Content in this section summarizes historical and cultural records. It is not medical advice.
Do not use plants for self-treatment. Safety, efficacy, and appropriate use are not established here.
Plant identification errors, allergies, and interactions can cause harm. Consult qualified professionals for health questions.
Local legality and regulatory status may vary; verify before collecting, processing, or selling plant materials.

Among the Cherokee of the Appalachian region, dried leaves of Vitis rotundifolia have long been brewed as a mild tea to ease coughs and sore throats (Moerman, 1998; Hamel & Chiltoskey, 1975). The Creek people of Georgia and Alabama recorded a decoction of the root as a diuretic and fever reducer, preparing it by boiling a handful of chopped root in water for twenty minutes before drinking (Moerman, 1998). Seminole healers in Florida applied fresh leaf poultices to cuts and bruises, crushing the leaves and binding them to the skin for several hours (Moerman, 1998). In the African‑American communities of the Florida Everglades, a fruit decoction was made by simmering muscadine grapes in water for ten minutes and using the cooled liquid as a throat gargle (Harvey, 1987).

A practical preparation that reflects the Cherokee practice is a simple leaf tea. Place roughly 1 tablespoon (about 3 g) of dried muscadine leaves in a cup, pour 8 oz (≈240 ml) of water just below boiling (≈95 °C) over the leaves, cover, and steep for 5–7 minutes. Strain and drink 1–2 cups per day while you have a cold. Safety notes: the tea is not recommended for pregnant women; excessive consumption may cause mild stomach upset; children under five should be given only a small, diluted portion; avoid the preparation if you have a known allergy to grapes or related fruits.

Phytochemical studies have identified several well‑established compounds that plausibly underlie the traditional actions. Muscadine leaves contain flavonol glycosides such as quercetin‑3‑glucoside, myricetin, and kaempferol, as well as phenolic acids like caffeic acid and condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins) (Miller & Jones, 2010). The fruit is especially rich in stilbenes, notably trans‑resveratrol, and anthocyanins such as cyanidin‑3‑glucoside (Patel et al., 2012). These constituents exhibit antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory activity, offering a biochemical basis for the soothing cough relief reported for the leaf infusion and the wound‑healing effect of the leaf poultice.

Today muscadine leaf teas are sold by several niche herbal companies, and recent pharmacological research continues to explore resveratrol’s antioxidant properties. In the Appalachian foothills many families still brew the leaf infusion each winter for its comforting effect, keeping a long‑standing ethnobotanical tradition alive while modern science validates much of its historical use.

General Uses Top

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Food and beverages (non-medicinal):
The fruit is marketed as fresh table grapes and is processed into wine (including varietal wines), juice, jams, and jellies. Processing steps include crushing, fermentation of musts, and filtration/clarification of wines and juices.

Colorants and tanning:
Fresh skins and pomace yield natural anthocyanin-based colorants suitable for acidic food and beverage coloring; they are not used for tanning. Pomace can be used as a feed or composted.

Properties relevant to use:
Fruits are relatively high in acidity and sugar, enabling successful wine and juice production. Skins provide anthocyanins that function as natural pH-dependent colorants. Seeds contain oil that is liquid at room temperature and suitable as an edible oil.

Sustainability and sourcing:
The species is native to the southeastern United States and naturally tolerates heat, humidity, and certain pests, supporting regional cultivation and wild harvesting with moderate inputs. Water use and inputs for vineyards vary by site and management.

Synonyms Top

Scientific name	Authority	First published in
Muscadinia rotundifolia	(Michx.) Small	Fl. S.E. U.S. : 757 (1903)
Vitis poiretiana	Raf.	Med. Fl. 2: 134 (1830)
Vitis peltata	Raf.	Med. Fl. 2: 133 (1830)
Vitis muscadina	Raf.	Med. Fl. 2: 132 (1830)
Vitis callosa	Raf.	Med. Fl. 2: 125 (1830)
Vitis angulata	Raf.	Med. Fl. 2: 133 (1830)
Vitis vulpina var. rotundifolia	(Michx.) Regel	Gartenflora 22: 199 (1873)
Vitis rotundifolia var. ovata	W.R.Prince	Treatise Vine : 172 (1830)
Vitis vinifera var. rotundifolia	(Michx.) Kuntze	Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 132 (1891)

Common names Top

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Filter by language:

Language	Common/alternative name
English	muscadine
English	muscadine grape (english)
English	muscadine grape
Spanish	muscadinia
Arabic	كرمة دائرية الأوراق
French	muscadine
Japanese	マスカダイン種
Japanese	マスカダイン
Korean	둥근잎머루
Polish	muskadyna
Chinese	圆叶葡萄
Chinese	圓葉葡萄

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

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No subspecies added yet.

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

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Name	Authority	First published in
Vitis rotundifolia var. munsoniana	(J.H.Simpson ex Planch.) M.O.Moore	Sida 14: 345 (1991)
Vitis rotundifolia var. rotundifolia		Unknown

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

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No subvariety added yet.

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

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No forms added yet.

Germination/Propagation Top

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No germination or propagation data was added yet.

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Legend for the distribution data:

- Doubtful data

- Extinct

- Introduced

- Native

Northern America click to expand
- Mexico
  - Mexico Gulf
  - Mexico Northeast
  - Mexico Northwest
  - Mexico Southwest
- North-central U.S.A.
  - Missouri
  - Oklahoma
- Northeastern U.S.A.
  - West Virginia
- South-central U.S.A.
  - Texas
- Southeastern U.S.A.
  - Alabama
  - Arkansas
  - Delaware
  - Florida
  - Georgia
  - Kentucky
  - Louisiana
  - Maryland
  - Mississippi
  - North Carolina
  - South Carolina
  - Tennessee
  - Virginia

Pacific click to expand
- Northwestern Pacific
  - Marianas

Southern America click to expand
- Caribbean
  - Bahamas

Links to other databases Top

Suggest others/fix!

Database	ID/link to page
World Flora Online	wfo-0000421819
UNII	A1N75814QD
Florida Plant Atlas	2026
USDA Plants	VIRO3
Tropicos	34000024
INPN	129960
KEW	urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:308496-2
The Plant List	kew-2457047
Open Tree Of Life	650748
Observations.org	141745
NCBI Taxonomy	103349
Nature Serve	2.132816
IPNI	308496-2
iNaturalist	82529
IFPNI	CCD0BE82-85B8-439A-AC80-80DECCAB1F4C
GBIF	5372394
Freebase	/m/02v830
EPPO	VITRF
EOL	582347
US Library of Congress	sh85088668
USDA GRIN	41895
Wikipedia	Vitis_rotundifolia

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Below is displayed the reference genome only!
If you wish to browse all genomes for this plant click here.

Accession	Assembly
Accession	Name	Level	Submitter	Released	Coverage	Size
GCA_044591495.1	V024.hap1_v1.0	Chromosome	Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences	2024-11-08	110	429.92 Mb

Scientific Literature Top

Below are displayed the latest 15 articles published in PMC (PubMed Central®) and other sources (DOI number only)!
If you wish to see all the related articles click here.

Title

Authors

Publication

Released

IDs

Can Compounds of Natural Origin Be Important in Chemoprevention? Anticancer Properties of Quercetin, Resveratrol, and Curcumin—A Comprehensive Review

Cecerska-Heryć E, Wiśniewska Z, Serwin N, Polikowska A, Goszka M, Engwert W, Michałów J, Pękała M, Budkowska M, Michalczyk A, Dołęgowska B

Int J Mol Sci

19-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11050349
doi:	10.3390/ijms25084505
PMID:	38674092

Dietary Sources, Stabilization, Health Benefits, and Industrial Application of Anthocyanins—A Review

Saini RK, Khan MI, Shang X, Kumar V, Kumari V, Kesarwani A, Ko EY

Foods

17-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11049351
doi:	10.3390/foods13081227
PMID:	38672900

In Vitro Collection for the Safe Storage of Grapevine Hybrids and Identification of the Presence of Plasmopara viticola Resistance Genes

Romadanova NV, Aralbayeva MM, Zemtsova AS, Alexandrova AM, Kazybayeva SZ, Mikhailenko NV, Kushnarenko SV, Bettoni JC

Plants (Basel)

13-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11053666
doi:	10.3390/plants13081089
PMID:	38674499

Breeding new seedless table grapevines for a more sustainable viticulture in Mediterranean climate

Piarulli L, Pirolo C, Roseti V, Bellin D, Mascio I, La Notte P, Montemurro C, Miazzi MM

Front Plant Sci

05-Apr-2024

PMCID:	PMC11027070
doi:	10.3389/fpls.2024.1379642
PMID:	38645394

HMGR and CHS gene cloning, characterizations and tissue-specific expressions in Polygala tenuifolia Willd

Liu Y, Ma X, Mao F, Qiu J, Bi J, Li X, Gu X, Zheng Y, Zhao Y

PLoS One

25-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10962832
doi:	10.1371/journal.pone.0300895
PMID:	38527035

Evaluation of modified atmosphere packaging system developed through breathable technology to extend postharvest life of fresh muscadine berries

Khalil U, Rajwana IA, Razzaq K, Singh S, Sarkhosh A, Brecht JK

Food Sci Nutr

18-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC11077196
doi:	10.1002/fsn3.4037
PMID:	38726406

Effects of Crocus sativus L. Floral Bio-Residues Related to Skin Protection

Acero N, Muñoz-Mingarro D, Gradillas A

Antioxidants (Basel)

17-Mar-2024

PMCID:	PMC10967911
doi:	10.3390/antiox13030358
PMID:	38539891

Transcriptomic analysis identifies candidate genes for Aphanomyces root rot disease resistance in pea

Kälin C, Piombo E, Bourras S, Brantestam AK, Dubey M, Elfstrand M, Karlsson M

BMC Plant Biol

28-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10900555
doi:	10.1186/s12870-024-04817-y
PMID:	38413860

Diversity of flavour characteristics of table grapes and their contributing volatile compounds analysed by the solvent-assisted flavour evaporation method

Moriyama K, Kono A, Matsuzaki R, Azuma A, Onoue N, Sekozawa Y, Sato A, Sugaya S

Hortic Res

26-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC11031413
doi:	10.1093/hr/uhae048
PMID:	38645682

Grape Pomace—Advances in Its Bioactivity, Health Benefits, and Food Applications

Almanza-Oliveros A, Bautista-Hernández I, Castro-López C, Aguilar-Zárate P, Meza-Carranco Z, Rojas R, Michel MR, Martínez-Ávila GC

Foods

14-Feb-2024

PMCID:	PMC10888227
doi:	10.3390/foods13040580
PMID:	38397557

Correction: Velasco-Amo et al. Use of traC Gene to Type the Incidence and Distribution of pXFAS_5235 Plasmid-Bearing Strains of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa ST1 in Spain. Plants 2022, 11, 1562

Velasco-Amo MP, Arias-Giraldo LF, Olivares-García C, Denancé N, Jacques MA, Landa BB

Plants (Basel)

11-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10819106
doi:	10.3390/plants13020200
PMID:	38256851

Functional Characterization of CsF3Ha and Its Promoter in Response to Visible Light and Plant Growth Regulators in the Tea Plant

Bai Y, Zou R, Zhang H, Li J, Wu T

Plants (Basel)

11-Jan-2024

PMCID:	PMC10820056
doi:	10.3390/plants13020196
PMID:	38256750

Supplement Type Impact on the Performance and Nutrient Dynamics of Nursing Does and Kids Raised in Woodlands

Shrestha B, Karki U, Chaudhary S, Tiwari A, Karki LB

Animals (Basel)

23-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10778155
doi:	10.3390/ani14010068
PMID:	38200799

Correction for Xiao et al., Adaptive and maladaptive introgression in grapevine domestication

N/A

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

22-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10756202
doi:	10.1073/pnas.2317674120
PMID:	38134201

Applications of Plant Bioactive Compounds as Replacers of Synthetic Additives in the Food Industry

Nieto G, Martínez-Zamora L, Peñalver R, Marín-Iniesta F, Taboada-Rodríguez A, López-Gómez A, Martínez-Hernández GB

Foods

21-Dec-2023

PMCID:	PMC10778451
doi:	10.3390/foods13010047
PMID:	38201075

Phytochemical Profile Top

Add a new one!

Below are displayed the proven (via scientific papers) natural compounds!
You can also contribute to this by clicking here.

Name	PubChem ID	Canonical SMILES	MW	Found in	Proof
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives
1-Phenylpentan-2-one	81188	Click to see CCCC(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1	162.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X
Ethyl phenylacetate	7590	Click to see	164.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
Phenylethyl Alcohol	6054	Click to see C1=CC=C(C=C1)CCO	122.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoic acids and derivatives / Benzoic acid esters
Methyl Benzoate	7150	Click to see	136.15	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzoyl derivatives
Benzaldehyde	240	Click to see	106.12	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014 https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzyl alcohols
Benzyl Alcohol	244	Click to see	108.14	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014 https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Benzyloxycarbonyls
1-Phenylethyl Acetate	62341	Click to see	164.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
Benzyl acetate	8785	Click to see	150.17	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014 https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Methoxybenzenes / Dimethoxybenzenes
Methyleugenol	7127	Click to see COC1=C(C=C(C=C1)CC=C)OC	178.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Phenylpropanes
Propylbenzene	7668	Click to see	120.19	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Styrenes
Styrene	7501	Click to see C=CC1=CC=CC=C1	104.15	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
> Benzenoids / Benzene and substituted derivatives / Toluenes
Toluene	1140	Click to see	92.14	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X
> Benzenoids / Phenol ethers / Anisoles
Estragole	8815	Click to see	148.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
> Hydrocarbons / Saturated hydrocarbons / Alkanes
Heptane	8900	Click to see CCCCCCC	100.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X
Hexadecane	11006	Click to see CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC	226.44	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
> Hydrocarbons / Saturated hydrocarbons / Alkanes / Branched alkanes
2-Methylpentane	7892	Click to see	86.18	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X
> Hydrocarbons / Unsaturated hydrocarbons / Branched unsaturated hydrocarbons
Gamma-Terpinene	7461	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty acid esters
Ethyl Decanoate	8048	Click to see CCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC	200.32	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
Ethyl Dodecanoate	7800	Click to see	228.37	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
Ethyl Heptanoate	7797	Click to see	158.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
Ethyl hexanoate	31265	Click to see CCCCCC(=O)OCC	144.21	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
Ethyl octanoate	7799	Click to see	172.26	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
Ethyl trans-crotonate	429065	Click to see	114.14	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohol esters
Geranyl propionate	5355853	Click to see	210.31	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Fatty Acyls / Fatty alcohols
1-Hexanol	8103	Click to see CCCCCCO	102.17	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
1-Octanol	957	Click to see CCCCCCCCO	130.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
2-Ethylhexan-1-ol	7720	Click to see CCCCC(CC)CO	130.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
2-Heptanol	10976	Click to see CCCCCC(C)O	116.20	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
2-Hexen-1-OL	5318042	Click to see CCCC=CCO	100.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014 https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Acyclic monoterpenoids
Geraniol	637566	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCO)C)C	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014 https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X
Linalool	6549	Click to see	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014 https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X
Nerol	643820	Click to see CC(=CCCC(=CCO)C)C	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Aromatic monoterpenoids
P-Cymene	7463	Click to see	134.22	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Bicyclic monoterpenoids
Borneol	64685	Click to see	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
CID 44630107	44630107	Click to see CC1(C2CCC1(C(C2)O)C)C	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Monoterpenoids / Menthane monoterpenoids
(+)-Limonene	440917	Click to see	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X
4-Terpineol, (+/-)-	11230	Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1)(C(C)C)O	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
Alpha-Terpineol	17100	Click to see	154.25	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
Limonene, (+/-)-	22311	Click to see CC1=CCC(CC1)C(=C)C	136.23	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
> Lipids and lipid-like molecules / Prenol lipids / Sesquiterpenoids
I2-Ionone	638014	Click to see	192.30	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X
> Organic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acid derivatives / Carboxylic acid esters
Butyl Acetate	31272	Click to see	116.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
Ethyl Acetate	8857	Click to see	88.11	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
Hexyl acetate	8908	Click to see	144.21	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
Isoamyl Acetate	31276	Click to see	130.18	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
> Organic acids and derivatives / Hydroxy acids and derivatives / Beta hydroxy acids and derivatives
3-Hydroxybutyric acid	441	Click to see CC(CC(=O)O)O	104.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
> Organic acids and derivatives / Organic carbonic acids and derivatives / Carbonic acid diesters
Diethyl Carbonate	7766	Click to see	118.13	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Alcohols and polyols / Secondary alcohols
3-Methyl-2-butanol	11732	Click to see CC(C)C(C)O	88.15	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Aldehydes / Aryl-aldehydes
Furfural	7362	Click to see C1=COC(=C1)C=O	96.08	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Aldehydes / Medium-chain aldehydes
Hexanal	6184	Click to see	100.16	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Aryl ketones / Aryl alkyl ketones
2-Acetylfuran	14505	Click to see	110.11	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Cyclic ketones
Cyclopentanone	8452	Click to see	84.12	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X
> Organic oxygen compounds / Organooxygen compounds / Carbonyl compounds / Ketones
2-Methyl-3-heptanone	25611	Click to see	128.21	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X
2-Pentanone	7895	Click to see	86.13	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Heteroaromatic compounds
2-Methylfuran	10797	Click to see CC1=CC=CO1	82.10	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X
2-Pentylfuran	19602	Click to see	138.21	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X
> Organoheterocyclic compounds / Naphthopyrans / Naphthopyranones
(1R,3S)-5,9,10-trihydroxy-1,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-benzo[g]isochromene-6,7-dione	11109030	Click to see	290.27	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF00112A014 https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1984.TB13669.X
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Stilbenes
5-(2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)Ethenyl)Benzene-1,3-Diol	5056	Click to see	228.24	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1021/JF950274J
> Phenylpropanoids and polyketides / Tannins / Hydrolyzable tannins
Ellagic Acid	5281855	Click to see	302.19	unknown	https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2621.1990.TB03581.X

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Vitis rotundifolia

Table of Contents

Details Top

Ethnobotanical Use Top

General Uses Top

Synonyms Top

Common names Top

Subspecies (abbr. subsp./ssp.) Top

Varieties (abbr. var.) Top

Subvarieties (abbr. subvar.) Top

Forms (abbr. f.) Top

Germination/Propagation Top

Distribution (via POWO/KEW) Top

Links to other databases Top

Genomes (via NCBI) Top

Scientific Literature Top

Phytochemical Profile Top

Gallery Top

Contributors Top

Collections Top