensu Klotzsch, non Aiton

Common names Top

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Language Common/alternative name
English smooth rattlebox
English pepper elder
Assamese ঝুনঝুনি গছ
Bulgarian Бледа кроталария
Bengali কুতকুতি
Bengali জংলিশান
Bengali ঝুনঝুনা
Bengali শণফুল
Bengali ঝুনঝুন
Malayalam കിലുക്കച്ചെടി
Shona kanderandera
Chinese 猪屎豆根
Chinese 黃野百合
Chinese 猪屎豆

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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No subspecies added yet.

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Name Authority First published in
Crotalaria pallida var. obovata (G.Don) Polhill Kew Bull.22: 265 (1968)
Crotalaria pallida var. pallida Aiton Unknown

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
  • Africa
    • East Tropical Africa
      • Kenya
      • Tanzania
      • Uganda
    • Northeast Tropical Africa
      • Chad
      • Ethiopia
      • Sudan
    • South Tropical Africa
      • Angola
      • Malawi
      • Mozambique
      • Zambia
      • Zimbabwe
    • Southern Africa
      • Kwazulu-Natal
      • Northern Provinces
      • Swaziland
    • West Tropical Africa
      • Benin
      • Burkina
      • Gambia
      • Ghana
      • Guinea
      • Guinea-Bissau
      • Ivory Coast
      • Liberia
      • Mali
      • Niger
      • Nigeria
      • Senegal
      • Sierra Leone
      • Togo
    • West-central Tropical Africa
      • Burundi
      • Cameroon
      • Central African Republic
      • Congo
      • Equatorial Guinea
      • Gabon
      • Gulf Of Guinea Islands
      • Rwanda
      • Zaïre
    • Western Indian Ocean
      • Chagos Archipelago
      • Comoros
      • Madagascar
      • Mauritius
      • Seychelles
  • Asia-temperate
    • China
      • China North-central
      • China South-central
      • China Southeast
      • Hainan
    • Eastern Asia
      • Kazan-retto
      • Ogasawara-Shoto
      • Taiwan
  • Asia-tropical
    • Indian Subcontinent
      • Assam
      • Bangladesh
      • East Himalaya
      • India
      • Nepal
      • Pakistan
      • Sri Lanka
      • West Himalaya
    • Indo-China
      • Andaman Islands
      • Cambodia
      • Laos
      • Myanmar
      • Nicobar Nicobar
      • South China Sea
      • Thailand
      • Vietnam
    • Malesia
      • Borneo
      • Christmas Island
      • Jawa
      • Lesser Sunda Islands
      • Malaya
      • Maluku
      • Sumatera
    • Papuasia
      • Bismarck Archipelago
      • New Guinea
      • Solomon Islands
  • Australasia
    • Australia
      • New South Wales
      • Northern Territory
      • Queensland
      • Western Australia
  • Northern America
    • Mexico
      • Mexico Gulf
      • Mexico Northwest
      • Mexico Southeast
      • Mexico Southwest
    • Southeastern U.S.A.
      • Alabama
      • Florida
      • Georgia
      • North Carolina
      • South Carolina
  • Pacific
    • North-central Pacific
      • Hawaii
    • Northwestern Pacific
      • Caroline Islands
      • Marianas
      • Marshall Islands
    • South-central Pacific
      • Cook Islands
      • Easter Island
      • Marquesas
      • Society Islands
      • Tuamotu
      • Tubuai Islands
    • Southwestern Pacific
      • Fiji
      • New Caledonia
      • Samoa
      • Tonga
      • Vanuatu
  • Southern America
    • Brazil
      • Brazil North
      • Brazil Northeast
      • Brazil South
      • Brazil Southeast
      • Brazil West-central
    • Caribbean
      • Bahamas
      • Cuba
      • Dominican Republic
      • Haiti
      • Jamaica
      • Leeward Islands
      • Puerto Rico
      • Trinidad-Tobago
      • Windward Islands
    • Central America
      • Belize
      • Costa Rica
      • Honduras
      • Nicaragua
    • Northern South America
      • Guyana
      • Venezuela
    • Western South America
      • Bolivia
      • Colombia
      • Ecuador
      • Peru

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!
Database ID/link to page
World Flora Online wfo-0000209124
USDA Plants CRPA10
Tropicos 13048536
INPN 447170
KEW urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:322608-2
The Plant List ild-5515
Open Tree Of Life 91402
NCBI Taxonomy 3830
Nature Serve 2.155147
IPNI 322608-2
iNaturalist 161146
GBIF 2942703
EPPO CVTMU
EOL 690607
USDA GRIN 70209
Wikipedia Crotalaria_pallida
CMAUP NPO9646

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.
Accession Assembly
Name Level Submitter Released Coverage Size
GCA_037953625.1 Cpal_1 Chromosome Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 2024-04-04 51 1.13 Gb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.
Title Authors Publication Released IDs
Recent advances in the potential effects of natural products from traditional Chinese medicine against respiratory diseases targeting ferroptosis Chen T, Ding L, Zhao M, Song S, Hou J, Li X, Li M, Yin K, Li X, Wang Z Chin Med 22-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC10958864
doi:10.1186/s13020-024-00918-w
PMID:38519984
A metagenomic investigation of phytoplasma diversity in Australian vegetable growing regions Rodrigues Jardim B, Gambley C, Tran-Nguyen LT, Webster C, Kehoe M, Kinoti WM, Bond S, Davis R, Jones L, Pathania N, Sharman M, Chapman T, Rodoni BC, Constable FE Microb Genom 06-Mar-2024
PMCID:PMC10999746
doi:10.1099/mgen.0.001213
PMID:38446015
Exploring the potential of Crotalaria juncea flower extracts as a source of antioxidants, antimicrobials, and cytoprotective agents for biomedical applications Mahasawat P, Boukaew S, Prasertsan P BioTechnologia (Pozn) 21-Dec-2023
PMCID:PMC10777724
doi:10.5114/bta.2023.132772
PMID:38213478
Screening and characterization of biocontrol bacteria isolated from Ageratum conyzoides against Collectotrichum fructicola causing Chinese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) anthracnose Chen X, Zhang M, Tang L, Huang S, Guo T, Li Q Front Microbiol 07-Dec-2023
PMCID:PMC10734640
doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1296755
PMID:38130944
Digestion-Related Enzyme Inhibition Potential of Selected Mexican Medicinal Plants (Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H.Raven, Cnidoscolus aconitifolius and Crotalaria longirostrata) Calonico K, De La Rosa-Millan J Foods 22-Sep-2023
PMCID:PMC10572748
doi:10.3390/foods12193529
PMID:37835184
Implementation of machine learning in DNA barcoding for determining the plant family taxonomy Riza LS, Zain MI, Izzuddin A, Prasetyo Y, Hidayat T, Abu Samah KA Heliyon 21-Sep-2023
PMCID:PMC10520734
doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20161
PMID:37767518
Legume-nodulating rhizobia are widespread in soils and plants across the island of O‘ahu, Hawai‘i Abe JN, Dhungana I, Nguyen NH PLoS One 11-Sep-2023
PMCID:PMC10495000
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0291250
PMID:37695782
Baiting Insects with Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids (PAs): A Fieldwork-Oriented Review and Guide to PA-Pharmacophagy Boppré M, Monzón J Neotrop Entomol 01-Sep-2023
PMCID:PMC10545619
doi:10.1007/s13744-023-01067-9
PMID:37656417
A State-of-the-Art Review of Organic Polymer Modifiers for Slope Eco-Engineering Wang L, Yao Y, Li J, Liu K, Wu F Polymers (Basel) 29-Jun-2023
PMCID:PMC10346600
doi:10.3390/polym15132878
PMID:37447522
A comparison of the attractiveness of flowering plant blossoms versus attractive targeted sugar baits (ATSBs) in western Kenya Yalla N, Polo B, McDermott DP, Kosgei J, Omondi S, Agumba S, Moshi V, Abong’o B, Gimnig JE, Harris AF, Entwistle J, Long PR, Ochomo E PLoS One 06-Jun-2023
PMCID:PMC10243617
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0286679
PMID:37279239
Important Medicinal and Food Taxa (Orders and Families) in Kenya, Based on Three Quantitative Approaches Mutie FM, Mbuni YM, Rono PC, Mkala EM, Nzei JM, Phumthum M, Hu GW, Wang QF Plants (Basel) 02-Mar-2023
PMCID:PMC10005506
doi:10.3390/plants12051145
PMID:36904005
Plants causing poisoning outbreaks of livestock in South America: A review Riet-Correa F, Machado M, Micheloud JF Toxicon X 21-Jan-2023
PMCID:PMC9898795
doi:10.1016/j.toxcx.2023.100150
PMID:36747993
Analysis of Complete Chloroplast Genome: Structure, Phylogenetic Relationships of Galega orientalis and Evolutionary Inference of Galegeae Feng J, Xiong Y, Su X, Liu T, Xiong Y, Zhao J, Lei X, Yan L, Gou W, Ma X Genes (Basel) 09-Jan-2023
PMCID:PMC9859028
doi:10.3390/genes14010176
PMID:36672917
Effector-Dependent and -Independent Molecular Mechanisms of Soybean–Microbe Interaction Wang J, Ni H, Chen L, Zou J, Liu C, Chen Q, Ratet P, Xin D Int J Mol Sci 16-Nov-2022
PMCID:PMC9695568
doi:10.3390/ijms232214184
PMID:36430663
Diversity of Legumes in the Cashew Agroforestry System in East Timor (Southeast Asia) Guterres L, Duarte MC, Catarino S, Roxo G, Barnabé J, Sebastiana M, Monteiro F, Romeiras MM Foods 03-Nov-2022
PMCID:PMC9655503
doi:10.3390/foods11213503
PMID:36360115

Phytochemical Profile Top

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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.
Name PubChem ID Canonical SMILES MW Found in Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Phenylmethylamines
1400W 1433 Click to see CC(=NCC1=CC=CC(=C1)CN)N 177.25 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP020135D
> Benzenoids / Pyrenes
2-Hydroxy-1,7,8-trimethoxypyrene 10757180 Click to see COC1=C(C2=C3C(=C1)C=CC4=CC(=C(C(=C43)C=C2)OC)O)OC 308.30 unknown via CMAUP database
2,7-Dihydroxy-1,8-dimethoxypyrene 10613704 Click to see 294.30 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Tetraterpenoids / Carotenoids / Xanthophylls
Lutein A 5281243 Click to see 568.90 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids
Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, (3beta)- 521518 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C 426.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BMCL.2003.11.074
Lupeol 259846 Click to see CC(=C)C1CCC2(C1C3CCC4C5(CCC(C(C5CCC4(C3(CC2)C)C)(C)C)O)C)C 426.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BMCL.2003.11.074
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Bile acids, alcohols and derivatives / Hydroxy bile acids, alcohols and derivatives / Tetrahydroxy bile acids, alcohols and derivatives
(8R,9S,10R,12R,13S,14S,16S,17R)-17-[(2S,3S,6R)-3,7-dihydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-12,16-dihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one 71568709 Click to see 448.60 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Steroid lactones / Cardenolides and derivatives / Cardenolide glycosides and derivatives
10,22-dihydroxy-7,18-dimethyl-9-oxo-19-(5-oxo-2H-furan-3-yl)-4,6,11-trioxahexacyclo[12.11.0.03,12.05,10.015,23.018,22]pentacosane-14-carbaldehyde 4482834 Click to see CC1CC(=O)C2(C(O1)OC3CC4CCC5C(C4(CC3O2)C=O)CCC6(C5(CCC6C7=CC(=O)OC7)O)C)O 530.60 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Steroidal glycosides
(8R,9S,10R,12R,13S,14S,16S,17R)-12,16-dihydroxy-17-[(2S,3S,6R)-3-hydroxy-6-methyl-7-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyheptan-2-yl]-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one 71568834 Click to see 610.80 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Steroidal glycosides / Steroidal saponins
(1S,2S,4S,5'R,6R,7S,8R,9S,13S,15R,16R,18S)-16-[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-15-hydroxy-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icos-11-ene-6,2'-oxane]-10-one 10373893 Click to see 1063.10 unknown via CMAUP database
(1S,2S,4S,5'R,6R,7S,8R,9S,13S,15R,16R,18S)-16-[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3,4-bis[[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy]oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-15-hydroxy-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icos-11-ene-6,2'-oxane]-10-one 10011422 Click to see 1093.20 unknown via CMAUP database
(1S,2S,4S,5'R,6R,7S,8R,9S,13S,15R,16R,18S)-16-[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-15-hydroxy-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icos-11-ene-6,2'-oxane]-10-one 9988988 Click to see 1239.30 unknown via CMAUP database
(1S,2S,4S,5'R,6R,7S,8R,9S,13S,16S,18S)-16-[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icos-11-ene-6,2'-oxane]-10-one 10034055 Click to see 1047.10 unknown via CMAUP database
(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-[(1R,2S,4S,5'R,6R,7S,8R,9S,12S,13S,15R,16R,18S)-15-hydroxy-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosane-6,2'-oxane]-16-yl]oxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol 71717083 Click to see 903.10 unknown via CMAUP database
(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-[(1R,2S,4S,5'S,6R,7S,8R,9S,12S,13S,15R,16R,18S)-15-hydroxy-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosane-6,2'-oxane]-16-yl]oxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol 71568835 Click to see 903.10 unknown via CMAUP database
(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-[(1R,2S,4S,5'R,6R,7S,8R,9S,12S,13S,15R,16R,18S)-15-hydroxy-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosane-6,2'-oxane]-16-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol 11607358 Click to see CC1CCC2(C(C3C(O2)CC4C3(CCC5C4CCC6C5(CC(C(C6)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)O)O)OC8C(C(C(C(O8)C)O)O)O)O)C)C)C)OC1 740.90 unknown via CMAUP database
(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-4,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(1R,2S,4S,5'R,6R,7S,8R,9S,12S,13S,15R,16R,18S)-15-hydroxy-5',7,9,13-tetramethylspiro[5-oxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,9.04,8.013,18]icosane-6,2'-oxane]-16-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-4-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol 101932450 Click to see 1081.20 unknown via CMAUP database
[(25R)-5alpha-Spirostan-3beta-yl]2-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-4-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside 101992949 Click to see CC1CCC2(C(C3C(O2)CC4C3(CCC5C4CCC6C5(CCC(C6)OC7C(C(C(C(O7)CO)OC8C(C(C(C(O8)CO)O)O)O)O)OC9C(C(C(C(O9)C)O)O)O)C)C)C)OC1 887.10 unknown via CMAUP database
F-Gitonin 44559009 Click to see 1051.20 unknown via CMAUP database
Hecogenintetraglucoside 10260521 Click to see 1049.20 unknown via CMAUP database
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives
(-)-beta-Sitosterol 222284 Click to see 414.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BMCL.2003.11.074
17-(5-ethyl-6-methylheptan-2-yl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol 86821 Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)O)C)C)C(C)C 414.70 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BMCL.2003.11.074
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Amino acids, peptides, and analogues / Peptides / Oligopeptides
Mucronine A 5281592 Click to see CCC(C)C1C(=O)NC(C(=O)NC=CC2=CC(=C(C=C2)OC)CC(C(=O)N1)N(C)C)CC3=CC=CC=C3 506.60 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzopyrans / 1-benzopyrans
(1S,4R,13S,16E,19R)-4,15,15,19-tetramethyl-5,20-dioxapentacyclo[17.8.0.04,13.06,11.021,26]heptacosa-6,8,10,16,21,23,25-heptaene 10938621 Click to see CC1(CC2CC3=CC=CC=C3OC2(CCC4CC5=CC=CC=C5OC4(CC=C1)C)C)C 416.60 unknown via CMAUP database
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzothiazines / Phenothiazines
Trifluoperazine 5566 Click to see 407.50 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BMCL.2003.11.074
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Isoquinolines and derivatives / Benzylisoquinolines
Reticuline 439653 Click to see 329.40 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Diarylheptanoids / Linear diarylheptanoids
(2S)-5,7-dihydroxy-6-[[2-hydroxy-5-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]phenyl]methyl]-8-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one 102063064 Click to see 574.60 unknown via CMAUP database
(2S)-5,7-dihydroxy-8-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one 5315801 Click to see 362.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Dichamanetin 181193 Click to see 468.50 unknown via CMAUP database
Isochamanetin 5318528 Click to see 362.40 unknown via CMAUP database
Isouvarinol 42607863 Click to see 574.60 unknown via CMAUP database
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Flavanones / Flavanonols
(+/-)-Taxifolin 471 Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O)O)O 304.25 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BMCL.2003.11.074
Taxifolin 439533 Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1C2C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O)O)O 304.25 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BMCL.2003.11.074
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavones
7,4'-Dihydroxyflavone 5282073 Click to see 254.24 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BMCL.2003.11.074
Apigenin 5280443 Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=CC(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)O 270.24 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BMCL.2003.11.074
https://doi.org/10.1021/NP020135D
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid C-glycosides / Flavonoid 8-C-glycosides
5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-8-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]chromen-4-one 154497677 Click to see 432.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85781-7
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides
3,5-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-[(3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy-chromen-4-one 10275538 Click to see 448.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BMCL.2003.11.074
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Isoflavonoids / Furanoisoflavonoids / Pterocarpans
(1R,12R)-7-prop-1-en-2-yl-6,11,19-trioxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,10.05,9.013,18]icosa-2(10),3,5(9),7,13(18),14,16-heptaene-1,16-diol 101181717 Click to see CC(=C)C1=CC2=C(O1)C=CC3=C2OC4C3(COC5=C4C=CC(=C5)O)O 336.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/1522-2675(200203)85:3<847::AID-HLCA847>3.0.CO;2-6
(1S,12S)-7-prop-1-en-2-yl-6,11,19-trioxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,10.05,9.013,18]icosa-2(10),3,5(9),7,13(18),14,16-heptaene-1,16-diol 101181716 Click to see 336.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/1522-2675(200203)85:3<847::AID-HLCA847>3.0.CO;2-6
(2S)-2-[(1R,12R)-16-hydroxy-6,11,19-trioxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,10.05,9.013,18]icosa-2(10),3,5(9),7,13(18),14,16-heptaen-7-yl]propane-1,2-diol 44264369 Click to see 354.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BMCL.2003.11.074
1-(16-Hydroxy-6,11,19-trioxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,10.05,9.013,18]icosa-2(10),3,5(9),7,13(18),14,16-heptaen-7-yl)ethanone 85120681 Click to see 322.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/1522-2675(200203)85:3<847::AID-HLCA847>3.0.CO;2-6
https://doi.org/10.1021/NP020135D
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BMCL.2003.11.074
2-(16-Hydroxy-6,11,19-trioxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,10.05,9.013,18]icosa-2(10),3,5(9),7,13(18),14,16-heptaen-7-yl)propane-1,2-diol 22298212 Click to see CC(CO)(C1=CC2=C(O1)C=CC3=C2OC4C3COC5=C4C=CC(=C5)O)O 354.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BMCL.2003.11.074
https://doi.org/10.1021/NP020135D
7-Prop-1-en-2-yl-6,11,19-trioxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,10.05,9.013,18]icosa-2(10),3,5(9),7,13(18),14,16-heptaen-16-ol 162860132 Click to see CC(=C)C1=CC2=C(O1)C=CC3=C2OC4C3COC5=C4C=CC(=C5)O 320.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/1522-2675(200203)85:3<847::AID-HLCA847>3.0.CO;2-6
https://doi.org/10.1021/NP020135D
7-Prop-1-en-2-yl-6,11,19-trioxapentacyclo[10.8.0.02,10.05,9.013,18]icosa-2(10),3,5(9),7,13(18),14,16-heptaene-1,16-diol 162857609 Click to see CC(=C)C1=CC2=C(O1)C=CC3=C2OC4C3(COC5=C4C=CC(=C5)O)O 336.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1002/1522-2675(200203)85:3<847::AID-HLCA847>3.0.CO;2-6
Crotafuran A 10245439 Click to see 320.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP020135D
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BMCL.2003.11.074
https://doi.org/10.1002/1522-2675(200203)85:3<847::AID-HLCA847>3.0.CO;2-6
Crotafuran B 10358740 Click to see CC(=O)C1=CC2=C(O1)C=CC3=C2OC4C3COC5=C4C=CC(=C5)O 322.30 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BMCL.2003.11.074
https://doi.org/10.1002/1522-2675(200203)85:3<847::AID-HLCA847>3.0.CO;2-6
https://doi.org/10.1021/NP020135D
Crotafuran E 639695 Click to see 354.40 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BMCL.2003.11.074
https://doi.org/10.1021/NP020135D
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Isoflavonoids / Isoflav-2-enes / Isoflavones
2'-Hydroxydaidzein 5280520 Click to see 270.24 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BMCL.2003.11.074
2'-Hydroxygenistein 5282074 Click to see C1=CC(=C(C=C1O)O)C2=COC3=CC(=CC(=C3C2=O)O)O 286.24 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BMCL.2003.11.074
Daidzein 5281708 Click to see 254.24 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BMCL.2003.11.074
Genistein 5280961 Click to see 270.24 unknown https://doi.org/10.1021/NP020135D
Theralin 44264432 Click to see 300.26 unknown https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BMCL.2003.11.074
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Macrolides and analogues
(1R,4E,6R,7R)-4-ethylidene-7-hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-2,9-dioxa-14-azatricyclo[9.5.1.014,17]heptadec-11-ene-3,8-dione 23305084 Click to see 351.40 unknown via CMAUP database

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