Pinus pinaster
Details Top
| Internal ID | UUID6440022bebe10469172203 |
| Scientific name | Pinus pinaster |
| Authority | Aiton |
| First published in | Hort. Kew. 3: 367 (1789) |
Ethnobotanical Use Top
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Important notice
- Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
- Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
- Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
- Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.
According to Madaus (1938) and modern ethnobotanical surveys, *Pinus pinaster* has been used across Europe and North Africa primarily through resin-derived preparations. In traditional Provençal folk medicine, the resin (known as "colophony" or "rosin") was dissolved in alcohol to create a tincture for treating coughs and bronchial congestion (Madaus, 1938). In rural southern Spain, poultices were made by mixing the powdered resin with warm water or animal fat to apply to wounds and rheumatic joints (Gómez-Serranillos et al., 2022). Moroccan Tamazight communities prepared a decoction by simmering crushed resin in water for 15–20 minutes, which was consumed as a bitter tonic for stomach upsets and intestinal parasites (Benkhnigue et al., 2011). In Italy’s Liguria, dried resin was ground and blended with honey to form a pastille, chewed slowly for sore throats and gum inflammation (Acquistucci, 2010).
**Resin Tincture Preparation:** To make a 1:5 (w/v) hydroethanolic tincture using dried *Pinus pinaster* resin, gently heat 50 grams of resin in 250 milliliters of 60% ethanol (in a double boiler) until dissolved. Cool, strain through cheesecloth, and store in a dark bottle. Steep for 2–3 weeks in a cool, dark place, shaking daily. This dosage traditionally ranged from 10–20 drops in warm water, up to three times daily for coughs or muscle pain. **Safety Note:** Avoid during pregnancy due to potential uterine stimulation; discontinue if skin irritation occurs with topical use (WHO, 2002).
The resin’s efficacy aligns with its documented phytochemistry: resin acids (e.g., abietic acid), monoterpenes (α- and β-pinene), and diterpenes exhibit antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and expectorant properties (Ferreira et al., 2015). Modern studies confirm these compounds’ activity against respiratory pathogens and pro-inflammatory pathways (Gómez-Serranillos et al., 2022).
Commercial rosin-based balms for musculoskeletal pain and throat syrups remain available in France and Italy today, while field research in Morocco still records resin decoctions for gastrointestinal complaints.
General Uses Top
Suggest a correction!Common products:
Gum naval stores are harvested from the resin canals of living trees and stumps. The products are gum rosin (colophony) and gum turpentine (essential oil). In several European countries, notably Portugal and Spain, P. pinaster is managed for resin production; resin tapping is a long-established practice in southwestern Europe and is a primary source of the plant’s non-wood products.
Industrial and craft applications:
Gum turpentine is a solvent used in varnishes and other solvent-borne coatings. Gum rosin, a brittle, friable resin rich in resin acids (notably abietic and pimaric acids), functions as a tackifier and film-former in adhesives, printing inks, and varnishes; its softening point enables use in hot-melt and pressure-sensitive adhesive systems. Oleoresin is also used as a feedstock for tall oil production in kraft pulping.
Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
No established non-medicinal food or beverage applications of P. pinaster are reported.
Colorants and tanning:
No documented natural dye or tannin uses attributable to this species have been identified.
Wood and fiber:
The timber is used for construction, poles and piling, and joinery; it is also processed into lumber for general carpentry. Maritime pine yields kraft pulp and paper (bleached and unbleached grades). Long-fiber bast fibers have limited historical use for twine or coarse rope, but are not a commercial product in modern practice.
Fragrance and cosmetics:
No documented fragrance or cosmetic applications are specifically reported for P. pinaster resin or wood.
Properties relevant to use:
High resin flow is a recognized trait supporting gum harvesting. Gum turpentine’s composition (alpha- and beta-pinene, delta-3-carene) gives solvent properties, while gum rosin’s high resin-acid content and glass transition behavior provide tackifying performance in adhesives and coatings. Wood density and cell-wall properties favor strength, pulping yield, and fiber quality suitable for paper.
Standards and regulation:
Naval stores products are sold against established market specifications and standardized methods: ASTM D509 (rosin sampling), ASTM D1240 (rosin acids), and forest products standards such as ASTM D1165 (nomenclature for hardwood and softwood). Timber trade is governed by applicable national and regional timber regulations, and sourcing typically follows forest certification schemes such as FSC or PEFC.
Sustainability and sourcing:
P. pinaster is widely cultivated in plantations, with resin tapping providing non-timber forest income and wood products supporting regional industry. Management focuses on resin productivity and timber yield; forestry certification systems guide responsible sourcing and traceability.
Synonyms Top
| Scientific name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Pinus maritima | Lam. | Fl. Franç. 2: 201 (1779) |
| Pinus lemoniana | Benth. | Trans. Hort. Soc. London , ser. 2, 1: 512 (1834 publ. 1835) |
| Pinus detritis | Hort.Angl. ex Carrière | Traité Gén. Conif. , ed. 2: 467 (1867) |
| Pinus corteana | hort. ex Beissn. | Handb. Nadelholzk. : 222 (1891) |
| Pinus helenica | hort. ex K.Koch | Dendrologie 2(2): 292 (1873) |
| Pinus glomerata | Salisb. | Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton : 398 (1796) |
| Pinus scarina | Hort.Cels ex Steud. | Nomencl. Bot. , ed. 2, 2: 338 (1841) |
| Pinus sancta-helenica | Loud. ex Carrière | Traité Gén. Conif. , ed. 2: 466 (1867) |
| Pinus syrtica | Thore | Promen. Gascogne : 161 (1810) |
| Pinus nigrescens | Ten. | Fl. Napol. 5: 366 (1838) |
| Pinus nova-zelandica | Lodd. ex G.Don | Hort. Brit. : 387 (1830) |
| Pinus monspeliensis | Salzm. ex Dunal | Mem. Acad. Montp. (Sect. Sc.) ii. (1851) 82. |
| Pinus minor | Loudon | Encycl. Pl. 963. 1829 (1829) |
| Pinus neglecta | Low ex Gordon | Pinetum : 176 (1858) |
| Pinus pinaster subsp. acutisquama | (Boiss.) Rivas Mart., A.Asensi, Molero Mesa & F.Valle | Rivasgodaya 6: 52 (1991) |
| Pinus halepensis var. maritima | Loudon | Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 4: 2232 1838 |
| Pinus maritima var. major | Loisel. | Traité Arbr. Arbust. nouv. éd., 5: 240. 1812 |
| Pinus maritima var. minor | Loisel. | Traité Arbr. Fruit. ed. 2, 5: 241 1812 |
| Pinus pinaster var. minor | (Loisel.) Carrière | Traité Gén. Conif. 366 1855 |
| Pinus pinaster var. lemoniana | (Benth.) Loudon | Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 4: 2215. 1838 |
| Pinus pinaster var. acutisquama | Boiss. | Voy. Bot. Espagne 2: 583 1841 |
| Pinus pinaster var. pendula | J.Nelson | Pinaceae 124. 1866 |
Common names Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Language | Common/alternative name |
|---|---|
| English | maritime pine |
| Spanish | pino gallego |
| Spanish | pino resinero |
| Spanish | pino maritimo |
| Spanish | pino marítimo |
| Spanish | pino pinaster |
| Spanish | pino pináster |
| Spanish | pino rodeno |
| Spanish | pino rubial |
| Afrikaans | trosden |
| an | pin de besque |
| an | pin de vesque |
| an | pinastra |
| an | pinastre |
| an | pinastro |
| an | pino de besque |
| an | pino de vesque |
| Arabic | صنوبر بحري |
| Arabic | لب |
| Arabic | صنوبر الكثبان |
| Arabic | شيله |
| Azerbaijani | dəniz şamı |
| Azerbaijani | sahil şamı |
| azb | ساحل شامی |
| Belarusian | прыморская хвоя |
| Bulgarian | приморски бор |
| Catalan | pi marítim |
| Catalan | pi redó |
| Catalan | pin des landes |
| Catalan | pinastre |
| Czech | borovice přímořská |
| Welsh | pinwydden arfor |
| Danish | strand-fyr |
| German | bordeaux-kiefer |
| German | igel-kiefer |
| German | igelkiefer |
| German | meer-kiefer |
| German | pin des landes |
| German | seekiefer |
| German | seestrand-kiefer |
| German | stern-kiefer |
| German | sternkiefer |
| German | strand-kiefer |
| German | strandkiefer |
| German | see-kiefer |
| German | pinus maritima |
| Esperanto | marborda pino |
| Esperanto | pinastro |
| Estonian | merimänd |
| Basque | itsas pinu |
| Persian | کاج خوشهای |
| Finnish | rannikkomänty |
| French | pin des landes |
| French | pin maritime |
| French | pinastre |
| French | pin de bordeaux |
| French | pins maritimes |
| French | pinus maritima |
| Galician | piñeiro do país |
| Galician | piñeiro bravo |
| Hebrew | אורן החוף |
| Croatian | primorski bor |
| Hungarian | tengerparti fenyő |
| Indonesian | tusam laut |
| Icelandic | strandfura |
| Italian | pinastro |
| Italian | pini marittimi |
| Italian | pino marittimo |
| Japanese | オニマツ |
| Japanese | カイガンショウ |
| Japanese | カイガンマツ |
| Japanese | フッコクカイガンショウ |
| Japanese | フランスカイガンショウ |
| Korean | 프랑스해안송 |
| Korean | 프랑스해안소나무 |
| koi | Саридз пожум |
| lb | korsesch kifer |
| Lithuanian | pin des landes |
| Macedonian | приморски бор |
| Norwegian Bokmål | klyngefuru |
| Norwegian Bokmål | strandfuru |
| Dutch | zeeden |
| Dutch | pinus maritima |
| Polish | sosna nadmorska |
| Punjab | سمندری چیڑ |
| Portuguese | pinheiro bravo |
| Portuguese | pinheiro-bravo |
| Romanian | pin de mare |
| Romanian | pin maritim |
| Russian | Приморская сосна |
| Russian | Сосна приморская |
| Slovenian | obmorski bor |
| Swedish | medelhavstall |
| Swedish | pin des landes |
| Swedish | terpintintall |
| Swedish | terpentintall |
| Turkish | sahil çamı |
| udm | Зарезь дурысь пужым |
| Walloon | sapén d' mer |
| Chinese | 海岸松 |
Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top
Add a new one! Suggest a correction!| Name | Authority | First published in |
|---|---|---|
| Pinus pinaster subsp. escarena | (Risso) K.Richt. | Pl. Eur. 1: 1 (1890) |
| Pinus pinaster subsp. pinaster | Unknown | |
| Pinus pinaster subsp. renoui | (Villar) Maire | Fl. Afrique N. 1: 145 (1952) |
Germination/Propagation Top
Suggest a correction or add new data!
No germination or propagation data was added yet.
Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top
Legend for the distribution data:
- Doubtful data
- Extinct
- Introduced
- Native
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Africa click to expand
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Macaronesia
- Canary Islands
- Madeira
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Middle Atlantic Ocean
- Saint Helena
-
Northern Africa
- Algeria
- Morocco
- Tunisia
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Western Indian Ocean
- Réunion
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Macaronesia
-
Antarctica click to expand
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Subantarctic Islands
- Tristan Da Cunha
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Subantarctic Islands
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Asia-temperate click to expand
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Western Asia
- Turkey
-
Western Asia
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Australasia click to expand
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Australia
- New South Wales
- Tasmania
- Victoria
- Western Australia
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Australia
-
Europe click to expand
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Middle Europe
- Belgium
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Northern Europe
- Great Britain
- Ireland
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Southeastern Europe
- Albania
- Greece
- Italy
- Sicilia
- Turkey-in-Europe
- Yugoslavia
-
Southwestern Europe
- Baleares
- Corse
- France
- Portugal
- Sardegna
- Spain
-
Middle Europe
Links to other databases Top
Suggest others/fix!| Database | ID/link to page |
|---|---|
| World Flora Online | wfo-0000481910 |
| UNII | J27867F361 |
| USDA Plants | PIPI6 |
| Tropicos | 24900370 |
| INPN | 113689 |
| KEW | urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:263216-1 |
| The Plant List | kew-2562572 |
| Plantarium | 45885 |
| Open Tree Of Life | 837883 |
| Observations.org | 7196 |
| NCBI Taxonomy | 71647 |
| NBN Atlas | NBNSYS0000004630 |
| Nature Serve | 2.791013 |
| IUCN Red List | 42390 |
| IPNI | 263216-1 |
| iNaturalist | 82723 |
| IFPNI | 12346D2C-734C-41E7-850A-C51CF09BA79E |
| GBIF | 5285565 |
| Freebase | /m/0415pg |
| EPPO | PIUPL |
| EOL | 1061780 |
| Calflora (Californian flora) | 12775 |
| US Library of Congress | sh85027254 |
| USDA GRIN | 28525 |
| Wikipedia | Pinus_pinaster |
| PaleoBotany | 102149 |
Genomes (via NCBI) Top
No reference genome is available on NCBI yet. We are constantly monitoring for new data.
Scientific Literature Top
Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
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Phytochemical Profile Top
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Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
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| Name | PubChem ID | Canonical SMILES | MW | Found in | Proof |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives | |||||
| Protocatechuic Acid | 72 | Click to see | 154.12 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.1999.096 |
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives / Gallic acid and derivatives / Gallic acids | |||||
| Gallic Acid | 370 | Click to see | 170.12 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.1999.096 |
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives / M-methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives | |||||
| Vanillic Acid | 8468 | Click to see COC1=C(C=CC(=C1)C(=O)O)O | 168.15 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.1999.096 |
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives / P-methoxybenzoic acids and derivatives | |||||
| Isovanillic Acid | 12575 | Click to see | 168.15 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.1999.096 |
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Phthalic acid and derivatives / P-phthalic acid and derivatives | |||||
| Terephthalic acid | 7489 | Click to see C1=CC(=CC=C1C(=O)O)C(=O)O | 166.13 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.1999.096 |
| > Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Salicylic acid and derivatives / Salicylic acids | |||||
| Salicylic Acid | 338 | Click to see | 138.12 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.1999.096 |
| > Benzenoids / Phenols / 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoids | |||||
| Hydroxyphenylacetic acid | 127 | Click to see | 152.15 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.1999.096 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acids and conjugates / Long-chain fatty acids | |||||
| Oleic Acid | 445639 | Click to see | 282.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02540600 |
| Palmitic Acid | 985 | Click to see | 256.42 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02540600 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acyl thioesters / Acyl CoAs / 3-oxo-acyl CoAs | |||||
| 3-oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA | 139031573 | Click to see | 935.70 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02540600 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Lineolic acids and derivatives | |||||
| Linoleic Acid | 5280450 | Click to see CCCCCC=CCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)O | 280.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02540600 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Diterpenoids | |||||
| (-)-Sandaracopimaric acid | 221580 | Click to see | 302.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02540600 |
| (1R,4aS,10aR)-7-Isopropyl-1,4a-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid | 10017708 | Click to see | 300.40 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02540600 |
| Abietic acid | 10569 | Click to see CC(C)C1=CC2=CCC3C(C2CC1)(CCCC3(C)C(=O)O)C | 302.50 | unknown |
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84910-9 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02540600 |
| Isopimaric Acid | 442048 | Click to see | 302.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02540600 |
| Levopimaric acid | 221062 | Click to see CC(C)C1=CCC2C(=C1)CCC3C2(CCCC3(C)C(=O)O)C | 302.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02540600 |
| Pimaric Acid | 220338 | Click to see | 302.50 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02540600 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids | |||||
| (1R,4R,4aR,8aR)-1,6-dimethyl-4-propan-2-yl-1,2,3,4,4a,8a-hexahydronaphthalene | 162889036 | Click to see | 204.35 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(82)83091-4 |
| 1,2,4a,5,6,8a-Hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-(1-methylethyl)naphthalene | 101708 | Click to see | 204.35 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(82)83091-4 |
| 1,4,8-Cycloundecatriene, 2,6,6,9-tetramethyl-, (1E,4E,8E)- | 23204 | Click to see CC1=CCC(C=CCC(=CCC1)C)(C)C | 204.35 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(82)83091-4 |
| 1,6-Dimethyl-4-propan-2-yl-1,2,3,4,4a,8a-hexahydronaphthalene | 12144808 | Click to see | 204.35 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(82)83091-4 |
| 3,7-Dimethyl-4-(propan-2-yl)-3a,3b,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-cyclopenta(1,3)cyclopropa(1,2)benzene | 86609 | Click to see | 204.35 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(82)83091-4 |
| 7,11-Dimethyl-3-methylene-1,6,10-dodecatriene | 10407 | Click to see | 204.35 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(82)83091-4 |
| alpha-Cubebene | 442359 | Click to see | 204.35 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(82)83091-4 |
| alpha-Muurolene | 12306047 | Click to see CC1=CC2C(CC1)C(=CCC2C(C)C)C | 204.35 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(82)83091-4 |
| beta-Farnesene | 5281517 | Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=C)C=C)C)C | 204.35 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(82)83091-4 |
| Cadina-1(10),4-diene | 10223 | Click to see CC1=CC2C(CCC(=C2CC1)C)C(C)C | 204.35 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(82)83091-4 |
| Copaene | 19725 | Click to see CC1=CCC2C3C1C2(CCC3C(C)C)C | 204.35 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(82)83091-4 |
| Copaene | 12303902 | Click to see CC1=CCC2C3C1C2(CCC3C(C)C)C | 204.35 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(82)83091-4 |
| delta-Cadinene | 441005 | Click to see | 204.35 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(82)83091-4 |
| Humulene | 5281520 | Click to see | 204.35 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(82)83091-4 |
| > Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids / Germacrane sesquiterpenoids | |||||
| 1,6-Cyclodecadiene, 1-methyl-5-methylene-8-(1-methylethyl)- | 91104 | Click to see CC1=CCCC(=C)C=CC(CC1)C(C)C | 204.35 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(82)83091-4 |
| Germacrene D | 5317570 | Click to see CC1=CCCC(=C)C=CC(CC1)C(C)C | 204.35 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(82)83091-4 |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Cyclitols and derivatives / Shikimic acids and derivatves | |||||
| 3,4,5-Trihydroxy-1-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid | 1094 | Click to see | 174.15 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.1999.096 |
| Shikimic acid | 8742 | Click to see C1C(C(C(C=C1C(=O)O)O)O)O | 174.15 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.1999.096 |
| > Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Secondary alcohols / Cyclohexanols | |||||
| 6-Methoxycyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol | 230881 | Click to see COC1C(C(C(C(C1O)O)O)O)O | 194.18 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)80742-8 |
| An inositol | 892 | Click to see | 180.16 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(88)80742-8 |
| > Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Cinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives / Hydroxycinnamic acids | |||||
| Caffeic Acid | 689043 | Click to see | 180.16 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.1999.096 |
| Ferulic Acid | 445858 | Click to see | 194.18 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.1999.096 |
| P-Coumaric Acid | 637542 | Click to see | 164.16 | unknown | https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.1999.096 |
Collections Top
| In private collections | 0 |
| In public collections | 0 |