Ilex chinensis
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID6440218748852937462718 |
| Scientific name | Ilex chinensis |
| Authority | Sims |
| First published in | Bot. Mag. 46: t. 2043 (1819) |
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Common products:
- Ornamental horticulture: Ilex chinensis is cultivated as an evergreen shrub or small tree for landscape use, including hedges, privacy screens, street trees, and decorative plantings. It is prized for its glossy, spiny foliage and bright red berries that persist into winter, providing visual interest during the dormant season. Commercial nurseries sell selected cultivars marketed for urban and private gardens, and the species is frequently used in public‑space planting projects for its year‑round ornamental value.
Properties relevant to use:
- Evergreen habit with foliage retained throughout winter, ensuring continuity of green cover.
- Dense, spiny leaf architecture that creates an effective barrier and tolerates regular pruning, allowing shaping into hedges, topiary, or formal garden forms.
- Moderate growth rate, facilitating establishment and maintenance in managed landscapes.
- Fruit set produces conspicuous red berries that enhance seasonal visual appeal and attract wildlife.
- Adaptable to a range of soil pH and tolerates moderate drought once established, reducing the need for intensive irrigation.
- Relatively shallow root system, enabling cultivation in containers, raised beds, and green roof systems.
- Tolerant of urban pollution, making it suitable for streetside plantings and urban greening initiatives.
Standards and regulation:
- International trade of live plants is governed by phytosanitary measures such as the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) and national plant import/export regulations.
- In the European Union, imports must comply with the EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization) standards and the EU Plant Passport system, which requires certification of plant health and the absence of regulated pests.
- Exporting and importing nurseries must obtain phytosanitary certificates issued by the relevant national plant protection organization before shipment.
- Compliance with local horticultural quarantine rules ensures that cultivated material meets biosecurity requirements for destination markets.
Sustainability and sourcing:
- Propagation is primarily vegetative (softwood cuttings) and by seed, allowing consistent supply from commercial nurseries without reliance on wild harvesting.
- The species is cultivated in China, Taiwan, and other temperate regions for ornamental purposes; there is no evidence of significant pressure on wild populations.
- Selection of disease‑resistant and low‑maintenance cultivars reduces chemical inputs and promotes sustainable production.
- Long‑lived individuals require infrequent replacement, contributing to resource efficiency in landscape projects.
- Sustainable sourcing is supported by regional horticultural certifications that verify responsible propagation practices and traceability of plant material.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Celastrus bodinieri | H.Lév. | Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 263 (1914) |
| Embelia rubro-violacea | H.Lév. | Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 10: 375 (1912) |
| Ilex jinggangshanensis | C.J.Tseng | Bull. Bot. Res., Harbin 1(1-2): 8 (1981) |
| Ilex myriadenia | Hance | J. Bot. 21: 296 (1883) |
| Ilex oldhamii | Miq. | Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavi 3: 105 (1867) |
| Ilex purpurea | Hassk. | Cat. Hort. Bot. Bogor. Alt. : 230 (1844) |
| Ilex purpurea var. myriadenia | (Hance) Loes. | Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. German. Nat. Cur. 78: 113 1901 |
| Ilex purpurea var. oldhamii | (Miq.) Loes. ex Diels | Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 29: 435 1900 |
| Callicarpa cavaleriei | H.Lév. | Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 455 (1911) |
| Symplocos courtoisii | H.Lév. | Mem. Real Acad. Ci. Barcelona 12: 256 1916 |
| Ilex purpurea f. oldhamii | (Miq.) Loes. |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| Arabic | بهشية أرجوانية |
| Japanese | ナナミノキ |
| Chinese | 冬青 |
| Chinese | 四季青 |
Germination/Propagation Top
Suggest a correction or add new data!
No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
-
Asia-temperate click to expand
-
China
- China South-central
- China Southeast
-
Eastern Asia
- Japan
- Taiwan
-
China
-
Asia-tropical click to expand
-
Indo-China
- Vietnam
-
Indo-China
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0000729295 |
| Tropicos | 50000915 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:83149-1 |
| The Plant List | kew-2860539 |
| PaleoBotany | 24705 |
| Open Tree Of Life | 76784 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 1043419 |
| IUCN Red List | 147377521 |
| IPNI | 83149-1 |
| iNaturalist | 447112 |
| GBIF | 7315909 |
| EPPO | ILECH |
| EOL | 33546395 |
| USDA GRIN | 19683 |
| Wikipedia | Ilex_chinensis |
| CMAUP | NPO28212 |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
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Phytochemical Profile Top
Add a new one!
Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives | |||||
| Protocatechuic Acid | 72 | Click to see | 154.12 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.4268/CJCMM20111319 |
| > Lignans, neolignans and related compounds / Lignan glycosides | |||||
| Aviculin | 10391477 | Click to see | 506.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Long-chain fatty acids | |||||
| (Z)-octadec-12-en-8,10-diynoic acid | 10355991 | Click to see | 274.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| 8,10-Octadecadiynoic acid | 5312666 | Click to see CCCCCCCC#CC#CCCCCCCC(=O)O | 276.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Octadeca-8,10,12-Triynoic Acid | 10468473 | Click to see | 272.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Oleic Acid | 445639 | Click to see | 282.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Lineolic acids and derivatives | |||||
| Linoleic Acid | 5280450 | Click to see | 280.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Linolenic Acid | 5280934 | Click to see | 278.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Terpene glycosides / Triterpene glycosides / Triterpene saponins | |||||
| Pedunculoside | 14286954 | Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)CO)O)C)C)C2C1(C)O)C)C(=O)OC6C(C(C(C(O6)CO)O)O)O | 650.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.4268/CJCMM20111319 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Triterpenoids | |||||
| (1R,2R,4aS,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,14bS)-1-hydroxy-1,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-10-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid | 101146540 | Click to see | 604.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.35.841 |
| (1S,4aR,6aR,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aR,14bS)-1-hydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-10-[(2S,3R,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid | 21770233 | Click to see | 604.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.35.841 |
| 1-Hydroxy-1,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-10-(3,4,5-trihydroxytetrahydropyran-2-yl)oxy-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid | 12447835 | Click to see | 604.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.35.841 |
| 1-Hydroxy-2,2,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-10-(3,4,5-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl)oxy-1,3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,13,14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid | 73063937 | Click to see | 604.80 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1248/CPB.35.841 |
| Rotundic acid | 12315075 | Click to see CC1CCC2(CCC3(C(=CCC4C3(CCC5C4(CCC(C5(C)CO)O)C)C)C2C1(C)O)C)C(=O)O | 488.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.4268/CJCMM20111319 |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / O-glycosyl compounds | |||||
| (E)-4-[(1S,4S,6R)-2,2,6-trimethyl-4-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-1-yl]but-3-en-2-one | 10385469 | Click to see CC(=O)C=CC12C(CC(CC1(O2)C)OC3C(C(C(C(O3)CO)O)O)O)(C)C | 386.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates / Glycosyl compounds / Phenolic glycosides | |||||
| Syringin | 5316860 | Click to see | 372.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.4268/CJCMM20111319 |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Cyclic ketones | |||||
| Cyclohexanone | 7967 | Click to see | 98.14 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.4268/CJCMM20111319 |
| > Organoheterocyclic compounds / Imidazopyrimidines / Purines and purine derivatives / Xanthines | |||||
| Caffeine | 2519 | Click to see CN1C=NC2=C1C(=O)N(C(=O)N2C)C | 194.19 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Theobromine | 5429 | Click to see | 180.16 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids | |||||
| Caffeic Acid | 689043 | Click to see | 180.16 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.4268/CJCMM20111319 |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Catechins | |||||
| Catechin | 9064 | Click to see | 290.27 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Epicatechin | 72276 | Click to see | 290.27 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavans / Catechins / Catechin gallates | |||||
| (-)-Epicatechin gallate | 107905 | Click to see C1C(C(OC2=CC(=CC(=C21)O)O)C3=CC(=C(C=C3)O)O)OC(=O)C4=CC(=C(C(=C4)O)O)O | 442.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Epigallocatechin Gallate | 65064 | Click to see | 458.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Flavonoids / Flavonoid glycosides / Flavonoid O-glycosides / Flavonoid-3-O-glycosides | |||||
| Quercitrin | 5280459 | Click to see | 448.40 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
| Rutin | 5280805 | Click to see | 610.50 | unknown | via CMAUP database |
Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |