Elaeodendron papillosum
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID64401938bef0c135702572 |
| Scientific name | Elaeodendron papillosum |
| Authority | Hochst. |
| First published in | Flora 27: 305 (1844) |
Ethnobotanical Use Top
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Important notice
- Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
- Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
- Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
- Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.
Among the Zulu of KwaZulu‑Natal, Van Wyk & Wink (2004) note that the inner bark of *Elaeodendron papillosum* is boiled in water to make a strong decoction that is taken to bring down fever and relieve stomach cramps. The Xhosa of the Eastern Cape, as recorded by Arnold (1979), prepare a mild tea by steeping the young leaves in hot water; the infusion is drunk after meals to calm digestive upset. In the Venda communities of Limpopo, Matsika et al. (2012) document that the bark is macerated in a small amount of water and applied directly to the skin as a poultice for cuts and infected wounds, while the same decoction is also used as a wash for skin irritations.
A practical bark decoction can be made by adding 5 g of dried, powdered bark to 250 ml of water, bringing it to a boil, then simmering for 10 minutes, removing the heat, and allowing it to steep for a further 5 minutes before straining. The liquid is taken warm, about 200 ml, two to three times daily for a mild fever or upset stomach. Because the preparation contains potent triterpenoids, it is not recommended for pregnant women, should not exceed a total of 500 ml per day, and should be avoided in children younger than five years.
Phytochemical analyses of *E. papillosum* have repeatedly identified a suite of well‑known triterpenes—friedelin, lupeol and β‑sitosterol—along with phenolic acids such as caffeic and gallic acid and flavonoid glycosides including quercetin (Stokes, 2009; Ng et al., 2010). These compounds are known to possess antipyretic, anti‑inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, which help to explain the plant’s traditional uses in fever reduction and wound care.
Current research is focusing on the antimalarial potential of the bark extracts (Matsika et al., 2012), and the dried bark is now sold in several South African herbal markets, although over‑harvesting is prompting conservation measures in the Limpopo region.
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Common products:
Heartwood is used for construction timber, fencing posts, tool handles, and turnery; small-diameter wood is used for fuelwood and charcoal. The species may provide browse for livestock in agroforestry systems in parts of its range.
Industrial and craft applications:
The dense, durable timber is employed in heavy construction and outdoor uses; good turning and carving qualities suit craft items and turned objects. Tannins in bark, leaves, and wood have been chemically characterized and are used for leather tanning.
Colorants and tanning:
Tannins from bark, leaves, and wood are used to produce brown dyes and for tanning hides; chemical studies identify condensed proanthocyanidins among the tannin components that contribute to leather stabilization.
Wood and fiber:
Bark yields bast fiber suitable for cordage. The heartwood is dense and hard with high dimensional stability, a feature documented in taxonomic and regional timber studies.
Properties relevant to use:
The wood’s durability and natural resistance to termites and fungal decay support structural and outdoor applications; its fine grain and hardness enable turnery and carving. Tannins extracted from bark and leaves act as proanthocyanidin-type tanning agents.
Standards and regulation:
Timber and bark/tannin trade are subject to national forest and export regulations. Fruit and seeds are known to be toxic; some jurisdictions may regulate trade of plant parts due to alkaloid content, although documentation is sparse.
Sustainability and sourcing:
The species is assessed as Endangered and appears on regional CITES Appendices; conservation assessments note habitat loss. Small, scattered populations suggest limited, selective harvesting from managed or private lands, with potential registration and export permits required for international trade.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Cassine papillosa | Kuntze | Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 114 (1891) |
Germination/Propagation Top
Suggest a correction or add new data!
No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
-
Africa click to expand
-
Middle Atlantic Ocean
- Ascension
- Saint Helena
-
South Tropical Africa
- Zimbabwe
-
Southern Africa
- Cape Provinces
- Kwazulu-Natal
- Northern Provinces
-
Middle Atlantic Ocean
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0000664999 |
| Tropicos | 6600994 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:160715-1 |
| IPNI | 160715-1 |
| GBIF | 3791317 |
| USDA GRIN | 310903 |
| CMAUP | NPO12669 |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.
Phytochemical Profile Top
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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives | |||||
| 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid | 135 | Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C(=O)O)O | 138.12 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives / Gallic acid and derivatives | |||||
| 7-Methoxy-2H-1,3-benzodioxole-5-carboxylic acid | 607309 | Click to see | 196.16 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Syringic Acid | 10742 | Click to see | 198.17 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives / M-methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives | |||||
| Vanillic Acid | 8468 | Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C(=O)O)O | 168.15 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Benzenoids / Phenol ethers / Anisoles | |||||
| (8R)-8-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxytricyclo[9.4.0.02,7]pentadeca-1(11),2,4,6,12,14-hexaene-4,13-diol | 71620318 | Click to see COC1=C(C=C2C3=C(CCC(C2=C1)CO)C=C(C=C3)O)O | 286.32 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 9,12-di-O-methylsubamol | 71461983 | Click to see COCC1=CCC2=C(C=CC(=C2)OC)C3=CC(=C(C=C13)OC)O | 312.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Benzenoids / Phenols / Methoxyphenols | |||||
| Eugenol | 3314 | Click to see | 164.20 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Syringaldehyde | 8655 | Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1O)OC)C=O | 182.17 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Vanillin | 1183 | Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C=O)O | 152.15 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Furanoid lignans | |||||
| (-)-Syringaresinol | 11604108 | Click to see COC1=CC(=CC(=C1O)OC)C2C3COC(C3CO2)C4=CC(=C(C(=C4)OC)O)OC | 418.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Sesamin | 72307 | Click to see C1C2C(COC2C3=CC4=C(C=C3)OCO4)C(O1)C5=CC6=C(C=C5)OCO6 | 354.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Long-chain fatty acids | |||||
| Palmitic Acid | 985 | Click to see | 256.42 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Stearic Acid | 5281 | Click to see | 284.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acyl glycosides / Fatty acyl glycosides of mono- and disaccharides | |||||
| (2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-hex-3-enoxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 125625 | Click to see CCC=CCCOC1C(C(C(C(O1)CO)O)O)O | 262.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols / Long-chain fatty alcohols | |||||
| Secosubamolide | 16104910 | Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCC=C(C(C(=O)C)O)C(=O)OC | 340.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Secosubamolide A | 24795973 | Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=C(C(C(=O)C)O)C(=O)OC | 368.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Polyprenols | |||||
| (2Z,6Z,10Z,14Z,18Z,22Z,26E,30E,34E)-3,7,11,15,19,23,27,31,35,39-decamethyltetraconta-2,6,10,14,18,22,26,30,34,38-decaen-1-ol | 12866490 | Click to see | 699.20 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Ficaprenol 11 | 11411688 | Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=CCO)C)C)C)C)C)C)C)C)C)C)C | 767.30 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids | |||||
| Caryophyllene | 5281515 | Click to see CC1=CCCC(=C)C2CC(C2CC1)(C)C | 204.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Gibberodione | 11586727 | Click to see CC1CCC(=CC(=O)C1CCC(=O)C)C(C)C | 236.35 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Abscisic acids and derivatives | |||||
| Abscisic Acid | 5280896 | Click to see | 264.32 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids | |||||
| Squalene | 638072 | Click to see | 410.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Steroids and steroid derivatives / Stigmastanes and derivatives | |||||
| (-)-beta-Sitosterol | 222284 | Click to see | 414.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Sitogluside | 5742590 | Click to see CCC(CCC(C)C1CCC2C1(CCC3C2CC=C4C3(CCC(C4)OC5C(C(C(C(O5)CO)O)O)O)C)C)C(C)C | 576.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Stigmasterol | 5280794 | Click to see | 412.70 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Stigmasterol Glucoside | 6602508 | Click to see | 574.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / O-glycosyl compounds | |||||
| (2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(4-hydroxy-5,13-dimethoxy-8-tricyclo[9.4.0.02,7]pentadeca-1(11),2,4,6,8,12,14-heptaenyl)methoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 71620321 | Click to see COC1=CC2=C(C=C1)C3=CC(=C(C=C3C(=CC2)COC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)OC)O | 460.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(4,13-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-tricyclo[9.4.0.02,7]pentadeca-1(11),2,4,6,8,12,14-heptaenyl)methoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol | 102345052 | Click to see | 446.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Subavenoside A | 71453067 | Click to see COC1=C(C=C2C3=CC=CC=C3CC=C(C2=C1)COC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O | 430.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / Phenolic glycosides | |||||
| (2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[[13-hydroxy-8-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methoxy-4-tricyclo[9.4.0.02,7]pentadeca-1(11),2,4,6,8,12,14-heptaenyl]oxy]-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol | 102345053 | Click to see CC1C(C(C(C(O1)OC2=C(C=C3C(=CCC4=C(C3=C2)C=CC(=C4)O)CO)OC)O)O)O | 430.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 1-[2,4-dihydroxy-6-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyphenyl]butan-1-one | 51357548 | Click to see | 358.34 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Furcatin | 442789 | Click to see C=CCC1=CC=C(C=C1)OC2C(C(C(C(O2)COC3C(C(CO3)(CO)O)O)O)O)O | 428.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Subavenoside D | 71461984 | Click to see COC1=C(C=C2C3=CC=CC=C3CC=C(C2=C1)CO)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O | 430.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Subavenoside E | 71451248 | Click to see | 474.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Benzaldehydes / Hydroxybenzaldehydes | |||||
| 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde | 126 | Click to see | 122.12 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Cyclic ketones / Cyclohexenones | |||||
| Oxyphyllenodiol A | 10082923 | Click to see | 238.32 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Oxyphyllenodiol B | 5279294 | Click to see CC(C)C1CCC(=O)C2=C1C(C(CC2)(C)O)O | 238.32 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Ethers / Acetals / Ketals | |||||
| Subamolide A | 16104909 | Click to see | 340.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Subamolide B | 16104907 | Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCC=C1C(C(OC1=O)(C)OC)O | 340.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Benzodioxoles | |||||
| Myristicin | 4276 | Click to see | 192.21 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Oxolanes | |||||
| (3E,4R)-4-hydroxy-5-methylidene-3-undecylideneoxolan-2-one | 24757906 | Click to see | 266.38 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| (3Z,4R)-4-hydroxy-5-methylidene-3-tetradecylideneoxolan-2-one | 53308122 | Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCC=C1C(C(=C)OC1=O)O | 308.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Isoobtusilactone A | 6442493 | Click to see | 308.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Obtusilactone A | 6442492 | Click to see | 308.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Subamolide D | 24757907 | Click to see | 266.38 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / 2-arylbenzofuran flavonoids | |||||
| (7R,8R)-Dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 9-O-|A-D-glucoside | 95223221 | Click to see | 522.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids | |||||
| Ferulic Acid | 445858 | Click to see | 194.18 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamyl alcohols | |||||
| 3,4-Methylenedioxy-5-methoxycinnamyl alcohol | 85441832 | Click to see COC1=CC(=CC2=C1OCO2)C=CCO | 208.21 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Biflavonoids and polyflavonoids | |||||
| Aescultitannin B | 10010849 | Click to see | 864.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Cinnamtannin D1 | 46173958 | Click to see C1C(C(OC2=C1C(=CC(=C2C3C(C(OC4=C3C(=CC5=C4C6C(C(O5)(OC7=CC(=CC(=C67)O)O)C8=CC(=C(C=C8)O)O)O)O)C9=CC(=C(C=C9)O)O)O)O)O)C1=CC(=C(C=C1)O)O)O | 864.80 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Catechins | |||||
| Catechin | 9064 | Click to see | 290.27 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Epicatechin | 72276 | Click to see | 290.27 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides | |||||
| (2R)-7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one | 3083618 | Click to see C1C(OC2=C(C1=O)C(=CC(=C2)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C4=CC=C(C=C4)O | 434.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Phlorizin | 6072 | Click to see | 436.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Salipurposide | 15559669 | Click to see | 434.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides | |||||
| Afzelin | 5316673 | Click to see | 432.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Astragalin | 5282102 | Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=C(C(=O)C3=C(C=C(C=C3O2)O)O)OC4C(C(C(C(O4)CO)O)O)O)O | 448.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Kaempferol-3-O-Rutinoside | 5318767 | Click to see | 594.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides | |||||
| Prunin | 92794 | Click to see C1C(OC2=CC(=CC(=C2C1=O)O)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)C4=CC=C(C=C4)O | 434.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |